Pejuang hak mengundi untuk wanita
Pejuang hak mengundi untuk wanita merupakan gerakan wanita untuk mendapat hak mengundi. Di United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat, istilah suffragette digunakan untuk merujuk kepada golongan ini pada penghujung abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20.
Di beberapa buah negara seperti Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom dan Jepun pada ketika zaman-zaman dahulu, wanita tidak dibenarkan mengundi; di Amerika Syarikat contohnya, wanita berumur 21 tahun keatas hanya mula-mula dibenarkan mengundi di wilayah Wyoming bermula pada tahun 1869 dan di Utah bermula pada tahun 1870. Di Malaysia pula, hak mengundi lelaki dan wanita diberikan sama rata sejak dari awal penubuhannya lagi.[1]
Latar belakang
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tindakan aktivisme yang dilakukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ada sebahagian akhbar yang sering memburukkan para pendokong hak sebegini sebagai hanya menyerupai imej kelelakian (yakni, berpakaian sama seperti lelaki dan sebagainya), maka para aktivis ini banyak menunjukkan penampilan kewanitaan mereka sebagai penanda jati diri tersendiri ketika giat memnyatakan perjuangan mereka. Keadaan ini semakin diperkuatkan dengan keterlibatan beberapa kedai terkenal seperti Selfridges dan Liberty yang menjual pakaian dan barangan penjagaan bertemakan pergerakan ini;[2] warna ungu melambangkan martabat dan kesetiaan (loyalty and dignity), putih melambangkan kesucian (purity) dan hijau melambangkan harapan sepertimana yang diusulkan Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, editor bersama lidah pergerakan WSPU Votes for Women pada tahun 1908.
Banyak tindakan ganas digunapakai para aktivis untuk menyatakan pendirian mereka: surat-surat yang terhantar dalam peti rumah kediaman dibakar atau disimbah asid, tingkap-tingkap kantor dan kedai dipecahkan, talian telefon diputuskan dengan sengajanya bahkan grafiti slogan pergerakan turut muncul di jalanan. Kawasan riadah yang cenderung dihadiri golongan lelaki kaya-raya - misalnya lapangan lumba kuda serta padang-padang kriket dan golf turut divandalkan ketika tiada penonton agar mesej mereka masih dapat disampaikan tanpa menyebabkan sebarang kecederaan.[3]
Keadaan semasa dan setelah Perang Dunia Pertama
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dengan meletusnya Perang Dunia Pertama, para penggiat lama-kelamaan berhenti tunjuk perasaan untuk bertumpu kepada menyalurkan bantuan kepada para askar Britain yang berperang.[4]
Pada Ogos 1914, kerajaan British melepaskan para aktivis ini daripada penjara berikutan suatu pengampunan,[5] dan Pankhurst menamatkan segala kerja militannya tidak lama kemudian.[6]
Tokoh utama
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Catatan kaki
- ^ Ahmad Hamidi, Khairunnisa (2013). "Politik Gender: Perbandingan Peranan Wanita dan Proses Politik di Malaysia-Jepun: Halangan dan Prospek" (PDF). ICSSR E-Journal of Social Science Research (e-ISSN: 2289-4977). Dicapai pada 9 Disember 2013.
- ^ Blackman, Cally (8 October 2015). "How the Suffragettes used fashion to further the cause". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Dicapai pada 16 February 2018.
- ^ Porter, Ian. "Suffragette attack on Lloyd-George". London walks. London Town Walks. Dicapai pada 4 February 2013.
- ^ Williams, "Gags, funnels and tubes", 139.
- ^ Geddes 2008, halaman 92.
- ^ Purvis 1995, halaman 123.
- ^ McPherson, Angela; McPherson, Susan (2011). Mosley's Old Suffragette – A Biography of Norah Elam. ISBN 978-1-4466-9967-6.
- Daftar pustaka
- Bolt, Christine (1993). The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-870-23866-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. London: UCL Press. ISBN 978-1-841-42031-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Geddes, J. F. (2008). "Culpable Complicity: the medical profession and the forcible feeding of suffragettes, 1909–1914". Women's History Review. 17 (1): 79–94. doi:10.1080/09612020701627977.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Grant, Kevin (2011). "British suffragettes and the Russian method of hunger strike". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 53 (1): 113–143. doi:10.1017/S0010417510000642.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Harrison, Brian (2013) [1978]. Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62336-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Miller, Ian (2009). "Necessary Torture? Vivisection, Suffragette Force-Feeding, and Responses to Scientific Medicine in Britain c. 1870–1920". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 64 (3): 333–372. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrp008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pedersen, Susan (2004). Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10245-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Purvis, June (1995). "The Prison Experiences of the Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain". Women's History Review. 4 (1): 103–133. doi:10.1080/09612029500200073.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Williams, John (2001). "Hunger Strikes: A Prisoner's Right or a 'Wicked Folly'?". Howard Journal. 40 (3): 285–296. doi:10.1111/1468-2311.00208.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bacaan lanjutan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Atkinson, Diane (1992). The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London, 1906–14. London: Museum of London. ISBN 978-0-904-81853-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hannam, June (2005). "International Dimensions of Women's Suffrage: 'at the crossroads of several interlocking identities'". Women's History Review. 14 (3–4): 543–560. doi:10.1080/09612020500200438.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Leneman, Leah (1995). A Guid Cause: The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland (ed. 2nd). Edinburgh: Mercat Press. ISBN 978-1-873-64448-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Liddington, Jill; Norris, Jill (2000). One Hand Tied Behind Us: The Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement (ed. 2nd). London: Rivers Oram Press. ISBN 978-1-854-89110-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (2000). "Reclaiming the Political: Women and the Social History of Suffrage in Great Britain, France, and the United States". Journal of Women's History. 12 (1): 172–181. doi:10.1353/jowh.2000.0023.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ——— (2003). The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860–1930. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-15993-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Purvis, June (2002). Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23978-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Purvis, Jane; Sandra, Stanley Holton, penyunting (2000). Votes For Women. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21458-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rosen, Andrew (2013) [1974]. Rise Up Women!: The Militant Campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903–1914 (ed. cetakan semula). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-62384-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Smith, Harold L. (2010). The British Women's Suffrage Campaign, 1866–1928 (ed. kemaskini ke-2). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-408-22823-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wingerden, Sophia A. van (1999). The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866–1928. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-66911-2.
Sumber primer
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst. The suffragette; the history of the women's militant suffrage movement, 1905–1910 (New York Sturgis & Walton Company, 1911).
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Pejuang hak mengundi untuk wanita |
- UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts
- The struggle for democracy Visit the British Library learning resource pages to discover more about the suffragette movement
- Suffragettes versus Suffragists Diarkibkan 2006-02-09 di Wayback Machine – website comparing aims and methods of Women's Social and Political Union (Suffragettes) to National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (Suffragists)
- Suffragists vs. Suffragettes – brief article outlining origins of term "suffragette", usage of term and links to other sources.
- Exploring 20th century London – Women's Social and Political Union (W.S.P.U.) Diarkibkan 2012-03-27 di Wayback Machine Objects and photographs including hunger strike medal's given to activists.
- Edwardian Emporium Diarkibkan 2008-07-24 di Wayback Machine page with a curious gallery of Suffragette supporters' pin-badges.
- Antiques Journal Diarkibkan 2012-01-11 di Wayback Machine Information on Suffragette jewellery.