OFFSET
1,3
COMMENTS
With offset 1, permanent of (0,1)-matrix of size n X (n+d) with d=3 and n zeros not on a line. This is a special case of Theorem 2.3 of Seok-Zun Song et al. Extremes of permanents of (0,1)-matrices, pp. 201-202. - Jaap Spies, Dec 12 2003
a(n+2)=:b(n), n>=1, enumerates the ways to distribute n beads, labeled differently from 1 to n, over a set of (unordered) necklaces, excluding necklaces with exactly one bead, and three indistinguishable, ordered, fixed cords, each allowed to have any number of beads. Beadless necklaces as well as a beadless cords contribute each a factor 1 in the counting, e.g., b(0):= 1*1 =1. See A000255 for the description of a fixed cord with beads.
This produces for b(n) the exponential (aka binomial) convolution of the subfactorial sequence {A000166(n)} and the sequence {A001710(n+2)}. See the necklaces and cords problem comment in A000153. Therefore also the recurrence b(n) = (n+2)*b(n-1) + (n-1)*b(n-2) with b(-1)=0 and b(0)=1 holds. This comment derives from a family of recurrences found by Malin Sjodahl for a combinatorial problem for certain quark and gluon diagrams (Feb 27 2010). - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 02 2010
REFERENCES
Brualdi, Richard A. and Ryser, Herbert J., Combinatorial Matrix Theory, Cambridge NY (1991), Chapter 7.
J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 188.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
LINKS
T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..102
Roland Bacher, Counting Packings of Generic Subsets in Finite Groups, Electr. J. Combinatorics, 19 (2012), #P7. - From N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 06 2013
Seok-Zun Song et al., Extremes of permanents of (0,1)-matrices, Special issue on the Combinatorial Matrix Theory Conference (Pohang, 2002). Linear Algebra Appl. 373 (2003), pp. 197-210.
FORMULA
E.g.f.: exp(-x)/(1-x)^4 for offset -1.
For offset -1: (1/6)*Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*(n-k+1)*(n-k+2)*(n-k+3)*n!/k! = (1/6)*(A000166(n)+3*A000166(n+1)+3*A000166(n+2)+A000166(n+3)). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jan 07 2003
a(n+1) = round( GAMMA(n)*(n^3+6*n^2+8*n+1)*exp(-1)/6 ) for n>0. - Mark van Hoeij, Nov 11 2009
G.f.: x^2*hypergeom([1,4],[],x/(x+1))/(x+1). - Mark van Hoeij, Nov 07 2011
E.g.f. for offset -1: 1/(exp(x)*(1-x)^4) = 1/E(0) where E(k) = 1 - 4*x/(1 + 3*x/(2 - 3*x + 4*x/(3 - 2*x + 3*x/(4 - x - 4/(1 + x^3*(k+1)/E(k+1)))))); (continued fraction, 3rd kind, 6-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Sep 21 2012
a(n) = hypergeometric([4,-n+2],[],1)*(-1)^n for n>=2. - Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2014
EXAMPLE
Necklaces and 3 cords problem. For n=4 one considers the following weak 2 part compositions of 4: (4,0), (3,1), (2,2), and (0,4), where (1,3) does not appear because there are no necklaces with 1 bead. These compositions contribute respectively sf(4)*1,binomial(4,3)*sf(3)*c3(1), (binomial(4,2)*sf(2))*c3(2), and 1*c3(4) with the subfactorials sf(n):=A000166(n) (see the necklace comment there) and the c3(n):=A001710(n+2) = (n+2)!/2! numbers for the pure 3 cord problem (see the remark on the e.g.f. for the k cords problem in A000153; here for k=3: 1/(1-x)^3). This adds up as 9 + 4*2*3 + (6*1)*12 + 360 = 465 = b(4) = A000261(6). - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 02 2010
G.f. = x^2 + 3*x^3 + 13*x^4 + 71*x^5 + 465*x^6 + 3539*x^7 + 30637*x^8 + ...
MAPLE
a:= proc(n) a(n):= `if`(n<3, n-1, n*a(n-1) +(n-3)*a(n-2)) end:
seq(a(n), n=1..30); # Alois P. Heinz, Nov 03 2012
a := n -> `if`(n=1, 0, hypergeom([4, -n+2], [], 1))*(-1)^(n); seq(round(evalf(a(n), 100)), n=1..22); # Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2014
MATHEMATICA
nn=20; Prepend[Range[0, nn]!CoefficientList[Series[Exp[-x]/ (1-x)^4, {x, 0, nn}], x], 0] (* Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 03 2012 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ x^2 HypergeometricPFQ[ {1, 4}, {}, x / (1 + x)] / (1 + x), {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, May 04 2014 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 2, 0, With[{m = n - 1}, Round[ Gamma[m] (m^3 + 6 m^2 + 8 m + 1) Exp[-1]/6]]]; (* Michael Somos, May 04 2014 *)
CROSSREFS
Cf. A086764(n+1,3), n>=1.
Cf. A000153 (necklaces and two cords). - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 02 2010
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
EXTENSIONS
More terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Jan 07 2003
STATUS
approved