Papers by Yvonne L Inall
Oxbow Books, Mar 15, 2021
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Desperta Ferro: Antigua y medieval, 2019
Hoy en dia contamos con evidencia arqueologica de equipamiento militar britano de la Edad del Hie... more Hoy en dia contamos con evidencia arqueologica de equipamiento militar britano de la Edad del Hierro (ca. 800 a. C.-43 d. C.) gracias a la excavacion de tumbas, depositos votivos, asentamientos y hallazgos fortuitos. Puestos en conjunto, los materiales hallados en todos estos contextos nos permiten hacernos una idea general del tipo de armas y equipamiento empleados en el periodo, asi como de aquellos objetos considerados mas importantes para reflejar el estatus de guerrero, tanto en el seno de estas comunidades como frente a sus enemigos.
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Oxbow Books, Feb 28, 2020
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Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, 2021
This chapter explores access to healthcare—the timely availability of professional health service... more This chapter explores access to healthcare—the timely availability of professional health services to prevent, diagnose, and treat illnesses and to preserve or improve the health of individuals—and its consequences. The ethical context in which access is considered includes the human rights and social justice concepts of ‘a right to healthcare’ and ‘equity of access’. Conscious that these concepts differ from country to country, we offer working definitions. Countries and their governments vary in their political and social attitudes to access. Those with a strong social welfare agenda might focus attention and budgets on social factors such as education and social welfare; these not only determine health, but also access to care. Others, regarding healthcare as the individual’s concern, might give these factors less weight. Despite this complexity and much national variation, access depends, in general, most often on good primary healthcare, public investment, and political will, a...
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Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age, 2014
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Proceedings of the 17th Iron Age Research Student Symposium, Edinburgh, 2016
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Mortality, 2019
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The significance of the decision to bury an individual with martial objects during the British Ir... more The significance of the decision to bury an individual with martial objects during the British Iron Age cannot
be overstated. It is a rare subset of funerary practice, conferred upon select individuals. This article examines
martial burials, firstly summarising past research, then presenting an overview of martial object classes, and their
treatments in funerary practice. There is a particular focus on the Arras Culture of East Yorkshire, which dominates
the data due to the highly unusual, almost unique, ritual in which spears appear to have been thrown at the corpse
as part of the funeral. The analysis presented here highlights the importance of non-offensive martial objects, and
demonstrates that there is much greater diversity in Iron Age martial burial practice than previously recognised.
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Typologies, especially of spearheads, have been decried as inadequate by the archaeological commu... more Typologies, especially of spearheads, have been decried as inadequate by the archaeological community. They have prevented the synthetic study of ancient weapons and obscured cultural contacts, changes in form and distribution, and
changes in fighting style. This thesis presents new typologies of spearheads and swords which are not based on aesthetics or the need to communicate a large amount of material succinctly in the limited space of a site report. Rather, these typologies
attempt to perceive the functional characteristics of these weapon classes. The thesis surveys a range of sites in Daunia, Basilicata and Southern Campania applying these new typologies to large suites of weapons. From this assessment a number of
conclusions have flowed regarding cultural contacts between indigenous Southern Italic groups and with immigrating groups of Villanovan and Greek origin. The assessment reveals the variety of weapon forms in use and tracks changes over time.
These changes expose cultural transformations and alterations in fighting styles. The tracking of paraphernalia often associated with weapons in modern scholarship has also revealed some nuances in patterns of association with weapons which were not
previously apparent.
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Conference Presentations by Yvonne L Inall
2023 MAARC Online Conference, 2023
The period 620-550 BC saw the limited production of a range of plastic aryballoi forms in the sha... more The period 620-550 BC saw the limited production of a range of plastic aryballoi forms in the shape of a helmeted
head. Geralyn Lederman, in her doctoral thesis Athletes, Warriors, and Heroes: The Helmeted-Head Aryballos in its Archaic
Greek Context (1998) suggested that these vessels were representative of young warriors forming their martial identities
in gymnasia. Taking this premise as a starting point, this paper will explore how the vessels functioned to construct martial
identities in this primary context, as well as their secondary contexts as funerary vessels, which served to construct martial
identities in death as well as in life.
