The outbreak of the newer novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was reported in late 2019 from Wuhan, Hub... more The outbreak of the newer novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was reported in late 2019 from Wuhan, Hubei Province (China), the epicenter of COVID-19. As of 31st March 2020, more than 805000 people have been found to be infected in more than 200 countries. As per the report of China’s NHC there have been over 39500 deaths globally and 172000 recovered cases with hardest hit on Italy with over 11596 fatalities due to COVID-19. The intention of the current review is to explore the outbreak and challenges of COVID-19 as global pandemic with special emphasis to the Indian scenario and steps taken by the Government to cut its further spread. Looking at the COVID-19 trend in India, the first case was reported in late January 2020, since then, number of positive cases is increasing continuously. To tackle the situation, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi, called for Janta Curfew of one day and thereafter declared a 21 days lockdown till April 14th, 2020 to break the chain of coronavirus transmission. The India has more than 1552 COVID-19 cases with 49 deaths, and 102 completely recovered cases by 31st March, 2020.
The impact of oscillations in water quality parameters on the population dynamics of the digenean... more The impact of oscillations in water quality parameters on the population dynamics of the digenean trematodes of family cephalogonimidae Cepahalogonimus in fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Teleostomi: Heteropneustidae) from riparian wetlands of river Ganges at Allahabad was analyzed during the period of investigations (2014-2015). The augmentation in water temperature, alkalinity and lowering of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration had positive influence on the flukes infection prevalence % and richness of parasites population. The significance of environmental parameters on the parasitic infection distribution patterns were calculated by modern biostatistical tools. The Eigen value of first component (PC1 p) was found to be significant for dissolved oxygen in multifactorial analysis. The infection data supports the random distribution of trematodes in the host was observed on Poisson series (p>0.50).
A bizarre form of bacterial necrosis in gills of tilapia, Tilapia niloticus and skin lesions in c... more A bizarre form of bacterial necrosis in gills of tilapia, Tilapia niloticus and skin lesions in common crap, Cyprinus carpio were identified during the late summer season of the year 2015. Flavobacterium columnare was found to be responsible for pathogenesis in the selected fish of river Yamuna at Allahabad in the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was a gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobic bacterium. The pattern of infection was very specific and sporadic to host and seasonality. The infection prevalence was recorded more in gills than body surface in both the fish during the period of investigation. All outbreaks occurred at optimum higher water temperature of summer season and it was positively influenced by pollution and medical discharge of neighboring area. The causative bacteria of this report were well documented for fish mortality and diseases to human beings. The present investigation dealt to monitor the pathogenic impact and their consequences for economic value point of view and its alarming causes to public health because investigated water body is related to religion faith.
The investigations were conducted on soil samples collected from the sugarcane (Saccharum officin... more The investigations were conducted on soil samples collected from the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) agriculture fields of sub-humid region, Uttar Pradesh. The worms were diagnosed as member of bicornutum group due to the presence of two horns like cephalic structures in third stage infective juveniles. The newly isolated worms were not identical to pre-existing individuals of same group and can be differentiated from the Steinernema abbasi (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) by the presence of mucronate processes in adults of second generations and relative proportion of oesophagus with body length in juveniles. In the present investigations the recovered populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) were identified, characterized and validated as an isolate of S. abbasi with the application of advanced molecular tools. The phylogenetic analyses were based on the efficacy of conserved genes (ITS, D2-D3 and coxI) sequences in taxa validations so that they could later be used as biocontrol agents.
The two years consecutive study were conducted on the wild rodents, Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muri... more The two years consecutive study were conducted on the wild rodents, Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) from different urban locality of Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India, for the investigation of helminthes infection. The nemic fauna isolated from the small intestine of hosts were processed and analyzed through the high efficiency light microscope. The round worms were characterized and identified as genera Heterakis (Nematoda: Heterakidae) by the typical of morphological generic diagnostic features as presence of well developed caudal alae supported by pedunculate papillae and precloacal sucker with chitinus rim and absence of cervical cordon and gubernaculums. The morphotaxometric statistical analyses were worked out with earlier described species of Heterakis from different vertebrate hosts. The level of morphotaxometric differences were validated by the application of most modern statistical tool, Polythetic divisive classificatory system and found to be significant. Thereby, on the basis of distinct morphological characteristics and differences, authors consider the roundworm species as new species Heterakis equispiculis n.sp. named after spicules size.
