Evren Cabi
Namik Kemal University, Biology, Faculty Member
- Botanyedit
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In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in various components in the Meric-Ergene River Basin which is one of Turkey’s intensive industrialization centers and which accordingly has faced... more
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in various components in the Meric-Ergene River Basin which is one of Turkey’s intensive industrialization centers and which accordingly has faced significant environmental pollution and has about 1300 industrial plants within its boundaries. In the river basin, 16 USEPA PAHs were measured in a total of 192 samples consisting of soil, lichen, pine needle and total deposition samples for 1 year to represent the four seasons at a total of 12 points in 4 different regions which were determined as intensive industrial area, industrial + residential area, agricultural area and background. According to the results obtained, the total PAH values, in all sampling points, varied between 69.6 and 1277.7 ng/g (dry wt) for soil, lichen and pine needle samples and between 0 and 937.8 ng/m 2 -day for the total deposition samples. The highest values were determined in the fall season for the lichen samples and ind...
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In this study, we determined the macrophyte diversity, ecological quality based on Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (IBMR), and the correlations between macrophytes and physicochemical variables in 17 rivers in the Western... more
In this study, we determined the macrophyte diversity, ecological quality based on Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (IBMR), and the correlations between macrophytes and physicochemical variables in 17 rivers in the Western Mediterranean Basin in Türkiye. In addition to these, we performed hierarchical clustering analysis to determine similarities of stations according to the macrophyte diversity and physicochemical variables. The IBMR values ranged between 6 and 12. Consequently, we found that the basin is at the mesotrophic-eutrophic level. The high levels of biological oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and suspended solids associated with organic and physical pollution in most stations and the frequency of the emergent taxa support the IBMR results and trophic level of rivers. Also, we found that water bodies chemically similar are relatively floristically similar.
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In this study, it is aimed to determine the terrestrial European Union Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat types of Mount Ganos (Işıklar) and its surroundings. Field studies were carried out from April to October 2021. Reference... more
In this study, it is aimed to determine the terrestrial European Union Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat types of Mount Ganos (Işıklar) and its surroundings. Field studies were carried out from April to October 2021. Reference areas were determined for Maximum Likelihood (ML) classification during the field studies. To increase the accuracy and obtain the highest possible level of EUNIS habitat types, we used both reference areas observed in the field studies and processed land cover and habitat maps. These are; Landsat Satellite Images classified with ML, Corine Land Cover, and European ecosystem maps. Regarding both biodiversity and social activities, Mount Ganos is among the most significant natural areas in the Tekirdağ district. The northern slopes of the mountain have a rainier and more humid climate than the southern slopes which Mediterranean climate is dominant. The presence of various climate types and the remarkable altitude variations also contribute to the habit...
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The evolution of chromosome number and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci number and localisation were studied in Onobrychis Mill. Diploid and tetraploid species, as well as two basic chromosome numbers, x = 7 and x = 8, were observed among... more
The evolution of chromosome number and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci number and localisation were studied in Onobrychis Mill. Diploid and tetraploid species, as well as two basic chromosome numbers, x = 7 and x = 8, were observed among analysed taxa. The chromosomal distribution of rDNA loci was presented here for the first time using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with 5S and 35S rDNA probes. Onobrychis species showed a high polymorphism in the number and localisation of rDNA loci among diploids, whereas the rDNA loci pattern was very similar in polyploids. Phylogenetic relationships among the species, inferred from nrITS sequences, were used as a framework to reconstruct the patterns of basic chromosome number and rDNA loci evolution. Analysis of the evolution of the basic chromosome numbers allowed the inference of x = 8 as the ancestral number and the descending dysploidy and polyploidisation as the major mechanisms of the chromosome number evolution. Analyses of chromoso...
