P. Macek

This study examines the relationships among body satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in adolescents. Body image and body satisfaction are suggested as important factors of global self-evaluation. A stronger association between these variables were found in girls than in boys. However, there are also other results, which showed stronger relationships between self-esteem and body satisfaction in boys. Moreover, the level of self-esteem is strongly related to timing of pubertal body changes. Younger adolescents (n = 355, average age 14 years) and older adolescents (n = 274, average age 18 years) reported their demographic information, body satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Preliminary results show stronger relationships between body satisfaction and self-esteem than between body satisfaction and self-efficacy, especially in girls. In regard to two age groups, no significant differences were found.

The first part of this chapter briefly characterizes the period of adolescence. It shows how this developmental period has changed from the psychological perspective over the past decades and what is special about adolescence today. Second part introduces the context of the findings presented in this volume (Adolescent psychosocial development in Brno: An ELSPAC study 2005 – 2011) by characterizing the ELSPAC study (European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood) and locating its psychological component. Then we continue by describing the psychological measures or assessment instruments used in the study and in the book chapters.

Life satisfaction, an important precursor of adolescents’ well-being, is linked to daily activities. Substantial changes have been noted in adolescents’ daily activities over the years, raising the question of possible consequences for life satisfaction. This study aimed to explore changes in adolescents’ life satisfaction and their time spent on daily activities (sleeping, engaging in sports, online gaming, school commuting, time spent at school) and further investigate the associations between adolescents’ life satisfaction and these daily activities. The sample comprised 2715 adolescents from birth cohorts surveyed at four time points between 1992 and 2019. Participants were administered the Daily Activities Inventory and the Berne Questionnaire on Adolescents’ Well-Being. Robust ANOVA with post hoc tests and spline regression were employed. We found cohort differences in sleep duration (8.6 h a day on average in 1992 and 7.5 in 2019). Sleep duration of 8 h and 1 h of sports acti...

Stať shrnuje tematicke okruhy v oblasti výzkumu agrese, identity a osobnosti, jimiž se v poslednich letech zabývaji cesti a slovensti psychologove. Ukazuje se, že souvislosti mezi tematy, kterým je clanek věnovan, jsou odborniky reflektovany, avsak v ceskem a slovenskem kontextu jsou empiricky zkoumany opatrně. Výzkumne problemy jsou větsinou formulovany s důrazem na dilci aspekty jednoho tematu, eventuelně na vztah mezi dvěma tematy. Empirický ověřený model vztahu mezi osobnosti, agresi a identitou dosud nebyl artikulovan.

The paper introduces a set of four studies focused on adolescents in the Czech Republic. In the first part, authors reflect on the cultural background, the political, social, and psychological factors that have had influence on several generations of adolescents in the period of the communist totalitarian regime. They also describe the social changes brought by the democratization of Czech society since the early 1990s. Second part of the paper reviews the life and changes in the behavior of Czech adolescents over the past 20 years. Based the findings of three studies representing three cohorts of adolescents (1992, 2001, 2010), it is argued that current Czech adolescents are becoming more like their Western peers. Compared with the 1990s adolescents, the current cohort is more realistic in their expectations, oriented more on achievement, social pleasure, and material values. Their relationship to formal authorities is weaker; especially, the relationships with parents and teachers...