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47th International Colloquium of the French Association for the Study of the Iron Age, Lausanne (Switzerland), 18-20 May 2023, 2023
Our image of warfare in Iron Age Britain has long been influenced by the accounts of Caesar and T... more Our image of warfare in Iron Age Britain has long been influenced by the accounts of Caesar and Tacitus, and the imposing fortifications of the hillforts of Wessex. In short, a land populated by chariot driving, woad-daubed, hillfort warriors. It is an approach to warfare frozen in time, applied to an entire archipelago. New research – focussed on weapon types and other forms of archaeological evidence – demonstrates that warfare in Iron Age Ireland and Britain was regionally, temporally and socially varied. In addition to the famed chariots, key insular differences existed to contemporary, continental warfare. Weapon types, combat styles, and the social roles of combatants clearly had their own insular and regional flavour. In a context of constant interaction and movement, several aspects of insular Iron Age warfare can be contextualised within broader La Tène traditions, including the use of music in combat and the evolution of certain weapon types.
This paper brings together the results of recent research into insular Iron Age warfare for the first time; exploring the regionally varied nature of weapons and warfare in the islands. Clear evidence of a preference for longswords in the south of Britain, and short-swords in northern and Irish centres, underscores the existence of regionally distinct approaches to close-quarter combat. Sword scabbards in northern Britain and Ireland also exhibit a suspension system distinct from that found on the continent. Evidence of sling-shot is restricted to the hillfort dominated zone of Wessex, and their absence elsewhere highlights a distinct regional practice. The few helmets recovered from Iron Age contexts in Britain have clear continental connections, in stark contrast to shields, which have distinct insular styles. Likewise, the recorded spearhead types indicate a preference for light, throwing arms, clearly distinguished from continental types. The use of chariots, sensationalised as a key feature of insular warfare, was not uniform and new research better informs our understanding of their diverse roles. These findings speak to fundamental technological differences in weapons and armour in Ireland and Britain, compared to contemporary continental traditions. These differences have clear implications for the practice of warfare and the construction of warrior identities in insular Iron Age communities. The bioarchaeological evidence also reveals that warriorhood was an age-related social persona of being a warrior, and there is strong support for women being both victims and perpetrators of violence.
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ASCS 43 The Australasian Society for Classical Studies Annual Conference, 2022
Tacitus’ accounts of the Roman conquest of Britain, feature two female leaders: Boudica of the Ic... more Tacitus’ accounts of the Roman conquest of Britain, feature two female leaders: Boudica of the Iceni and Cartimandua of the Brigantes. Characterised very differently, these women have vastly different legacies. This paper examines the role of soft power, diplomacy, and the use of violence as it pertains to female leadership and legitimacy in Roman Britain.
Boudicca’s legacy is strongly concentrated on her resistance to Rome: characterised as a warrior queen; the personification of righteous fury, avenging the violation of her daughters and her people, and instigator of the first ever London Riot (Ballard 2010). Violence legitimates her reign. Scholars like Levin and Frénée-Hutchins have expounded the rediscovery and reinvention of Boudicca as a British monarch from the reign of Elizabeth I and the critical role this has played in her construction as a national icon. She is an enduring symbol, inspiring feminist movements and creative works.
By contrast, examinations of Cartimandua are often perfunctory and focus primarily on her perceived sexual impropriety (Crawford 2002). While Braund (1996) and others recognise her decades-long rule and vast territory, there is little examination of how she maintained her power, or why her allegiance warranted her extraction from hostile territory by the Romans. Rather than an astute diplomat, she is remembered as a manipulative seductress: an adulterer and Roman collaborator.
These disparate legacies reveal our own fractious relationship with powerful women. This paper examines the intersection between soft power, diplomacy, the use of force and legitimacy, illuminating this gap in our understanding of female leadership in early Roman Britain.
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Caesar’s British expedition offers a tantalising glimpse of the nature of warfare in Britain in t... more Caesar’s British expedition offers a tantalising glimpse of the nature of warfare in Britain in the pre-Roman Iron Age. Caesar’s encounter was limited to a small proportion of the population in a limited geographic area and we cannot extrapolate his account to the entire population of Britain. Analysis of archaeological finds of Iron Age martial equipment in Britain has been fragmented, with little focus on function, which would elucidate our understanding of martial capabilities on the eve of Roman conquest. This paper offers a coherent overview of the archaeological evidence for the practice of warfare in Late Iron Age Britain based on new analyses of finds from burials and votive deposits, with an emphasis on martial function. This study highlights the versatile and highly mobile nature of warfare in Iron Age Britain, which supports both Caesar’s accounts of his interactions, and reveals distinct regional variations in equipment, practice and performance. Further, the contextual analysis facilitates an exploration of the construction of Iron Age martial identites which display strong connections between disparate regions of Britain and continental Europe. Meanwhile, votive practices involving martial objects point to a profound sense of anxiety during the time of conquest. This combined with evidence for interpersonal violence underscores the complex relationships between between warfare and individual and community identities.