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Sazlar olarak bilinen, Bilimsel Turkce Adi ayakotu olan Carex L., Turkiye’de do g al yayili s gosteren 157 takson ile Cyperaceae (Hasirotugiller) familyasinin en buyuk cinsidir. Carex sozcu g unun etimolojik siniflandirmasinda, eski I... more
Sazlar olarak bilinen, Bilimsel Turkce Adi ayakotu olan Carex L., Turkiye’de do g al yayili s gosteren 157 takson ile Cyperaceae (Hasirotugiller) familyasinin en buyuk cinsidir. Carex sozcu g unun etimolojik siniflandirmasinda, eski I ngilizce dilinde “ secg " yani saz olarak kullanimi ve Gotik Almanca da ise kenari keskin anlaminda “sagjaz” kelimesiyle ifade edildi g i gorulmu s tur. Bu iki orne g e bakildi g inda bir bitki cinsine farkli ulkelerde farkli dillerde isimler verildi g i gorulmektedir. Dunyada yakla s ik 2000 ile temsil edilen bir cinsin, sadece cins isminin bile farkli dillerde farkli kelimeler ile ifade ediliyor olmasi bu cins hakkinda bilimsel bilginin do g ru geli s mesine engel te s kil etmektedir. Bilim insanlari ortaya cikan bu kari s ikli g i gidermek adina, ortak bir isimlendirme sistemi geli s tirmi s lerdir. Ba s langicta bilimsel isimler co g unlukla Klasik Yunanca veya Latince kelimelerinden turetilmi s tir. Bu tur isimler genellikle, ali s ik olmayanlarin kulaklarina karma s ik veya garip gelebilir. Bilimsel isimlerde kullanilan ifadelerin anlaminin bilinmesi, bilimsel isimlerin en iyi s ekilde akilda kalici ve anla s ilir olmasinda onemli bir etkendir. Ancak klasik dillerin (ve ozellikle de Latince) giderek azalan genel bilgisi, bu bilimsel isimlerin anlamini eri s ilmez kilmaktadir. Bu makalede, Turkiye’de yayili s gosteren Carex cinsine ait turlerin bilimsel olarak anla s ilmasini kolayla s tirmak amaciyla verilen tur epitetlerinin Turkce anlamlari ve turler arasindaki ili s ki etimolojik acidan irdelenmi s tir. Cali s manin sonucunda Carex cinsine ait 157 taksonun gecerli isimleri ve sinonimleri de g erlendirilmi s , isimlerin %61’nin turlerin morfolojik ozelliklere dayali olarak verildi g i gorulmu s tur.
Research Interests: Philosophy and Biology
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This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Gillespie, Lynn J., Soreng, Robert John, Cabi, Evren, Amiri, Neda (2018): Phylogeny and taxonomic synopsis of PoasubgenusPseudopoa (including... more
This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Gillespie, Lynn J., Soreng, Robert John, Cabi, Evren, Amiri, Neda (2018): Phylogeny and taxonomic synopsis of PoasubgenusPseudopoa (including Eremopoa and Lindbergella) (Poaceae, Poeae, Poinae). PhytoKeys 111: 69-102, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.111.28081, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.111.28081
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A new species of Festuca from the Western Taurus Mountains (Antalya, Turkey) is described here and named F. albomontana. The new species can clearly be distinguished from the other species included in the F. alpina group by its leaf... more
A new species of Festuca from the Western Taurus Mountains (Antalya, Turkey) is described here and named F. albomontana. The new species can clearly be distinguished from the other species included in the F. alpina group by its leaf anatomical features. It has a geographically isolated position in the Western Tauruses whereas a closely related species, F. sommieri, is very local in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. It is suggested that it should be in the “critically endangered” threat category according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria. Observations on the ecology of the population are noted.
