Abstract Soil sustainability is key to maintaining forest growth and ecosystem services around th... more Abstract Soil sustainability is key to maintaining forest growth and ecosystem services around the world. Determining how to maintain soil functions and knowing when soils are degraded can be difficult. Complicating our understanding of the relationship between soil functions and soil sustainability is the inherent heterogeneity of forest soils. However, maintaining or improving soil organic matter (OM) contents is essential to soil health, quality, and sustainability, and both OM quantity and quality have key roles in soil porosity, water infiltration, gas exchange, nutrient cycling, aggregate stability, trafficability, and flood control. Forest management practices, such as harvesting and site preparation, have a major impact on soil properties, which can vary widely across different soil types and climatic regimes. We also examine how compaction, fertilization, and herbicide use can influence forest sustainability. This chapter is structured to give an overview of management-related changes on soil properties, and how these practices may be refined to sustain or improve forest soil quality and productivity. In addition, a synthesis of soil monitoring practices is provided to show the importance of this information for adaptive management.
... Management on Wetland Functions in a Sub-Boreal Swamp CC Trettin, MF Jurgensen, JW McLaughlin... more ... Management on Wetland Functions in a Sub-Boreal Swamp CC Trettin, MF Jurgensen, JW McLaughlin, and MR Gale CONTENTS Introduction 411 ... Minnesota, and Wisconsin Note: Estimates are based on Forest Inventory and Analysis cover-types (Smith and Hahn, 1987, 1989 ...
Soil Science Society of America Journal, Jul 1, 1996
Forest harvesting and regeneration may cause changes in soil and solution chemistry that adversel... more Forest harvesting and regeneration may cause changes in soil and solution chemistry that adversely affect environmental quality. Organic C content in the forest floor and mineral soil, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions in the soil solution and groundwater were investigated in a black spruce [Picea mariana (Miller) BSP] swamp 5 yr after the application of two silvicultural prescriptions: whole‐tree harvest only and whole‐tree harvest followed by site preparation bedding. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content in the forest floor of both treatments were significantly lower than that of an uncut control stand. However, SOC in the upper 50 cm of mineral soil of the bedded treatment was similar to that of the control, while both were about 20% higher than SOC in the harvest‐only treatment. Total DOC concentrations ranged from 12 to 87 mg/L in the soil solution and 6 to 46 mg/L in the groundwater and did not differ among treatments. Hydrophobic acids were the dominant DOC fraction across all treatments, but the proportion of hydrophobic strong acids increased at the expense of hydrophilic acids in the harvest‐only treatment. Carboxyl content of hydrophilic acids in the soil water was 7.0 mmol/g hydrophilic compound in the control stand and 4.4 mmol/g in the treatments. Hydrophobic acid carboxyl content across treatments was 4.6 mmol/g hydrophobic substance. Relative to C loss and changes in water chemistry, these results indicate that 5 yr after whole‐tree harvesting, this forest site has not yet fully equilibrated.
Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of th... more Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface ...
A 5-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus. nitens Maid. grew over 4 m in height and added basal area ... more A 5-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus. nitens Maid. grew over 4 m in height and added basal area of 4.6 m2/ha in 12 months. Production of dry matter in the above-ground portion of the stand averaged 36 tonnes/ha/annum over a 2-year period with over 70% in bole material. The season of sampling was unimportant in determining the biomass of stand components since foliage production was closely linked with leaf litterfall. Branch and stem mass increased with time as woody litterfall was small compared with production. Nutrient concentrations in living tissue tended to decrease with increased tree size and often varied among seasons. Although season of sampling affected estimates of stand nutrient content, no simple pattern of change was observed. Calorific values of foliage and live branches were highest in summer or autumn but seasonal differences in stem components were not statistically significant.
Decay and fire play interactive roles in recycling wood and other organic materials in forest eco... more Decay and fire play interactive roles in recycling wood and other organic materials in forest ecosystems~ and contribute to the development of high quality soils in the Northern Rocky Mountains . Decayed wood~ charcoal~ and other decomposed organic matter are the principal media for ectomycorrhizal and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixing microbes . The activities of these microbes are critical to the growth of forest trees . The balance between decay and fire~ as it affects the amount~ distribution~ and type of organic matter~ controls the ability of forest soils to support the growth of trees .