Three isolates of Steinernema sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) named as CS 3 , CS 6 and CS 21 wer... more Three isolates of Steinernema sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) named as CS 3 , CS 6 and CS 21 were recovered by Galleria baiting technique from soil samples collected from Saharanpur district of western part of Uttar Pradesh, India. The worms were characterized as member of bicornutum group due to the presence of two horn-like cephalic structures in 3 rd stage infective juveniles (IJs). The morphometric comparative analyses with earlier described nine bicornutum group species reflected that the isolated specimens are closer to Steinernema abbasi and S. thermophilum. However, the results obtained through the molecular phylogeny based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene sequence analyses and numerical applications were proved that these newer worms were similar to S. abbasi but not identical. Variations within the discovered isolates with the validated species were hypothetical to be due to the influence of extrinsic or environmental factors.
The seasonality influence on the biology and distribution dynamics of Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp... more The seasonality influence on the biology and distribution dynamics of Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp. in Xenentodon cancilla (Teleostomi: Belonidae) was reflected during 2 years' investigations. The highest infection prevalence appeared to be in late summer. Size, weight, and sex-biased population dynamics of trematode was well marked in Gangetic riverine ecosystem. The biostatistical non-para-metric Mann–Whitney v 2 test values were significant for dissolved oxygen and magnesium. The distribution of infection data on Poisson series ruled out overdispersion because good agreement was observed (P \ 0.01).
A new endoparasitic fluke, Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp. is described from the intestine of freshw... more A new endoparasitic fluke, Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp. is described from the intestine of freshwater fish Xenentodon cancilla (Belonidae). The
Colour, odour, temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon-dioxide (DCO), biologi... more Colour, odour, temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon-dioxide (DCO), biologi-2 cal oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), dissolved solids (DS), suspended solids (SS), fixed solids (FS), volatile solids (VS), chloride, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), fluoride as well as oil and grease contents of the protected Bakhira lake water were recorded during March,2013-February,2015. Temperature of lake water ranged between 20.1±0.2-34.8±0.5°C with minimum in January and maximum in June. pH of the lake water varied between 7.23±0.3-9.03±0.2, salinity 0.18-0.20 ppt with maximum value during March and July, dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuated between 5.02±0.2-6.20±0.4 mg/l and dissolved carbon-dioxide (DCO) from 11.2±0.3 to 12.9±0.4 mg/l with low values during winter months. BOD of the 2 lake water ranged between 6.5±2.4-12.4±2.4 mg/l and COD 17.6±4.1-57.7±4.06 mg/l. Conductivity of the water ranged between 212.6±4.6-371±7.2 µS/cm. TDS of the water ranged between 152.5±3.5-326.3±3.5 mg/l with the high values during June-October, TS 160.0±0.34-312.0±0.34 mg/l with high value in August whereas DS between 144.0±0.34-266.0± 0.34 mg/l, the high values in June and August. SS in the lake water varied between 4.0±0.34-44.0±0.34 mg/l with the lowest value in May and highest in August, FS 104.0 (December)-252.0 mg/l (August) while VS 40.0 (December)-72.0 mg/l (January). Chloride content of the water ranged from 8.0±0.01 (May) to 19.0±0.01 mg/l (January), phosphate from <0.003±0.01 to 0.39±0.01 mg/l during the period with high values in May and low in January whereas sul-phate from 2.90±0.09-16.2±0.09 mg/l. Nitrate content of the lake water ranged from <1.00±0.06-4.25±0.06 mg/l while total nitrogen between 3.04±0.09-10.08±0.09 mg/l. Fluoride content of the lake water ranged from 0.30±0.05 to 1.54±0.09 mg/l and oil and grease <2.5 (March) to 16.0 mg/ml (August). The present study demonstrates that the various physico-chemical parameters of the lake water are within the optimal range for fish life.