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A new subspecies Aegilops triuncialis L. subsp. bozdagensis Cabi & Doğan, is described and illustrated. This new subspecies is confined to Denizli, Acıpayam, Bozdağ in southwestern Anatolia. It differs from the other two subspecies of Ae.... more
A new subspecies Aegilops triuncialis L. subsp. bozdagensis Cabi & Doğan, is described and illustrated. This new subspecies is confined to Denizli, Acıpayam, Bozdağ in southwestern Anatolia. It differs from the other two subspecies of Ae. triuncialis subsp. triuncialis and Ae. triuncialis subsp. persica, by its unawned glumes of the lateral spikelets. Concerning the new subspecies, IUCN red list category, distribution map, notes on its biogeography and ecology are given. An identification key of the subspecies of Ae. triuncialis is also provided
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Aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate antibacterial activities of methanol (MetOH), acetone (Ace), petroleum ether (PE) and aqueous (dw) leaf (L), root (R), and seed (S) extracts of Corchorus olitorius L. on both food- and... more
Aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate antibacterial activities of methanol (MetOH), acetone (Ace), petroleum ether (PE) and aqueous (dw) leaf (L), root (R), and seed (S) extracts of Corchorus olitorius L. on both food- and plant-borne pathogens, with DPPH radical scavenging activities (DRSA), and quantitative and qualitative constituent analysis. Leaf PE has the highest strain susceptibility on both food- and plant-borne pathogens. Clavibacter michiganensis, Pseudomonas tomato, and Erwinia caratovora were susceptible to nearly all the leaf and seed extracts. Very low minimum inhibitory concentration (8-128 μg mL−1) and minimum bactericidal concentration (32-2048 μg mL−1) were determined for both leaf and seed extracts against C. michiganensis. Total phenolic contents were correlated to DRSA. The phenolic compounds tested were higher in the leaf MetOH, cholorogenic acid being the most abundant one. Palmitic acid was determined in leaf PE and seed PE extracts. Results presen...
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To help in the clarification of the taxonomic status of Elymus L. and related genera Agropyron Gaertn., Leymus Hochst., Hordelymus (Jess.) Harz, and Brachypodium P.Beauv., the sequence diversity in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)... more
To help in the clarification of the taxonomic status of Elymus L. and related genera Agropyron Gaertn., Leymus Hochst., Hordelymus (Jess.) Harz, and Brachypodium P.Beauv., the sequence diversity in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was studied. ITS data of 64 Triticeae accessions including 40 Elymus, 12 Agropyron, 7 Leymus, and 4 Hordelymus, and 1 Brachypodium as an out-group were analysed. The molecular diversity statistics indicated that the most diverse genus is Elymus among the studied genera. The constructed phylogenetic tree by the maximum parsimony method revealed that one specimen of Elymus, E. pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis, clustered with species of Agropyron. Molecular diversity statistics also indicated that E. pycnanthus is distantly related to other species of Elymus, but is closer to Agropyron species. The finding of strong affinity of Elymus to the species of Leymus and Agropyron supports the view that the taxonomy of Elymus is furthe...
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Research Interests: Brassicaceae and TURKISH
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Flora yayılış bilgilerinin düzenlenmesi ve analiz edilmesi için oluşturulmuş bir uygulamadır.
LI Software is a calculator to calculate Lake LEAFPACS2 and IBMR indices.
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Sazlar olarak bilinen, Bilimsel Turkce Adi ayakotu olan Carex L., Turkiye’de do g al yayili s gosteren 157 takson ile Cyperaceae (Hasirotugiller) familyasinin en buyuk cinsidir. Carex sozcu g unun etimolojik siniflandirmasinda, eski I... more
Sazlar olarak bilinen, Bilimsel Turkce Adi ayakotu olan Carex L., Turkiye’de do g al yayili s gosteren 157 takson ile Cyperaceae (Hasirotugiller) familyasinin en buyuk cinsidir. Carex sozcu g unun etimolojik siniflandirmasinda, eski I ngilizce dilinde “ secg " yani saz olarak kullanimi ve Gotik Almanca da ise kenari keskin anlaminda “sagjaz” kelimesiyle ifade edildi g i gorulmu s tur. Bu iki orne g e bakildi g inda bir bitki cinsine farkli ulkelerde farkli dillerde isimler verildi g i gorulmektedir. Dunyada yakla s ik 2000 ile temsil edilen bir cinsin, sadece cins isminin bile farkli dillerde farkli kelimeler ile ifade ediliyor olmasi bu cins hakkinda bilimsel bilginin do g ru geli s mesine engel te s kil etmektedir. Bilim insanlari ortaya cikan bu kari s ikli g i gidermek adina, ortak bir isimlendirme sistemi geli s tirmi s lerdir. Ba s langicta bilimsel isimler co g unlukla Klasik Yunanca veya Latince kelimelerinden turetilmi s tir. Bu tur isimler genellikle, ali s ik olmayan...
