Javed Pervaiz

This study inspects the fundamental relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance in China. The outcome shows that the real effective exchange rate and trade balance in China has no causal relationship. Though, seeing structural changes in two series, we got the result those both long-run and short-run associations using full-sample data are wobbly, which proposes that the full-sample causation tests can " t be relied upon. Then, using time-varying rolling window method to reexamine the dynamic fundamental relationship. The results show that real effective exchange rate has both negative and positive impacts on the trade balance in several sub-periods, and in turn, trade balance has same impact on real effective exchange rate for China. These findings provide no support for the existence of J-curve effect and Marshall-Lerner Condition in case of China. This study shows that it is impossible to resolve China " s trade deficit, depending only on the movement of RMB " s exchange rate.

The study investigated the long run relationship between selected macroeconomic indicators and banking sector index in Pakistan. The selected macroeconomic indicators are Exports, Industrial Production, CPI, and KIBOR as short-term interest rate, Money Supply (M0), Nominal Exchange Rate between Pakistan and United States of America (USA), Oil Prices and the Interest rate on Pakistan Government bond ten years, as the long-term interest rate. Monthly time series was used from January 2009 to August 2015. The study applied Augmented Dickey-Fuller test to determine the stationarity levels for the selected macroeconomic indicators and banking sector index, Phillips-Perron test to validate the results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, a bound testing technique in ARDL model to investigate the long run relationship between selected macroeconomic variables and banking sector index. Results suggested the presence of a long-run relationship between macroeconomic variables exchange rate, inflation, oil price and banking sector index in Pakistan. Results of Granger causality test suggested unidirectional causality running from macroeconomic variables KIBOR and oil prices to banking sector index in Pakistan. Further, unidirectional causality was found running from banking sector index to government bond in Pakistan.

The study examines the impact of selected macroeconomic variables (inflation, exchange rate, interest rate) on Karachi stock market returns. Mainly secondary data used in the research process. The study consists of data for the period of 10 years and 5 months starting from January 2007 till May 2017. For this purpose, monthly data of KSE-100 index has been observed for the period January 2007 to May 2017. The market returns have been calculated through the opening and closing index value of each month. The inflation, interest rate, and exchange rate has been taken as independent variables. Hypotheses have been tested to find out whether there exists a significant relationship between the Stock market return and macroeconomic variables or not. To test this hypothesis, Regression analysis used and results are calculated through Stata software.

Economist and stock managers always focus on stock market return. This study investigated short and long run relationship between economic factors and stock returns in China by applying ARDL approach from 01/2000 to 12/2016. Estimated results of bound test for co-integration shows that long run relationships exist among the variables except inflation rate. Results of short and long run ARDL demonstrate that exchange rate and inflation rate have positive effect on stock returns in China while interest rate have negative effect on stock returns. Results indicate that stock returns in China are very sensitive and can be affected positively or negatively with increase and decrease in economic factors. Both local and regional factors in China can directly and indirectly explain Shanghai Stock Exchange stock returns.

Abstract

The study’s aim is to examine the employee behavior influence by training and development, technology, employer behavior and internal environment of organization with mediating effect of job stress in public sector organizations employee of Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach
Through convenience sampling method 66 responses were gathered from different government employees to draw the conclusion. SPSS16.0 used for statistical analysis and to check the reliability and validity for analysis, descriptive statistics, hierarchical regression and correlation analysis to test the hypothesis.
Findings
The empirical result shows that there is positive correlation between technologies, internal environment, training and development and employer attitude with employee behavior. Moreover, Job stress on employee behavior has no mediating and moderating effect.
Practical Implications
First, training and development is necessary for government employees. Second, public organization must provide the better internal environment to employees to work better. The stress factor is not as much effect the employee behavior as compare private employees due to job security.
  Originality Value
This paper encompasses the research on employee behavior by examining the impacts of technology, internal environment of organization, employer attitude and training & development. According to findings the job security of government employees reduces the stress element. 
Limitations
The responses were just 66 to draw the conclusion, the short span of time and female responses were very low are the main limitations of this paper. 
Key Words
Technology, Stress, Internal Environment, Employer Attitude, Training and Development, Employee Behavior.