Museum
Museum adolah ciek lembaga nan marawaik atau mamaliaro koleksi artefak jo objek seni, budaya, sijarah, atau kapantiangan ilmiah lainnyo. Banyak museum umum punyo babagai koleksi bebas untuak dicaliak urang banyak barupo pameran nan bantuaknyo parmanen atau samantaro.[1] Museum gadang umumnyo talatak di kota-kota gadang di dunia, samantaro museum lokal tadapek di kota-kota nan labiah ketek, di daerah, atau di pakampuangan. Tiok-tiok museum punyo tujuan nan balainan, mulai dari malayani panaliti jo spesialis inggo malayani masarakaik umum. Tujuan malayani panaliti kini ko samakin bagarak ka arah malayani masarakaik umum.
Ado banyak jinih museum, antaro lain museum seni, museum sijarah alam, museum sains, museum parang, jo museum anak-anak. Museum tagadang jo tabanyak dikunjuangi di dunia antaro lain Museum Louvre di Paris, Museum Seni Metropolitan di Kota New York, Museum Nasional Cino di Beijing, Institut Smithsonian di Washington, D.C., Museum Britania jo Galeri Nasional di London, sarato Museum Vatikan di Kota Vatikan. Manuruik Dewan Museum Internasional, ado labiah dari 55.000 museum di dunia nan taseba di 202 nagara.[2]
Etimologi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Kato museum barasa dari kata bahaso Yunani Kuno Μουσεῖον (Mouseion), nan marupoan tampek atau kuil untuak mamuja Mousai (dewi palinduang seni dalam mitologi Yunani), dek karanonyo marupoan bangunan nan dibuek tapisah untuak pandidikan jo seni,[3] contohnyo Musaeum (limbago) pilsapaik jo panalitian di Alexandria nan didirian dek Ptolemaios I Soter sakita taun 280 SM.[4]
Paliang acok bakunjuangi
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Barikuik iko adolah namo-namo 20 museum nan paliang acok bakunjuangi (data taun 2018) manuruik AECOM jo laporan taunan Themed Entertainment Association.[5] London jo Washington, D.C. punyo labiah banyak museum nan paliang banyak bakunjuangi di dunia daripado kota-kota lainnyo, yaitu masing-masing ado limo jo ampek museum.
Dekolonisasi museum
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]Selama abaik ka-21, mulai muncua bakambang garakan nan mandukuang dekolonisasi babagai museum di Inggirih[9] jo tampek lainnyo dunia.[10] Banyak nan manyuarokan malalui garakan iko, baso 'museum-museum adolah sabuah kotak bando-bando', mareka indak mawakili carito nan langkok, malainkan manunjuakkan narasi tatantu nan manampilan ideologi tapiliah di mano carito tatantu sangajo ditinggaan.[11]:9-18 Para pandukuang garakan iko, sarupo kalompok Museum Detox atau seniman Alice Procter malalui 'tur seni nan indak manyanangan'-nyo, salalu mandorong urang-urang untuak mampatimbangan perspektif nan ilang iko katiko mangunjuangi museum, karano satiok objek nan bacaliak di lingkungan sarupo itu ditampekan dek sasurang untuak mandorong suduik pandang tatantu, baik itu sijarah, budaya, atau pangatauan.[11]:9-18
Salah satu contohnyo adolah manganai patuang Moai dari Pulau Paskah nan daulu diambiak sabagai adiah untuak Ratu Victoria jo kini tapajang di Museum Britania sajak 1869.[12] Patuang iko dipandang sabagai niniak muyang/'dunsanak' atau jiwa dek urang Rapa Nui sarato punyo nilai budaya nan dalam bagi bangsa tu, dek itu masuak aka baso patuang tu paralu dibaliakan.[13]
Contoh lain pameresoan baliak artefak masarakaik adat adolah pado kasus Parisai Gweagal, nan dipandang sabagai parisai nan sabana pantiang nan diambiak dari Taluak Botany pado April 1770 jo kini ko tasimpan di Museum Britania, walaupun studi tarakia taun 2018 tantang bahan asal parisai manunjuakan dugaan itu indaklah batua.[14] Panilaian baliak artefak di Museum Britania nan dikatoan juo barasa dari budaya bangso lain adolah pado kasus pahatan pualam Parthenon, nan diambiak dari Yunani dek Lord Elgin (Thomas Bruce, Earl Elgin ka-7) pado taun 1805.[15] Walaupun inyo mangklaim alah manarimo otorisasi dari Kasultanan Utsmaniyah, sajak Yunani mandapekan baliak kamardekaannyo pado taun 1832, satiok pamarentahan nagara itu baturuik-turuik salalu mangajuan petisi untuak pangambalian baliak pahatan pualam Parthenon tasabuik.[15]
Iasan kapalo Montezuma adolah contoh lain dari potongan bando budaya nan tasiso di museum asing, yaitu Museum Etnologi di Wina, nan marupoan sumber pasalisiahan antaro Austria jo Meksiko dek karano alah indak ado lai potongan sarupo tu nan tasiso di Meksiko.[16]
Rujuakan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- ↑ Edward Porter Alexander, Mary Alexander; Alexander, Mary; Alexander, Edward Porter (September 2007). Museums in motion: an introduction to the history and functions of museums. Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7591-0509-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=owHSEk96qxQC&q=Museums+history. Diakses pado 6 Oktober 2009.
