Udaya Wagle
Northern Arizona University, Politics and International Affairs, Faculty Member
- A Nepali native, Udaya R. Wagle holds a Ph.D. in public policy, Master’s degree in nonprofit management, and Bachelor... moreA Nepali native, Udaya R. Wagle holds a Ph.D. in public policy, Master’s degree in nonprofit management, and Bachelors and Master’s degrees in business administration. Author of two books and over three dozen other academic and professional publications, he remains very active in the larger scholarly and professional community. His research interests include social policies, underdevelopment, and comparative studies.edit
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Objective: To develop and test an HIV intervention targeting sex workers and madams in the brothels of Bombay. Subjects and methods: In a controlled intervention trial, with measurements before and after the intervention, 334 sex workers... more
Objective: To develop and test an HIV intervention targeting sex workers and madams in the brothels of Bombay. Subjects and methods: In a controlled intervention trial, with measurements before and after the intervention, 334 sex workers and 20 madams were recruited from an intervention site, and 207 and 17, respectively, from a similar control site, both in red-light areas of Bombay. All sex workers were tested for antibodies to HIV and syphilis, and for hepatitis B surface antigen. Information on sexual practices, condom use and knowledge of HIV was collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. All subjects in the intervention group underwent a 6-month program of educational videos, small group discussions and pictorial educational materials; free condoms were also distributed. The blood tests and the questionnaire were readministered to all subjects at both sites immediately after the intervention. Both groups were followed for approximately 1 year. Results: The baseline level of knowledge about HIV and experience with condoms was extremely low among both sex workers and madams. The baseline prevalence of HIV antibodies was 47% in the intervention group and 41% in the control group (P = 0.17). The incidence densities for HIV and sexually transmitted diseases were significantly different in the two groups (all P < 0.005): 0.05 and 0.16 per person-year of follow-up for HIV, 0.08 and 0.22 per person-year for antibodies to syphilis, and 0.04 and 0.12 per person-year for hepatitis B surface antigen in the intervention and control women, respectively. Following the intervention, women reported increased levels of condom use, and some (41%) said they were willing to refuse clients who wouldn't use them. However, both the sex workers and the madams were concerned about losing business if condom use was insisted upon. Conclusions: Both HIV prevalence and incidence are alarmingly high among female sex workers in Bombay. Successful interventions can be developed for these women, and even a partial increase in condom use may decrease the transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Intervention programs of longer duration that target madams and clients and make condoms easily available are urgently needed at multiple sites in red-light areas.
Research Interests: Health Education, Developing Countries, Adolescent, Medicine, India, and 15 moreBiological Sciences, Hepatitis B, Humans, Prostitution, Female, AIDS, Incidence, Middle Aged, Adult, Condom, Condoms, Cross Sectional Studies, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, audiovisual aids, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Countries of all shapes, sizes, and characteristics have been experimenting with various forms of social policy to reduce poverty. However, these experiments have not allowed governments to proclaim poverty-free zones, and a universally... more
Countries of all shapes, sizes, and characteristics have been experimenting with various forms of social policy to reduce poverty. However, these experiments have not allowed governments to proclaim poverty-free zones, and a universally agreed upon and proven strategy has not emerged to magically reduce poverty. Part of the reason for this difficulty in devising proven strategies is political since such strategies would invoke major resource reallocations that require broad political support.
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Countries cumulate very different experiences on welfare state development and change and the process dominant in one context may not be consistent over time. How welfare states develop and change has partly to do with changes in the need... more
Countries cumulate very different experiences on welfare state development and change and the process dominant in one context may not be consistent over time. How welfare states develop and change has partly to do with changes in the need and demand for social protections as well as those in political attitudes and preferences that dictate policy actions and decisions. An integral component of how welfare states change can also be ethnic heterogeneity as it can affect both the economic contexts of needs and demands and the political contexts of attitudes and preferences. Yet, while the existing theories of the welfare state underscore these political and economic contexts of social protection, they fail to adequately link welfare state developments and changes with the changes in ethnic heterogeneity. Given the major changes in welfare state policy provisions and practices, coupled by a landscape of growing ethnic heterogeneity in high-income countries, it is important to examine if this form of social heterogeneity can be a significant factor in thinking about the needs and demands as well as the political attitudes and preferences, which help shape and reshape welfare state policies.
