Omics Technologies for Clinical Diagnosis and Gene Therapy: Medical Applications in Human Genetics
Metabolic Syndromes (MetS) are recognized as a cluster of risk factors which are known to increas... more Metabolic Syndromes (MetS) are recognized as a cluster of risk factors which are known to increase the likelihood of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). It is significant to understand disease pathology in order to discover a pathological mechanism leading to the development of MetS. Elevated triglycerides, increased blood pressure, hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose levels), low levels of High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and elevated waist circumference are key parameters in diagnosing MetS. Various therapeutic interventions have been developed for treating metabolic diseases like polypills which are commonly known as combination pills, along with the fixed dose combinations. In addition to pharmacological handling, surgical treatment is also showing success in treating MetS such as Bariatric treatment. With the emerging experimental techniques, gene therapy allows the replacement of a defective gene with a healthy one, which may eventu...
Recent technological advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have dramatically ... more Recent technological advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have dramatically reduced the cost of DNA sequencing, allowing species with large and complex genomes to be sequenced. Although bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world’s most important food crops, efficient exploitation of molecular marker-assisted breeding approaches has lagged behind that achieved in other crop species, due to its large polyploid genome. However, an international public–private effort spanning 9 years reported over 65% draft genome of bread wheat in 2014, and finally, after more than a decade culminated in the release of a gold-standard, fully annotated reference wheat-genome assembly in 2018. Shortly thereafter, in 2020, the genome of assemblies of additional 15 global wheat accessions was released. As a result, wheat has now entered into the pan-genomic era, where basic resources can be efficiently exploited. Wheat genotyping with a few hundred markers has been replaced...
Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries, 2020
Abstract Animal models have been employed for deciphering the physiological as well as pathologic... more Abstract Animal models have been employed for deciphering the physiological as well as pathological basis for the past many years. With the acceleration in the discovery of new therapeutic agents, from natural and synthetic sources, and the regulatory need to carry out the efficacy and safety studies in animals, they have gained pivotal importance in drug discovery and development process. The chapter reviews the role of animal models in understanding biological mechanisms and sheds light on the various biotechnological strategies that can be employed for generating effective animal models. The importance of animal models and their correlation with human biological factors have been summarized. The interventional strategies to develop animal models are then reviewed. A brief description of various biotechnological techniques including nuclease-based editing, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and other techniques follows. The physiological, pathological, and pharmacological considerations that help in developing and establishing an effective animal model have been provided afterwards. Toward the end of the chapter, the regulatory and ethical issues that may affect the acceptance of an animal model have been reviewed. The chapter, hence, reviews the biological and biotechnological aspects of animal models while correlating the examples of established models.
... and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan e-mail: m.kazi@cgair.org I. Ahmad, M. F... more ... and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan e-mail: m.kazi@cgair.org I. Ahmad, M. Farooq, Y. Rauf, A.-ur Rahman, and H. Riaz ... It was the classical approaches vali-dated by cytogenetics that set the solid foundation for alien introgression efforts beyond 1978. ...
ABSTRACT Cereal grain quality aspects are integral aspects of a complex food chain, which assimil... more ABSTRACT Cereal grain quality aspects are integral aspects of a complex food chain, which assimilate outputs achievable by breeding, production and processing. In order to get better economic gains and be internationally competitive in diverse market scenarios, it is paramount to breed wheat cultivars with better grain quality. Higher grain quality demands are exponentially increasing due to novel processing technologies, environmental changes and change in consumer preferences due to striking demographic shifts. Advances in the genomic arena of grain quality are considered crucial for defining genes and their networks underpinning functional flour qualities. The complexities associated with the genes underlying these traits can be resolved by elucidating functional and comparative genomics information of relevant genes and the efficient transfer of such information across cultivars. Wheat, due to wider consumption as a staple food, has been a subject of inten-sive cytogenetic investigations which are now extended further in the genomics era using powerful tools of molecular biology and new genetic stocks. The recent progress in wheat genomics research particularly the use of molecular markers for a variety of purposes and advances in map based positional cloning of several genes has been remarkable. As a result we have been able to better understand the wheat genome and the mechanisms involved in the function of different quality encod-ing genes. Additionally, we have also utilized information generated from genom-ics research in producing better quality grains. The advances in the genomics of K. R. Hakeem et al. (eds.), Crop Improvement,
Abstract Plant transgenomics deals with the branch of omics whereby foreign gene insertion inside... more Abstract Plant transgenomics deals with the branch of omics whereby foreign gene insertion inside a plant genome can allow for the corresponding protein translation. The phenomena are now being widely employed in pharmaceuticals, drugs, and vaccine development by utilizing a plant gene construct and expression system. The current chapter highlights how the molecular farming strategy is employed at present to construct transgenic plants with a potential to express proteins with biopharmaceutical properties for drugs, antibodies, and vaccine production. It is also discussed how biopharmaceuticals and drug development can be revolutionized via plant transgenomics in the future. Plant transgenomics in biopharmaceuticals is already emerging as an independent field. Antibodies, therapeutic proteins, and bioactive products derived from transgenic plants are being researched at an extensive level. Vaccines derived from plants, particularly edible vaccines hold a great potential in mass-scale immunization programs. However, despite the progress in the field of plant transgenomics for drug development, a lot of research is imminent for efficacy, safety, and commercialization. Public acceptability for such biopharmaceutical products has to be taken into account before this developing field can ground its roots in the commercial settings.
