OFFSET
1,3
COMMENTS
Row 1 contains one term; row n contains floor(n/2) terms (n >= 2). Row sums are the Fine numbers (A000957). Column 1 yields the Catalan numbers (n >= 2). Sum_{k=1..floor(n/2)} k*T(n,k) = A114495(n).
From Colin Defant, Sep 15 2018: (Start)
Let theta_{n-1,k-1} be the permutation k(k-1)...1(k+1)(k+2)...(n-1) obtained by concatenating the decreasing string k...1 with the increasing string (k+1)...(n-1). T(n,k) is the number of preimages of theta_{n-1,k-1} under West's stack-sorting map.
If pi is any permutation of [n-1] with exactly k-1 descents, then |s^{-1}(pi)| <= T(n,k), where s denotes West's stack-sorting map. (End)
LINKS
C. Defant, Preimages under the stack-sorting algorithm, arXiv:1511.05681 [math.CO], 2015-2018.
C. Defant, Preimages under the stack-sorting algorithm, Graphs Combin., 33 (2017), 103-122.
C. Defant, Stack-sorting preimages of permutation classes, arXiv:1809.03123 [math.CO], 2018.
E. Deutsch and L. Shapiro, A survey of the Fine numbers, Discrete Math., 241 (2001), 241-265.
FORMULA
T(n, k) = (k/(n-k))*binomial(2*n-2*k, n-2*k) (1 <= k <= floor(n/2)).
G.f.: 1/(1-tz^2*C^2)-1, where C=(1-sqrt(1-4z))/(2z) is the Catalan function.
EXAMPLE
T(5,2)=4 because we have UUD(D)UUDUD(D), UUD(D)UUUDD(D), UUDUD(D)UUD(D) and UUUDD(D)UUD(D), where U=(1,1), D=(1,-1) (returns to the axis are shown between parentheses).
Triangle starts:
0;
1;
2;
5, 1;
14, 4;
42, 14, 1;
132, 48, 6;
429, 165, 27, 1;
MAPLE
T:=proc(n, k) if k<=floor(n/2) then k*binomial(2*n-2*k, n-2*k)/(n-k) else 0 fi end: 0; for n from 2 to 15 do seq(T(n, k), k=1..floor(n/2)) od; # yields sequence in triangular form
MATHEMATICA
Join[{0}, t[n_, k_]:=(k/(n - k)) Binomial [2 n - 2 k, n - 2 k]; Table[t[n, k], {n, 1, 20}, {k, n/2}]//Flatten] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 15 2018 *)
PROG
(Magma) /* except 0 as triangle */ [[(k/(n-k))*Binomial(2*n-2*k, n-2*k): k in [1..n div 2]]: n in [2.. 15]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 15 2018
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,tabf
AUTHOR
Emeric Deutsch, Dec 01 2005
STATUS
approved