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Poverty and economic inequality are two of the most highly contested policy issues in both developing and advanced countries. While poverty is frequently associated with the lack of economic progress with the view that greater progress... more
Poverty and economic inequality are two of the most highly contested policy issues in both developing and advanced countries. While poverty is frequently associated with the lack of economic progress with the view that greater progress brought about by increasing economic growth and expanding economic opportunities can lower the experience of poverty, the prevalence of poverty amidst the plenty in high-income countries has also been a difficult challenge for policymakers. The issue first is whether or not individuals can derive earnings from the labor market that are sufficient to maintain a basic living standard, which if deficient for reasons beyond the control of individuals can be addressed by some state measures. But the idea of basic living standard itself can be politically charged as what is needed to maintain this standard largely determines the poverty measurement outcomes showing the face of poverty in any society. It is in this relative sense that the issues of poverty and inequality become highly contested as they touch on who has the responsibility to ensure economic security and whose responsibility it is to determine to what extent poverty and inequality are tolerated.
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Working poverty has become a pressing policy issue in Michigan. This study attempts to uncover the dynamics in working poverty in Michigan by examining: 1) the magnitude of working poverty in the state and its trend between 1998-1999 and... more
Working poverty has become a pressing policy issue in Michigan. This study attempts to uncover the dynamics in working poverty in Michigan by examining: 1) the magnitude of working poverty in the state and its trend between 1998-1999 and 2005-2006; 2) the industries and occupations ...
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Purpose– This paper aims to examine how population heterogeneity contributes to poverty in 17 high-income Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries during 1980-2005.Design/methodology/approach– The operational... more
Purpose– This paper aims to examine how population heterogeneity contributes to poverty in 17 high-income Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries during 1980-2005.Design/methodology/approach– The operational strategy involves linking poverty with heterogeneity directly as well as indirectly through welfare state policies as a latent variable in a structural equation framework.Findings– Findings support the widely held poverty-reducing roles of welfare state policies. Ethno-racial and religious diversities are found to positively contribute to welfare state policies and, through them, lower poverty, whereas immigration assumes opposite roles.Research limitations/implications– Data limitations on population and especially ethno-racial and religious heterogeneity caution against definitiveness.Originality/value– The findings are useful in understanding the heterogeneity connection of welfare state policies and poverty.
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The period between 1980 and 2005 registered declining poverty, especially in its extreme form, and increasing economic inequality with implications for the economic footing of the global poor‐ and low‐income groups. Disentangling the... more
The period between 1980 and 2005 registered declining poverty, especially in its extreme form, and increasing economic inequality with implications for the economic footing of the global poor‐ and low‐income groups. Disentangling the roles of economic growth, openness and political institutions in determining poverty and inequality using cross‐national data faces enormous methodological challenges. Nevertheless, panel data regressions estimated here suggest that the poor‐ and low‐income groups do not benefit much from economic openness and political democracy. While economic growth and government expenditures do not significantly affect poverty, they prove somewhat effective at containing inequality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
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... UR Wagle (B) School of Public Affairs and Administration, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA e-mail: Udaya.wagle@wmich. edu Page 2. 74 J Econ Inequal (2007) 5:7395 1. Introduction ...
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ScholarWorks at UMass Boston Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, and Colombians: A Scan of Needs of Recent Latin American Immigrants to the Boston Area Recommended Citation Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Hondurans and Colombians: A scan of needs of recent Latin American immigrants to the Boston areamore
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This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is... more
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Journal of Human Development
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Les chercheurs ont deploye des efforts considerables pour definir et mesurer la pauvrete en l'abordant en gros selon trois angles : le bien-etre economique, la capacite et l'exclusion sociale. Si ces trois approches ont ete... more
Les chercheurs ont deploye des efforts considerables pour definir et mesurer la pauvrete en l'abordant en gros selon trois angles : le bien-etre economique, la capacite et l'exclusion sociale. Si ces trois approches ont ete remarquablement utiles pour comprendre la pauvrete d'une societe a l'autre et dans le temps, chacune est devenue si complexe que ses tenants ne jugent meme plus utile de l'integrer avec les autres. La pauvrete se rapportant au bien-etre humain en general, aucun de ces concepts, que ce soit le bien-etre economique, la capacite ou l'exclusion sociale, n'est veritablement parvenu a en rendre compte sous tous ses aspects. Il est desormais extremement important d'integrer ces approches et d'entreprendre des etudes sur la pauvrete avec des indicateurs appropries pour aboutir a des conclusions plus satisfaisantes. Dans le present article, je soutiens que la methode integratrice ainsi obtenue enrichirait notre comprehension de ce qu...