- ↑ "How many museums are there in the world?". ICOM. 31 May 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Findlen, Paula (1989). "The Museum: its classical etymology and renaissance genealogy". Journal of the History of Collections. 1 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1093/jhc/1.1.59. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2008.
- ↑ "Ptolemy I Soter, The First King of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Dynasty". Tour Egypt. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2008.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j "Theme Index Museum Index 2018" (PDF). AECOM. 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i "Art's Most Popular: here are 2018's most visited shows and museums". The Art Newspaper. 24 March 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 March 2019. Diakses tanggal 6 June 2019.
- ↑ a b c Smithsonian. http://newsdesk.si.edu/about/stats.
- ↑ a b c d e "Visits made in 2018 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. Diakses tanggal 6 June 2019.
- ↑ Brennan, Bridget (10 May 2019). "The battle at the British Museum for a 'stolen' shield that could tell the story of Captain Cook's landing". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Diakses tanggal 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Decolonisation of museums [search]". Google Scholar. Diakses tanggal 14 September 2020.
- ↑ a b Procter, Alice (2020). The whole Picture: the colonial story of the art in our museums and why we need to talk about it. England: Cassel. ISBN 9781788402217.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (16 November 2018). "'Moai are family': Easter Island people to head to London to request statue back". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses tanggal 8 February 2021.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (16 November 2018). "'Moai are family': Easter Island people to head to London to request statue back". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses tanggal 8 February 2021.
- ↑ Thomas, Nicholas (2018). "A Case of Identity: The Artefacts of the 1770 Kamay (Botany Bay) Encounter". Australian Historical Studies. 49:1: 4–27. doi:10.1080/1031461X.2017.1414862 – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ a b "How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles". History Magazine (dalam bahasa Inggris). 28 March 2017. Diakses tanggal 8 February 2021.
- ↑ "Mexico and Austria in dispute over Aztec headdress". prehist.org. 22 November 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 November 2014. Diakses tanggal 24 November 2012.
Bacoan lanjutan
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]- Bennett, Tony (1995). The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05387-7. OCLC 30624669.
- Conn, Steven (1998). Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11493-7.
- Cuno, James (2013). Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10091-3.
- Findlen, Paula (1996). Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20508-1.
- Marotta, Antonello (2010). Contemporary Milan. ISBN 978-88-572-0258-7.
- Murtagh, William J. (2005). Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 0-471-47377-4.
- Rentzhog, Sten (2007). Open air museums: The history and future of a visionary idea. Stockholm and Östersund: Carlssons Förlag / Jamtli. ISBN 978-91-7948-208-4
- Simon, Nina K. (2010). The Participatory Museum. Santa Cruz: Museums 2.0
- van Uffelen, Chris (2010) (dalam bahaso de). Museumsarchitektur. Potsdam: Ullmann. ISBN 978-3-8331-6033-2. – also available in English: Contemporary Museums – Architecture History Collections. Braun Publishing. 6 Nopember 2010. ISBN 978-3-03768-067-4.
- Yerkovich, Sally (2016). A Practical Guide to Museum Ethics. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442231641.
- "The Museum and Museum Specialists: Problems of Professional Education, Proceedings of the International Conference, 14–15 November 2014" (PDF). St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers. 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 10 May 2017. Diakses tanggal 6 December 2016.
Pautan lua
[suntiang | suntiang sumber]
Media tantang Museums di Wikimedia Commons- International Council of Museums
- Museum Saluruah Dunia Archived 2021-11-04 di Wayback Machine.
- VLmp direktori museum
- Museums di Proyek Direktori Tabukak