Research Interests: Philosophy and Biology
This study was conducted to determine the some physiological changes after the artificial drought stress in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench cv."Sultani") which is widely cultivated in Turkey and well adapted to Trakya... more
This study was conducted to determine the some physiological changes after the artificial drought stress in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench cv."Sultani") which is widely cultivated in Turkey and well adapted to Trakya region. After germination, the seedlings were grown under normal growing conditions in an unheated plastic greenhouse until they reached to 2-4 leaf. They were planted in the field with a distance of 50 cm between rows and 25 cm in rows. The plants normally irrigated until flowering time. After then, water constraint applied for drought stress. Control plants were irrigated to bring to field capacity, when they lost 50% of usable water capacity in root region. Other plots were irrigated to 0%, 25% and 50% of applied water in control parcel. Water restriction was done once a week and then measurements were made. During the experiment, leaf water potential (-MPa), leaf relative water content (%), membrane damage in leaf cells (%) and total chlorophyll ...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) inoculation, which was administered to increase the quality of einkorn wheat in its fatty acid composition, quality and mineral concentration. Wheat... more
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) inoculation, which was administered to increase the quality of einkorn wheat in its fatty acid composition, quality and mineral concentration. Wheat grown from AM inoculated seed (AM+) had increased the dry matter (DM), iron (Fe), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid, and cis-5,-8,-11,-14, and cis-17 eicosapentaenoic acid from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P <0.05), but decreased crude ash (CA), potassium (K), and total saturated fatty acids (UFA), especially myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids, especially cis-palmitoleic acid, cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, cis-11 eicosenoic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid (P <0.05) compared with einkorn wheat grown from non-inoculated seed (AM-). Crude protein (CP) content ranged from 10.56% to 10.68%, and ether extract (EE) content varied between 2.03% and 2.41%, ne...
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) inoculation, which was administered to increase the quality of einkorn wheat in its fatty acid composition, quality and mineral concentration. Wheat... more
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) inoculation, which was administered to increase the quality of einkorn wheat in its fatty acid composition, quality and mineral concentration. Wheat grown from AM inoculated seed (AM+) had increased the dry matter (DM), iron (Fe), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid, and cis-5,-8,-11,-14, and cis-17 eicosapentaenoic acid from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P <0.05), but decreased crude ash (CA), potassium (K), and total saturated fatty acids (UFA), especially myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids, especially cis-palmitoleic acid, cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, cis-11 eicosenoic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid (P <0.05) compared with einkorn wheat grown from non-inoculated seed (AM-). Crude protein (CP) content ranged from 10.56% to 10.68%, and ether extract (EE) content varied between 2.03% and 2.41%, ne...
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In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in various components in the Meric-Ergene River Basin which is one of Turkey’s intensive industrialization centers and which accordingly has faced... more
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in various components in the Meric-Ergene River Basin which is one of Turkey’s intensive industrialization centers and which accordingly has faced significant environmental pollution and has about 1300 industrial plants within its boundaries. In the river basin, 16 USEPA PAHs were measured in a total of 192 samples consisting of soil, lichen, pine needle and total deposition samples for 1 year to represent the four seasons at a total of 12 points in 4 different regions which were determined as intensive industrial area, industrial + residential area, agricultural area and background. According to the results obtained, the total PAH values, in all sampling points, varied between 69.6 and 1277.7 ng/g (dry wt) for soil, lichen and pine needle samples and between 0 and 937.8 ng/m 2 -day for the total deposition samples. The highest values were determined in the fall season for the lichen samples and ind...