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The period since the 1990s witnessed a strong economic performance and labor demand in many countries in the Middle East, East Asia, and West, which coincided with the major political turmoil in Nepal causing enormous increase in... more
The period since the 1990s witnessed a strong economic performance and labor demand in many countries in the Middle East, East Asia, and West, which coincided with the major political turmoil in Nepal causing enormous increase in emigration and foreign remittance. Using micro-data for 1996 and 2004, this paper examines foreign remittance to Nepal and its socioeconomic implications. While the increasing values of foreign remittance have some positive effects on reducing poverty and income inequality, findings suggest that most of the benefits may have favored the socioeconomically more advantaged sections of society. The paper discuses implications of these and other findings in the changing socioeconomic and policy contexts in Nepal.
Reports indicate increasing economic inequality in Nepal during the era of parliamentary democracy begun in 1990. The extent and the mechanisms by which this increase has occurred are not fully understood, however. Using micro level... more
Reports indicate increasing economic inequality in Nepal during the era of parliamentary democracy begun in 1990. The extent and the mechanisms by which this increase has occurred are not fully understood, however. Using micro level survey data on consumption expenditures, incomes, and wealth, this paper finds large and slightly increasing economic inequality between 1996 and 2004. Income from house rental, employment, businesses, and remittances as well as the stock of wealth in real estate and housing and businesses are the leading sources of inequality. Horizontal and vertical inequalities have increased along the caste/ethnic and spatial lines, providing a strong impetus to the ongoing political instability in the country. These dimensions of inequality have important social, political, and policy implications in the country.
The civil society sector plays an important role in democracy for industrial nations and developing countries alike. This article examines the role of civil society in the developing world and suggests how nongovernment organizations can... more
The civil society sector plays an important role in democracy for industrial nations and developing countries alike. This article examines the role of civil society in the developing world and suggests how nongovernment organizations can sustain themselves in the future while serving societies and democracy better.
Studying economic inequality is increasingly important because of its multidimensional effects on human and societal well-being. This paper examines economic inequality in Kathmandu using wealth, income, and consumption as its indicators.... more
Studying economic inequality is increasingly important because of its multidimensional effects on human and societal well-being. This paper examines economic inequality in Kathmandu using wealth, income, and consumption as its indicators. Amidst the finding that wealth, income, and consumption have mutually reinforcing relationships, recent survey data indicate that high income many not necessarily accumulate into wealth as normally expected. Data also show that the household and householder characteristics somewhat differ when it comes to explaining disparities in household wealth, income, and consumption. The suggestion that spatial segregation, human capital and capability, inheritance, and household composition are important determinants of economic inequality—with almost no systematic role for discrimination—provides enormous implications for policies aimed at curbing economic inequality in Kathmandu.
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Studies of the relationship between political democracy and economic inequality have produced diverse findings. This study attempts to mitigate some conceptual and methodological problems inherent in such studies by using multi-indicator... more
Studies of the relationship between political democracy and economic inequality have produced diverse findings. This study attempts to mitigate some conceptual and methodological problems inherent in such studies by using multi-indicator concepts of inclusive democracy and economic inequality. Data from the five major historically and culturally homogeneous South Asian countries covering 1980-2003 suggest some bidirectional, positive relationship between inclusive democracy
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ECONOMIC STUDIES IN INEQUALITY, SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND WELL-BEING Editor: Jacques Silber, Bar Ilan University. Editorial Advisory Board: John Bishop, East Carolina University, USA. Satya Chakravarty, Indian Statistical Institute, USA.... more
ECONOMIC STUDIES IN INEQUALITY, SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND WELL-BEING Editor: Jacques Silber, Bar Ilan University. Editorial Advisory Board: John Bishop, East Carolina University, USA. Satya Chakravarty, Indian Statistical Institute, USA. Conchita D&amp;amp;#x27;Ambrosio, University ...