Omics Technologies for Clinical Diagnosis and Gene Therapy: Medical Applications in Human Genetics
Metabolic Syndromes (MetS) are recognized as a cluster of risk factors which are known to increas... more Metabolic Syndromes (MetS) are recognized as a cluster of risk factors which are known to increase the likelihood of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). It is significant to understand disease pathology in order to discover a pathological mechanism leading to the development of MetS. Elevated triglycerides, increased blood pressure, hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose levels), low levels of High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and elevated waist circumference are key parameters in diagnosing MetS. Various therapeutic interventions have been developed for treating metabolic diseases like polypills which are commonly known as combination pills, along with the fixed dose combinations. In addition to pharmacological handling, surgical treatment is also showing success in treating MetS such as Bariatric treatment. With the emerging experimental techniques, gene therapy allows the replacement of a defective gene with a healthy one, which may eventu...
Recent technological advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have dramatically ... more Recent technological advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have dramatically reduced the cost of DNA sequencing, allowing species with large and complex genomes to be sequenced. Although bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world’s most important food crops, efficient exploitation of molecular marker-assisted breeding approaches has lagged behind that achieved in other crop species, due to its large polyploid genome. However, an international public–private effort spanning 9 years reported over 65% draft genome of bread wheat in 2014, and finally, after more than a decade culminated in the release of a gold-standard, fully annotated reference wheat-genome assembly in 2018. Shortly thereafter, in 2020, the genome of assemblies of additional 15 global wheat accessions was released. As a result, wheat has now entered into the pan-genomic era, where basic resources can be efficiently exploited. Wheat genotyping with a few hundred markers has been replaced...
Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries, 2020
Abstract Animal models have been employed for deciphering the physiological as well as pathologic... more Abstract Animal models have been employed for deciphering the physiological as well as pathological basis for the past many years. With the acceleration in the discovery of new therapeutic agents, from natural and synthetic sources, and the regulatory need to carry out the efficacy and safety studies in animals, they have gained pivotal importance in drug discovery and development process. The chapter reviews the role of animal models in understanding biological mechanisms and sheds light on the various biotechnological strategies that can be employed for generating effective animal models. The importance of animal models and their correlation with human biological factors have been summarized. The interventional strategies to develop animal models are then reviewed. A brief description of various biotechnological techniques including nuclease-based editing, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and other techniques follows. The physiological, pathological, and pharmacological considerations that help in developing and establishing an effective animal model have been provided afterwards. Toward the end of the chapter, the regulatory and ethical issues that may affect the acceptance of an animal model have been reviewed. The chapter, hence, reviews the biological and biotechnological aspects of animal models while correlating the examples of established models.
... and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan e-mail: m.kazi@cgair.org I. Ahmad, M. F... more ... and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan e-mail: m.kazi@cgair.org I. Ahmad, M. Farooq, Y. Rauf, A.-ur Rahman, and H. Riaz ... It was the classical approaches vali-dated by cytogenetics that set the solid foundation for alien introgression efforts beyond 1978. ...
ABSTRACT Cereal grain quality aspects are integral aspects of a complex food chain, which assimil... more ABSTRACT Cereal grain quality aspects are integral aspects of a complex food chain, which assimilate outputs achievable by breeding, production and processing. In order to get better economic gains and be internationally competitive in diverse market scenarios, it is paramount to breed wheat cultivars with better grain quality. Higher grain quality demands are exponentially increasing due to novel processing technologies, environmental changes and change in consumer preferences due to striking demographic shifts. Advances in the genomic arena of grain quality are considered crucial for defining genes and their networks underpinning functional flour qualities. The complexities associated with the genes underlying these traits can be resolved by elucidating functional and comparative genomics information of relevant genes and the efficient transfer of such information across cultivars. Wheat, due to wider consumption as a staple food, has been a subject of inten-sive cytogenetic investigations which are now extended further in the genomics era using powerful tools of molecular biology and new genetic stocks. The recent progress in wheat genomics research particularly the use of molecular markers for a variety of purposes and advances in map based positional cloning of several genes has been remarkable. As a result we have been able to better understand the wheat genome and the mechanisms involved in the function of different quality encod-ing genes. Additionally, we have also utilized information generated from genom-ics research in producing better quality grains. The advances in the genomics of K. R. Hakeem et al. (eds.), Crop Improvement,
Abstract Plant transgenomics deals with the branch of omics whereby foreign gene insertion inside... more Abstract Plant transgenomics deals with the branch of omics whereby foreign gene insertion inside a plant genome can allow for the corresponding protein translation. The phenomena are now being widely employed in pharmaceuticals, drugs, and vaccine development by utilizing a plant gene construct and expression system. The current chapter highlights how the molecular farming strategy is employed at present to construct transgenic plants with a potential to express proteins with biopharmaceutical properties for drugs, antibodies, and vaccine production. It is also discussed how biopharmaceuticals and drug development can be revolutionized via plant transgenomics in the future. Plant transgenomics in biopharmaceuticals is already emerging as an independent field. Antibodies, therapeutic proteins, and bioactive products derived from transgenic plants are being researched at an extensive level. Vaccines derived from plants, particularly edible vaccines hold a great potential in mass-scale immunization programs. However, despite the progress in the field of plant transgenomics for drug development, a lot of research is imminent for efficacy, safety, and commercialization. Public acceptability for such biopharmaceutical products has to be taken into account before this developing field can ground its roots in the commercial settings.
Uploads
Papers