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Papers by Yvonne L Inall
be overstated. It is a rare subset of funerary practice, conferred upon select individuals. This article examines
martial burials, firstly summarising past research, then presenting an overview of martial object classes, and their
treatments in funerary practice. There is a particular focus on the Arras Culture of East Yorkshire, which dominates
the data due to the highly unusual, almost unique, ritual in which spears appear to have been thrown at the corpse
as part of the funeral. The analysis presented here highlights the importance of non-offensive martial objects, and
demonstrates that there is much greater diversity in Iron Age martial burial practice than previously recognised.
changes in fighting style. This thesis presents new typologies of spearheads and swords which are not based on aesthetics or the need to communicate a large amount of material succinctly in the limited space of a site report. Rather, these typologies
attempt to perceive the functional characteristics of these weapon classes. The thesis surveys a range of sites in Daunia, Basilicata and Southern Campania applying these new typologies to large suites of weapons. From this assessment a number of
conclusions have flowed regarding cultural contacts between indigenous Southern Italic groups and with immigrating groups of Villanovan and Greek origin. The assessment reveals the variety of weapon forms in use and tracks changes over time.
These changes expose cultural transformations and alterations in fighting styles. The tracking of paraphernalia often associated with weapons in modern scholarship has also revealed some nuances in patterns of association with weapons which were not
previously apparent.
Conference Presentations by Yvonne L Inall
head. Geralyn Lederman, in her doctoral thesis Athletes, Warriors, and Heroes: The Helmeted-Head Aryballos in its Archaic
Greek Context (1998) suggested that these vessels were representative of young warriors forming their martial identities
in gymnasia. Taking this premise as a starting point, this paper will explore how the vessels functioned to construct martial
identities in this primary context, as well as their secondary contexts as funerary vessels, which served to construct martial
identities in death as well as in life.
This paper brings together the results of recent research into insular Iron Age warfare for the first time; exploring the regionally varied nature of weapons and warfare in the islands. Clear evidence of a preference for longswords in the south of Britain, and short-swords in northern and Irish centres, underscores the existence of regionally distinct approaches to close-quarter combat. Sword scabbards in northern Britain and Ireland also exhibit a suspension system distinct from that found on the continent. Evidence of sling-shot is restricted to the hillfort dominated zone of Wessex, and their absence elsewhere highlights a distinct regional practice. The few helmets recovered from Iron Age contexts in Britain have clear continental connections, in stark contrast to shields, which have distinct insular styles. Likewise, the recorded spearhead types indicate a preference for light, throwing arms, clearly distinguished from continental types. The use of chariots, sensationalised as a key feature of insular warfare, was not uniform and new research better informs our understanding of their diverse roles. These findings speak to fundamental technological differences in weapons and armour in Ireland and Britain, compared to contemporary continental traditions. These differences have clear implications for the practice of warfare and the construction of warrior identities in insular Iron Age communities. The bioarchaeological evidence also reveals that warriorhood was an age-related social persona of being a warrior, and there is strong support for women being both victims and perpetrators of violence.
Boudicca’s legacy is strongly concentrated on her resistance to Rome: characterised as a warrior queen; the personification of righteous fury, avenging the violation of her daughters and her people, and instigator of the first ever London Riot (Ballard 2010). Violence legitimates her reign. Scholars like Levin and Frénée-Hutchins have expounded the rediscovery and reinvention of Boudicca as a British monarch from the reign of Elizabeth I and the critical role this has played in her construction as a national icon. She is an enduring symbol, inspiring feminist movements and creative works.
By contrast, examinations of Cartimandua are often perfunctory and focus primarily on her perceived sexual impropriety (Crawford 2002). While Braund (1996) and others recognise her decades-long rule and vast territory, there is little examination of how she maintained her power, or why her allegiance warranted her extraction from hostile territory by the Romans. Rather than an astute diplomat, she is remembered as a manipulative seductress: an adulterer and Roman collaborator.