Trembling aspen is a fast growing, broadly distributed tree in North America that reproduces by r... more Trembling aspen is a fast growing, broadly distributed tree in North America that reproduces by root suckers (clonally) and by seeds (sexually). Since timber harvesting can affect both reproduction pathways by changing the soil properties, we assessed genet diversity, genetic structure, and phenotypic trait expression of trembling aspen populations after clear-cut harvesting in a long-term soil productivity study site in Michigan. A total of 323 stems in replicated plots having heavy soil compaction and surface organic matter (OM) removed, and the untreated controls, were analyzed at microsatellites and for phenotypic traits. Overall, higher spatial aggregation of ramets from the same genet, a greater spatial separation of different genets, and a very good phenotypic separation among genets was observed in the treatment plots. In contrast, for plots with spatially intermixed clones phenotypic separation was much lower. Genetic differentiation was high between individual plots, but s...
Key messageClonal delineation at nuclear microsatellites and phenotypic traits showed high corres... more Key messageClonal delineation at nuclear microsatellites and phenotypic traits showed high correspondence and revealed an important role of both sexual and clonal reproduction for stand genetic structure.AbstractQuaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) grows throughout the northern and central portions of North America. Reproduction occurs both sexually via seeds and clonally from root suckers. Clonal delineation using morphological/phenological traits, and more recently, highly variable nuclear microsatellites have shown considerable variation in the size of clonal assemblies, and the relative importance of sexual versus clonal reproduction across the species range. In order to provide reliable estimates of genet size (N/G; ramets per sampled genet) and genotypic diversity (G/N; genets/ramets), and to compare genetic and phenotypic clone delineation, we characterized 181 sampled stems (ramets) at seven nuclear microsatellites, and morphological and phenological traits from six clones (genet size ≥11). Genotypic diversity was moderate (G/N = 0.18) and within the range reported in other studies across North America. Multivariate statistics revealed a high correspondence between genetic and phenotypic clone delineation, both with and without predefined genetic groups (94.2 %, 81.7 %). Moderate average genet size (5.6 ramets per genet) and the occurrence of genetically distinct single-ramet genets surrounded by larger genets suggested intermediate levels of sexual reproduction contributing to the genetic structure of this stand. Significant differences among genets were found for phenological and morphological traits such as bark thickness and leaf shape. However, most clones showed no significant differences in diameter growth which was likely caused by poor drainage in this high clay soil that inhibited the expression of genetic differences in growth.
Abstract Soil sustainability is key to maintaining forest growth and ecosystem services around th... more Abstract Soil sustainability is key to maintaining forest growth and ecosystem services around the world. Determining how to maintain soil functions and knowing when soils are degraded can be difficult. Complicating our understanding of the relationship between soil functions and soil sustainability is the inherent heterogeneity of forest soils. However, maintaining or improving soil organic matter (OM) contents is essential to soil health, quality, and sustainability, and both OM quantity and quality have key roles in soil porosity, water infiltration, gas exchange, nutrient cycling, aggregate stability, trafficability, and flood control. Forest management practices, such as harvesting and site preparation, have a major impact on soil properties, which can vary widely across different soil types and climatic regimes. We also examine how compaction, fertilization, and herbicide use can influence forest sustainability. This chapter is structured to give an overview of management-related changes on soil properties, and how these practices may be refined to sustain or improve forest soil quality and productivity. In addition, a synthesis of soil monitoring practices is provided to show the importance of this information for adaptive management.
... Management on Wetland Functions in a Sub-Boreal Swamp CC Trettin, MF Jurgensen, JW McLaughlin... more ... Management on Wetland Functions in a Sub-Boreal Swamp CC Trettin, MF Jurgensen, JW McLaughlin, and MR Gale CONTENTS Introduction 411 ... Minnesota, and Wisconsin Note: Estimates are based on Forest Inventory and Analysis cover-types (Smith and Hahn, 1987, 1989 ...
Soil Science Society of America Journal, Jul 1, 1996
Forest harvesting and regeneration may cause changes in soil and solution chemistry that adversel... more Forest harvesting and regeneration may cause changes in soil and solution chemistry that adversely affect environmental quality. Organic C content in the forest floor and mineral soil, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions in the soil solution and groundwater were investigated in a black spruce [Picea mariana (Miller) BSP] swamp 5 yr after the application of two silvicultural prescriptions: whole‐tree harvest only and whole‐tree harvest followed by site preparation bedding. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content in the forest floor of both treatments were significantly lower than that of an uncut control stand. However, SOC in the upper 50 cm of mineral soil of the bedded treatment was similar to that of the control, while both were about 20% higher than SOC in the harvest‐only treatment. Total DOC concentrations ranged from 12 to 87 mg/L in the soil solution and 6 to 46 mg/L in the groundwater and did not differ among treatments. Hydrophobic acids were the dominant DOC fraction across all treatments, but the proportion of hydrophobic strong acids increased at the expense of hydrophilic acids in the harvest‐only treatment. Carboxyl content of hydrophilic acids in the soil water was 7.0 mmol/g hydrophilic compound in the control stand and 4.4 mmol/g in the treatments. Hydrophobic acid carboxyl content across treatments was 4.6 mmol/g hydrophobic substance. Relative to C loss and changes in water chemistry, these results indicate that 5 yr after whole‐tree harvesting, this forest site has not yet fully equilibrated.
Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of th... more Wetlands are characterized by water at or near the soil surface for all or significant part of the year, are a source for food, fiber and water to society, and because of their position in landscapes and ecological structure help to moderate floods. They are also unique ecosystems with long-persistent flora and fauna. Because water is a driving factor for existence as a wetland, these systems are particularly vulnerable to climate change, especially as warming is accompanied by changes the quality and quantity of water moving through these systems. Because they are such diverse ecosystems, wetlands respond differently to stressors and, therefore, require different management and restoration techniques. In this chapter we consider forested wetland soils, their soil types, functions, and associated responses to climate change. Wetland processes are not well understood and therefore additional information is needed on these areas. In addition, more knowledge is needed on the interface ...
A 5-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus. nitens Maid. grew over 4 m in height and added basal area ... more A 5-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus. nitens Maid. grew over 4 m in height and added basal area of 4.6 m2/ha in 12 months. Production of dry matter in the above-ground portion of the stand averaged 36 tonnes/ha/annum over a 2-year period with over 70% in bole material. The season of sampling was unimportant in determining the biomass of stand components since foliage production was closely linked with leaf litterfall. Branch and stem mass increased with time as woody litterfall was small compared with production. Nutrient concentrations in living tissue tended to decrease with increased tree size and often varied among seasons. Although season of sampling affected estimates of stand nutrient content, no simple pattern of change was observed. Calorific values of foliage and live branches were highest in summer or autumn but seasonal differences in stem components were not statistically significant.
Decay and fire play interactive roles in recycling wood and other organic materials in forest eco... more Decay and fire play interactive roles in recycling wood and other organic materials in forest ecosystems~ and contribute to the development of high quality soils in the Northern Rocky Mountains . Decayed wood~ charcoal~ and other decomposed organic matter are the principal media for ectomycorrhizal and nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixing microbes . The activities of these microbes are critical to the growth of forest trees . The balance between decay and fire~ as it affects the amount~ distribution~ and type of organic matter~ controls the ability of forest soils to support the growth of trees .
Trembling aspen is a fast growing, broadly distributed tree in North America that reproduces by r... more Trembling aspen is a fast growing, broadly distributed tree in North America that reproduces by root suckers (clonally) and by seeds (sexually). Since timber harvesting can affect both reproduction pathways by changing the soil properties, we assessed genet diversity, genetic structure, and phenotypic trait expression of trembling aspen populations after clear-cut harvesting in a long-term soil productivity study site in Michigan. A total of 323 stems in replicated plots having heavy soil compaction and surface organic matter (OM) removed, and the untreated controls, were analyzed at microsatellites and for phenotypic traits. Overall, higher spatial aggregation of ramets from the same genet, a greater spatial separation of different genets, and a very good phenotypic separation among genets was observed in the treatment plots. In contrast, for plots with spatially intermixed clones phenotypic separation was much lower. Genetic differentiation was high between individual plots, but s...
Key messageClonal delineation at nuclear microsatellites and phenotypic traits showed high corres... more Key messageClonal delineation at nuclear microsatellites and phenotypic traits showed high correspondence and revealed an important role of both sexual and clonal reproduction for stand genetic structure.AbstractQuaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) grows throughout the northern and central portions of North America. Reproduction occurs both sexually via seeds and clonally from root suckers. Clonal delineation using morphological/phenological traits, and more recently, highly variable nuclear microsatellites have shown considerable variation in the size of clonal assemblies, and the relative importance of sexual versus clonal reproduction across the species range. In order to provide reliable estimates of genet size (N/G; ramets per sampled genet) and genotypic diversity (G/N; genets/ramets), and to compare genetic and phenotypic clone delineation, we characterized 181 sampled stems (ramets) at seven nuclear microsatellites, and morphological and phenological traits from six clones (genet size ≥11). Genotypic diversity was moderate (G/N = 0.18) and within the range reported in other studies across North America. Multivariate statistics revealed a high correspondence between genetic and phenotypic clone delineation, both with and without predefined genetic groups (94.2 %, 81.7 %). Moderate average genet size (5.6 ramets per genet) and the occurrence of genetically distinct single-ramet genets surrounded by larger genets suggested intermediate levels of sexual reproduction contributing to the genetic structure of this stand. Significant differences among genets were found for phenological and morphological traits such as bark thickness and leaf shape. However, most clones showed no significant differences in diameter growth which was likely caused by poor drainage in this high clay soil that inhibited the expression of genetic differences in growth.
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