The outbreak of the newer novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was reported in late 2019 from Wuhan, Hub... more The outbreak of the newer novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was reported in late 2019 from Wuhan, Hubei Province (China), the epicenter of COVID-19. As of 31st March 2020, more than 805000 people have been found to be infected in more than 200 countries. As per the report of China’s NHC there have been over 39500 deaths globally and 172000 recovered cases with hardest hit on Italy with over 11596 fatalities due to COVID-19. The intention of the current review is to explore the outbreak and challenges of COVID-19 as global pandemic with special emphasis to the Indian scenario and steps taken by the Government to cut its further spread. Looking at the COVID-19 trend in India, the first case was reported in late January 2020, since then, number of positive cases is increasing continuously. To tackle the situation, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi, called for Janta Curfew of one day and thereafter declared a 21 days lockdown till April 14th, 2020 to break the chain of coronavirus transmission. The India has more than 1552 COVID-19 cases with 49 deaths, and 102 completely recovered cases by 31st March, 2020.
The impact of oscillations in water quality parameters on the population dynamics of the digenean... more The impact of oscillations in water quality parameters on the population dynamics of the digenean trematodes of family cephalogonimidae Cepahalogonimus in fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Teleostomi: Heteropneustidae) from riparian wetlands of river Ganges at Allahabad was analyzed during the period of investigations (2014-2015). The augmentation in water temperature, alkalinity and lowering of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration had positive influence on the flukes infection prevalence % and richness of parasites population. The significance of environmental parameters on the parasitic infection distribution patterns were calculated by modern biostatistical tools. The Eigen value of first component (PC1 p) was found to be significant for dissolved oxygen in multifactorial analysis. The infection data supports the random distribution of trematodes in the host was observed on Poisson series (p>0.50).
A bizarre form of bacterial necrosis in gills of tilapia, Tilapia niloticus and skin lesions in c... more A bizarre form of bacterial necrosis in gills of tilapia, Tilapia niloticus and skin lesions in common crap, Cyprinus carpio were identified during the late summer season of the year 2015. Flavobacterium columnare was found to be responsible for pathogenesis in the selected fish of river Yamuna at Allahabad in the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was a gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobic bacterium. The pattern of infection was very specific and sporadic to host and seasonality. The infection prevalence was recorded more in gills than body surface in both the fish during the period of investigation. All outbreaks occurred at optimum higher water temperature of summer season and it was positively influenced by pollution and medical discharge of neighboring area. The causative bacteria of this report were well documented for fish mortality and diseases to human beings. The present investigation dealt to monitor the pathogenic impact and their consequences for economic value point of view and its alarming causes to public health because investigated water body is related to religion faith.
The investigations were conducted on soil samples collected from the sugarcane (Saccharum officin... more The investigations were conducted on soil samples collected from the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) agriculture fields of sub-humid region, Uttar Pradesh. The worms were diagnosed as member of bicornutum group due to the presence of two horns like cephalic structures in third stage infective juveniles. The newly isolated worms were not identical to pre-existing individuals of same group and can be differentiated from the Steinernema abbasi (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) by the presence of mucronate processes in adults of second generations and relative proportion of oesophagus with body length in juveniles. In the present investigations the recovered populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) were identified, characterized and validated as an isolate of S. abbasi with the application of advanced molecular tools. The phylogenetic analyses were based on the efficacy of conserved genes (ITS, D2-D3 and coxI) sequences in taxa validations so that they could later be used as biocontrol agents.
The two years consecutive study were conducted on the wild rodents, Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muri... more The two years consecutive study were conducted on the wild rodents, Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) from different urban locality of Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India, for the investigation of helminthes infection. The nemic fauna isolated from the small intestine of hosts were processed and analyzed through the high efficiency light microscope. The round worms were characterized and identified as genera Heterakis (Nematoda: Heterakidae) by the typical of morphological generic diagnostic features as presence of well developed caudal alae supported by pedunculate papillae and precloacal sucker with chitinus rim and absence of cervical cordon and gubernaculums. The morphotaxometric statistical analyses were worked out with earlier described species of Heterakis from different vertebrate hosts. The level of morphotaxometric differences were validated by the application of most modern statistical tool, Polythetic divisive classificatory system and found to be significant. Thereby, on the basis of distinct morphological characteristics and differences, authors consider the roundworm species as new species Heterakis equispiculis n.sp. named after spicules size.