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Pollen grains of nine taxa of Prangos Lindl. and one of Ekimia H. Duman & M.F. Watson (Umbelliferae) were examined with LM (light microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope), and of them four with TEM (transmission electron... more
Pollen grains of nine taxa of Prangos Lindl. and one of Ekimia H. Duman & M.F. Watson (Umbelliferae) were examined with LM (light microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope), and of them four with TEM (transmission electron microscope). The quantitative data were also subjected to cluster analysis. The obtained phenogram revealed that Ekimia bornmuelleri (Hub.-Mor. & Reese) H. Duman & M.F. Watson is strictly different from the taxa of Prangos regarding their quantitative pollen profile; except P. ferulacea Lindl., all taxa included in section Intactae formed a cluster together; members of section Meliocarpoides and section Prangos show a closer relationship regarding their pollen features. Exine ornamentations of Prangos and Ekimia are rugulate-striate and are of no value for identification purposes.
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Elymus sosnowskyi, a rare endemic species known from East Anatolia, Turkey, was first collected by D. Sosnowsky in 1912. After that it has been collected only one other time, by F. Sorger in 1981. During the "Taxonomic revision of... more
Elymus sosnowskyi, a rare endemic species known from East Anatolia, Turkey, was first collected by D. Sosnowsky in 1912. After that it has been collected only one other time, by F. Sorger in 1981. During the "Taxonomic revision of tribe Triticeae in Turkey" project, which was supported by TUBITAK, E. sosnowskyi was recollected from 3 populations in Oltu and Narman (A8 Erzurum, Turkey) in 2007 and 2008. The present study aimed to provide detailed diagnostic characters of this rare endemic species, including its morphological, anatomical, and palynological features. Moreover, the amended and expanded description, distribution, phenology, and ecology of this rare species are provided, along with its conservation status.
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Pollen grains of nine taxa of Prangos Lindl. and one of Ekimia H. Duman & M.F. Watson (Umbelliferae) were examined with LM (light microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope), and of them four with TEM (transmission electron... more
Pollen grains of nine taxa of Prangos Lindl. and one of Ekimia H. Duman & M.F. Watson (Umbelliferae) were examined with LM (light microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope), and of them four with TEM (transmission electron microscope). The quantitative data were also subjected to cluster analysis. The obtained phenogram revealed that Ekimia bornmuelleri (Hub.-Mor. & Reese) H. Duman & M.F. Watson is strictly different from the taxa of Prangos regarding their quantitative pollen profile; except P. ferulacea Lindl., all taxa included in section Intactae formed a cluster together; members of section Meliocarpoides and section Prangos show a closer relationship regarding their pollen features. Exine ornamentations of Prangos and Ekimia are rugulate-striate and are of no value for identification purposes.
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Abstract. This article presents a revision of the genus Dasypyrum in Turkey, based on 25 populations gathered during field trips between 2006 and 2008. These populations were subjected to examination on the basis of their morphological... more
Abstract. This article presents a revision of the genus Dasypyrum in Turkey, based on 25 populations gathered during field trips between 2006 and 2008. These populations were subjected to examination on the basis of their morphological and palynological characteristics. A corrected and updated description, as well as a distribution map of D. villosum are provided. Furthermore, the relationship between Dasypyrum and two other genera included in the tribe Triticeae (Secale and Triticum) is discussed on the basis of palynological features. The palynological investigations showed that the genus Dasypyrum is close to Secale rather than to Triticum.