These disparate legacies reveal our own fractious relationship with powerful women. This paper examines the intersection between soft power, diplomacy, the use of force and legitimacy, illuminating this gap in our understanding of female leadership in early Roman Britain.
be overstated. It is a rare subset of funerary practice, conferred upon select individuals. This article examines
martial burials, firstly summarising past research, then presenting an overview of martial object classes, and their
treatments in funerary practice. There is a particular focus on the Arras Culture of East Yorkshire, which dominates
the data due to the highly unusual, almost unique, ritual in which spears appear to have been thrown at the corpse
as part of the funeral. The analysis presented here highlights the importance of non-offensive martial objects, and
demonstrates that there is much greater diversity in Iron Age martial burial practice than previously recognised.
changes in fighting style. This thesis presents new typologies of spearheads and swords which are not based on aesthetics or the need to communicate a large amount of material succinctly in the limited space of a site report. Rather, these typologies
attempt to perceive the functional characteristics of these weapon classes. The thesis surveys a range of sites in Daunia, Basilicata and Southern Campania applying these new typologies to large suites of weapons. From this assessment a number of
conclusions have flowed regarding cultural contacts between indigenous Southern Italic groups and with immigrating groups of Villanovan and Greek origin. The assessment reveals the variety of weapon forms in use and tracks changes over time.
These changes expose cultural transformations and alterations in fighting styles. The tracking of paraphernalia often associated with weapons in modern scholarship has also revealed some nuances in patterns of association with weapons which were not
previously apparent.
head. Geralyn Lederman, in her doctoral thesis Athletes, Warriors, and Heroes: The Helmeted-Head Aryballos in its Archaic
Greek Context (1998) suggested that these vessels were representative of young warriors forming their martial identities
in gymnasia. Taking this premise as a starting point, this paper will explore how the vessels functioned to construct martial
identities in this primary context, as well as their secondary contexts as funerary vessels, which served to construct martial
identities in death as well as in life.
This paper brings together the results of recent research into insular Iron Age warfare for the first time; exploring the regionally varied nature of weapons and warfare in the islands. Clear evidence of a preference for longswords in the south of Britain, and short-swords in northern and Irish centres, underscores the existence of regionally distinct approaches to close-quarter combat. Sword scabbards in northern Britain and Ireland also exhibit a suspension system distinct from that found on the continent. Evidence of sling-shot is restricted to the hillfort dominated zone of Wessex, and their absence elsewhere highlights a distinct regional practice. The few helmets recovered from Iron Age contexts in Britain have clear continental connections, in stark contrast to shields, which have distinct insular styles. Likewise, the recorded spearhead types indicate a preference for light, throwing arms, clearly distinguished from continental types. The use of chariots, sensationalised as a key feature of insular warfare, was not uniform and new research better informs our understanding of their diverse roles. These findings speak to fundamental technological differences in weapons and armour in Ireland and Britain, compared to contemporary continental traditions. These differences have clear implications for the practice of warfare and the construction of warrior identities in insular Iron Age communities. The bioarchaeological evidence also reveals that warriorhood was an age-related social persona of being a warrior, and there is strong support for women being both victims and perpetrators of violence.
Boudicca’s legacy is strongly concentrated on her resistance to Rome: characterised as a warrior queen; the personification of righteous fury, avenging the violation of her daughters and her people, and instigator of the first ever London Riot (Ballard 2010). Violence legitimates her reign. Scholars like Levin and Frénée-Hutchins have expounded the rediscovery and reinvention of Boudicca as a British monarch from the reign of Elizabeth I and the critical role this has played in her construction as a national icon. She is an enduring symbol, inspiring feminist movements and creative works.
By contrast, examinations of Cartimandua are often perfunctory and focus primarily on her perceived sexual impropriety (Crawford 2002). While Braund (1996) and others recognise her decades-long rule and vast territory, there is little examination of how she maintained her power, or why her allegiance warranted her extraction from hostile territory by the Romans. Rather than an astute diplomat, she is remembered as a manipulative seductress: an adulterer and Roman collaborator.
These disparate legacies reveal our own fractious relationship with powerful women. This paper examines the intersection between soft power, diplomacy, the use of force and legitimacy, illuminating this gap in our understanding of female leadership in early Roman Britain.
Rather than limiting the analysis specifically to those burials with offensive weapons this paper expands the parameters to include all martial objects. This reveals that there are a significantly greater number of burials of martial character than previously thought. A more nuanced examination of these burials will enable us to analyse the nature and diversity of practice, and to explore possible meanings of the practice of including martial objects in burial assemblages during the Iron Age in Britain.
It appears that decisions were being made about what spear types were considered appropriate for deposition in particular contexts. This paper explores some of the questions this raises about the reliability of these weapons for reconstructing martial practice.
