College of Engineering Design Art and Technology

High levels of violence, political or criminal, are much more destructive than natural disasters. Governments need to learn that national reconciliation is compulsory for Financial Sustainability if developing Countries are to stop relying on Foreign aid. Selfishness and personal interests shouldn’t comprise the common interest of the people.
In My artifact am trying to show the importance of a stable and steady country since it creates a good investment environment which pulls more investors to the country hence increasing local revenue and hence a government can try to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

High levels of violence, political or criminal, are much more destructive than natural disasters. Governments need to learn that national reconciliation is compulsory for Financial Sustainability if developing Countries are to stop relying on Foreign aid. Selfishness and personal interests shouldn’t comprise the common interest of the people.
In My artifact am trying to show the importance of a stable and steady country since it creates a good investment environment which pulls more investors to the country hence increasing local revenue and hence a government can try to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

There are a number of traditional methods of building that have strived on this earth from civilization to civilization and century to century with these technologies having stood the test of time, a greater understanding of these methods is required. Among these traditional methods of building are 2 main types, namely; Mud brick technique and the Wattle & Daub technique in this particular project I’ll concentrate on the latter as it is more common in Uganda
It was evident from existing research that significant variation in wattle and daub resulted from a complex interaction of multiple factors such as geology, land use, woodland coverage and species. Documented techniques for conservation were found to be sparse and therefore an attempt was made to broaden them, in some instances by adapting methods established for the conservation of other materials.  (Tony Graham, 2003)

Figure 1: A typical wall of a traditional village mud and wattle construction in Uganda.
The above is a typical rural construction found throughout Uganda. It is normally a single family house, mainly occupied by the poorer sections of the population. The main load bearing system consists of mud walls which carry the roof load. Wooden posts are provided at the wall corners and at intermediate locations. The loads are shared by the walls and the frame. There are very few openings (doors and windows) in these buildings; in rural areas they are usually very few windows. In general, this type of construction is built by the owners and local unskilled masons and the craftsmanship is not standard. This building type is classified as grade-A (most vulnerable) as per the IAEE building classification and IS Code 1893:1984. This is a low-strength masonry construction and it is considered to be extremely vulnerable to failure causes, (Amit Kumar, 2002).
The vulnerability of these building is evident all over the world as noted in Experimental study on traditional mud shear wall in-filled in timber frames, Wei-Jye Chen et al, and yet the engineering community in Uganda has continued to ignore this area of study despite having the bigger population habituated in this kind of construction.
This building practice has been running for over 200 years in the country, however it’s currently found in rural areas and poverty vested urban areas of which the bigger population in Uganda is found in rural areas.
The walls found on these houses are normally out of plumb with very small windows and the doors that are typically 1.75m X 0.75m and both lateral and gravity loads are supported by the walls
These buildings are rectangular in plan mainly meant for a single family of about 5 to 10 members with one door for entry and exit. The owner/ owners are the main source of financing through personal savings. Sometimes they are for rent and other times they are owned out rightly, (Amit Kumar, 2002).
Structural Features
The mud walls mud take the load of the roofing and the wall elements. The walls are provided with wooden posts at the corners and at intermediate locations. These are generally provided at spacing not exceeding 2m centre to centre. The loads are partially shared by walls and partially taken by frame, with each behaving independently of the other
The roof loads are directly supported by the walls/frames whose loads are supported by the wall/frame foundations (shallow foundations with the wall embedded into the soil).
The mud walls are also integrated with horizontal wood elements that help on the lateral forces
Typical Plan Dimensions
NB: it is average. It is difficult to state the actual length and width of a typical building.  The length and width varies according to the requirements. The ratio of such length and width can be 1.5:1, 2:1, or 2.5:1
The typical number of stories is normally one story with a height of about 3.5m and a span of 2.5m
NB: The building size and typical span depends on the number of occupants. Generally wooden posts are provided at the same distance of 2-2.5m centre-to-center longitudinally and transversely
The wall density of these is approximately 40%