Three isolates of Steinernema sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) named as CS 3 , CS 6 and CS 21 wer... more Three isolates of Steinernema sp. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) named as CS 3 , CS 6 and CS 21 were recovered by Galleria baiting technique from soil samples collected from Saharanpur district of western part of Uttar Pradesh, India. The worms were characterized as member of bicornutum group due to the presence of two horn-like cephalic structures in 3 rd stage infective juveniles (IJs). The morphometric comparative analyses with earlier described nine bicornutum group species reflected that the isolated specimens are closer to Steinernema abbasi and S. thermophilum. However, the results obtained through the molecular phylogeny based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene sequence analyses and numerical applications were proved that these newer worms were similar to S. abbasi but not identical. Variations within the discovered isolates with the validated species were hypothetical to be due to the influence of extrinsic or environmental factors.
The seasonality influence on the biology and distribution dynamics of Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp... more The seasonality influence on the biology and distribution dynamics of Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp. in Xenentodon cancilla (Teleostomi: Belonidae) was reflected during 2 years' investigations. The highest infection prevalence appeared to be in late summer. Size, weight, and sex-biased population dynamics of trematode was well marked in Gangetic riverine ecosystem. The biostatistical non-para-metric Mann–Whitney v 2 test values were significant for dissolved oxygen and magnesium. The distribution of infection data on Poisson series ruled out overdispersion because good agreement was observed (P \ 0.01).
A new endoparasitic fluke, Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp. is described from the intestine of freshw... more A new endoparasitic fluke, Cephalogonimus yamunii n.sp. is described from the intestine of freshwater fish Xenentodon cancilla (Belonidae). The
Colour, odour, temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon-dioxide (DCO), biologi... more Colour, odour, temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon-dioxide (DCO), biologi-2 cal oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), dissolved solids (DS), suspended solids (SS), fixed solids (FS), volatile solids (VS), chloride, phosphate, sulphate, nitrate, total nitrogen (TN), fluoride as well as oil and grease contents of the protected Bakhira lake water were recorded during March,2013-February,2015. Temperature of lake water ranged between 20.1±0.2-34.8±0.5°C with minimum in January and maximum in June. pH of the lake water varied between 7.23±0.3-9.03±0.2, salinity 0.18-0.20 ppt with maximum value during March and July, dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuated between 5.02±0.2-6.20±0.4 mg/l and dissolved carbon-dioxide (DCO) from 11.2±0.3 to 12.9±0.4 mg/l with low values during winter months. BOD of the 2 lake water ranged between 6.5±2.4-12.4±2.4 mg/l and COD 17.6±4.1-57.7±4.06 mg/l. Conductivity of the water ranged between 212.6±4.6-371±7.2 µS/cm. TDS of the water ranged between 152.5±3.5-326.3±3.5 mg/l with the high values during June-October, TS 160.0±0.34-312.0±0.34 mg/l with high value in August whereas DS between 144.0±0.34-266.0± 0.34 mg/l, the high values in June and August. SS in the lake water varied between 4.0±0.34-44.0±0.34 mg/l with the lowest value in May and highest in August, FS 104.0 (December)-252.0 mg/l (August) while VS 40.0 (December)-72.0 mg/l (January). Chloride content of the water ranged from 8.0±0.01 (May) to 19.0±0.01 mg/l (January), phosphate from <0.003±0.01 to 0.39±0.01 mg/l during the period with high values in May and low in January whereas sul-phate from 2.90±0.09-16.2±0.09 mg/l. Nitrate content of the lake water ranged from <1.00±0.06-4.25±0.06 mg/l while total nitrogen between 3.04±0.09-10.08±0.09 mg/l. Fluoride content of the lake water ranged from 0.30±0.05 to 1.54±0.09 mg/l and oil and grease <2.5 (March) to 16.0 mg/ml (August). The present study demonstrates that the various physico-chemical parameters of the lake water are within the optimal range for fish life.
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cut its further spread. Looking at the COVID-19 trend in India, the first case was reported in late January 2020, since then, number of positive cases is increasing continuously. To tackle the situation, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi, called for Janta Curfew of one day and thereafter declared a 21 days lockdown till April 14th, 2020 to break the chain of coronavirus transmission. The India has more than 1552 COVID-19 cases with 49 deaths, and 102 completely recovered cases by 31st March, 2020.
cut its further spread. Looking at the COVID-19 trend in India, the first case was reported in late January 2020, since then, number of positive cases is increasing continuously. To tackle the situation, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi, called for Janta Curfew of one day and thereafter declared a 21 days lockdown till April 14th, 2020 to break the chain of coronavirus transmission. The India has more than 1552 COVID-19 cases with 49 deaths, and 102 completely recovered cases by 31st March, 2020.