This presentation investigates some of the problems associated with the study of spearheads in British Iron Age contexts. East Yorkshire has yielded a greater number of Iron Age spearheads than any other part of Britain (2) and features traces of a seemingly unique burial rite involving spears (3). Consequently, the presentation focuses principally on material discovered in East Yorkshire. Comparison with material from Western Europe, not previously possible, will expand our understanding of cultural Iron Age networks (4). Finally, I present a preliminary typology of British Iron Age spearheads based on the early phase of my doctoral research, demonstrating how typological analysis of spearheads may furnish us with a new understanding of warfare in Iron Age Yorkshire.
References:
1 – Evans, D. (2003) A late Iron Age weapons cache from East Yorkshire: Assessment Report. Humber Archaeology Report. 140 ed. Hull, Humber Archaeology Partnership. (unpublished)
2 – Halkon, P., (forthcoming), The Parisi: Britons and Romans in the East Yorkshire Landscape, Stroud: The History Press.
3 – Stead, I. M., 1991, Iron Age Cemeteries in East Yorkshire: Excavations at Burton Flemming, Rudston, Garton-on-the-Wolds, and Kirkburn , English Heritage in association with British Museum Press, London
4 – Brunaux, J. P., & Rapin, A., 1988, Gournay II: Boucliers et Lances, Dépôts et Trophées, Revue Archéologique de Picardie, Éditions Errance, Paris
The typology focuses on the relationship between form and function, facilitating the identification of distinct distribution patterns for specific spearhead forms. The typology revealed three functional spear forms: broad-bladed thrusting spears, very narrow-bladed throwing spears with long sockets—ill-suited to the delivery of thrusting blows—and a range of versatile narrow-bladed spearhead forms suited to both thrusting and throwing actions. Throwing spears are the most frequently represented in Daunia and increased in frequency in Basilicata and Campania during the fifth to fourth centuries BC, when cavalry came to the fore.
The weapons assemblage indicates a loose fighting style in which personal preference and versatility were valued. The typological approach to South Italian spearheads forms an effective tool for mapping functional differences, preferences and diachronic changes and could be more widely applied to studies of the construction of Iron Age warrior identities in the region.
linked to dying and death. The study demonstrates that, in
all periods, the mnemonic triggers engendered by multi-sensory
experiences surrounding the treatment of the dead serve as fundamental
elements of the memorialisation processes which generate
lasting impacts on the living through people’s engagement
‘in a collective social act’. Roles attributed to the dead are ‘active
and powerful’, and the links between the living and the dead are
imbued with myriad meanings, articulated through a variety of
activities. These resonate across time and exist in many aspects of
contemporary practice. We could argue that dying itself is not
simply a social process, and in reality, it is an inherently, and on
occasion an aggressively, anti-social act that is negotiated and
‘normalised’ by the social conventions that society has developed
to cope with dying and death. With a focus on the British context,
this study explores the ways in which society has dealt with the
troublesome and anti-social aspect of death, and dying, through
a consideration of past social praxis. It considers the ways in which
a broadening of contemporary societies understanding of the
variety of approaches to death, burial, bereavement and mourning
in a deep time perspective can offer legitimate and authorised
options for future practice at a time when there a crisis in available
burial space is occurring in England
linked to dying and death. The study demonstrates that, in
all periods, the mnemonic triggers engendered by multi-sensory
experiences surrounding the treatment of the dead serve as fundamental
elements of the memorialisation processes which generate
lasting impacts on the living through people’s engagement
‘in a collective social act’. Roles attributed to the dead are ‘active
and powerful’, and the links between the living and the dead are
imbued with myriad meanings, articulated through a variety of
activities. These resonate across time and exist in many aspects of
contemporary practice. We could argue that dying itself is not
simply a social process, and in reality, it is an inherently, and on
occasion an aggressively, anti-social act that is negotiated and
‘normalised’ by the social conventions that society has developed
to cope with dying and death. With a focus on the British context,
this study explores the ways in which society has dealt with the
troublesome and anti-social aspect of death, and dying, through
a consideration of past social praxis. It considers the ways in which
a broadening of contemporary societies understanding of the
variety of approaches to death, burial, bereavement and mourning
in a deep time perspective can offer legitimate and authorised
options for future practice at a time when there a crisis in available
burial space is occurring in England (e.g).
The authors offer a survey of the Egyptian cultural heritage known in Australia’s collecting institutions and examine who collected, what they collected and why. Although the report features many of the significant and well-known ancient artefacts known in Australia, also included are the social history collections, historic photographs, and artworks that were made in Egypt which highlight the varied nature of collecting practices and different ways in which Australians have engaged with Egyptian culture across the 19th and 20th centuries.