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The charophyte flora of Turkey is poorly described and documented as lack of accurate and detailed documentation of collections as well as absence of voucher specimens proving its existence. During the project which is called as... more
The charophyte flora of Turkey is poorly described and documented as lack of accurate and detailed documentation of collections as well as absence of voucher specimens proving its existence. During the project which is called as “Establishment of Reference Monitoring Network in Turkey” supported by Directorate General for Water Management of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, we carried out several field surveys to the West Mediterranean Region and collected several Chara and Nitella specimens from the various water bodies found in the region. Among the collected Charophyte populations, two unusual populations seem to be different than the ones we already met earlier. Careful morphological and microscopically examinations of the unusual populations proved that they were new for Turkey algal flora. Finally they were identified as C. polyacantha which was already known from Europe. The diagnostic morphological characters discriminating it from of Chara hispida C. rubis and C....
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This article presents a revision of the genus Dasypyrum in Turkey, based on 25 populations gathered during field trips between 2006 and 2008. These populations were subjected to examination on the basis of their morphological and... more
This article presents a revision of the genus Dasypyrum in Turkey, based on 25 populations gathered during field trips between 2006 and 2008. These populations were subjected to examination on the basis of their morphological and palynological characteristics. A corrected and updated description, as well as a distribution map of D. villosum are provided. Furthermore, the relationship between Dasypyrum and two other genera included in the tribe Triticeae (Secale and Triticum) is discussed on the basis of palynological features. The palynological investigations showed that the genus Dasypyrum is close to Secale rather than to Triticum.
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Nowadays, goat breeding is a livestock activity that made especially in forests and rural areas and meets the living expenses and nutritional needs of poor people in the region where they are bred. Even though there are different... more
Nowadays, goat breeding is a livestock activity that made especially in forests and rural areas and meets the living expenses and nutritional needs of poor people in the region where they are bred. Even though there are different genotypes and breeds in our country, the most common recurring genotype and bred almost all of our regions is Hair Goat. In addition increasing levels of education and living standards in recent years have led to increased animal food consumption and increased importance of consumers to the quality concept, leading to the entry of organic livestock into our lives. Ulus and Akdağ Mountains, located in Balikesir and Kütahya, has a very rich plant diversity and different mountain ecosystems due to the intersection area of Europe - Siberia, Mediterranean and Iran - Turan flora regions. Over 24 thousand hectares of meadow-pasture area of Bigadiç, Dursunbey, Sindirgi and Simav districts with the significant coverage of woodland pasture and shrublands of this zone, makes this region an important for goat breeding. The main objective of this study is to review current status and future aspects of organic goat farming in Ulus and Akdag Mountain areas.
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Styrax officinalis L. (Styracaceae) is a deciduous shrub reaching a height up to 4 metres. It is native to Southern Europe and the Middle East, and mostly found in Mediterranean region, America and Mexico. Styrax leaves are rich of some... more
Styrax officinalis L. (Styracaceae) is a deciduous shrub reaching a height up to 4 metres. It is native to Southern Europe and the Middle East, and mostly found in Mediterranean region, America and Mexico. Styrax leaves are rich of some useful mineral elements such as Na, K, Fe, Zn and Cu. The concentration of these mineral elements in Styrax vary acording to region and phenological stages. In this study Styrax leaves were collected from 4 different districts in Balikesir, South Marmara of Turkey, at 3 different phenological stages (early vegetative, flowering and discernible seed). Total concentration of Na, K, Fe, Zn and Cu elements were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Zn, Cu and Fe concentration ranged from 15.4-39.3, 6.2-11.3, 294.8-392.8 mg/kg on DM basis while Na and K concentraiton varied from 0.11-0.71 and 6.59-20.91 g/kg on DM basis during phenological stages. Only Fe and K levels were in substantial amounts in all phenological stages to meet adult goat requirements, while Zn and Cu levels were moderate. With the exception of early vegetative phenological stage Styrax leaves had extremely low Na concentrations. The grazing livestock in the area, intense in Styrax shrub, should be provided with mineral supplements due to low levels of both macro and micro minerals especially after flowering period. =Acknowledgement: This study was funded by Tubitak (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey), Scientific Research Project # 218O159