1. Giriş Türkiye ekonomisinin küresel üretim ve mali piyasaları ile bütünleşmesi sonrasında gider... more 1. Giriş Türkiye ekonomisinin küresel üretim ve mali piyasaları ile bütünleşmesi sonrasında giderek artan sayıda ve sıklıkta ortaya çıkan kriz ve durgunluk dönemleri bölgelerin başarımları üzerinde önemli ölçüde etkili olmuştur. Ancak, kriz dönemleri ile bu dönemlerin ardından gelen ekonomik toparlanma dönemlerinde bölgelerin büyüme oranlarında önemli farklılıkların da olduğu görülmektedir. Bu makalede değişken ekonomik koşulların bölgelerin ekonomik gelişme performanslarını nasıl etkilediği ve bölgelerin bu sürece nasıl tepki verdiği bölgelerin yeni koşullara dayanıklılık, uyum ve bu koşullardan yararlanabilme kapasitesini belirleyen faktörler kullanılarak irdelenmektedir. Bölgesel Uyum ve Esneyebilirlik (Regional Resilience) tartışmalarına dayalı bu irdeleme, bölgelerin yapısal özelliklerini göz önüne alarak küresel ekonomik düzen içinde gelişmelerini sürdürebilmelerinin koşullarını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Direnç, dayanıklılık, çabuk iyileşme gücü; zorlukları yenebilme yetisi, esneklik gibi sözcüklerle tanımlanan "resilience" kavramı kentlerin ve bölgelerin dış koşullardan etkilenme ve bunlara tepki verme sürecini tanımlamakta kullanılmaktadır. Son dönemde bu kavramın öne çıkmasının ana nedenlerinin, sosyo-ekolojik sistemlerin önemli afetler karşısındaki zayıflıklarının belirgin hale gelmesi yanı sıra özellikle küreselleşme dalgaları sonucunda kırılganlıkları artan bölgelerin ekonomik şok ve krizlerden artan ölçüde etkilenmeleri olmuştur (Christopherson vd., 2010). Gerçekten ekonomik ve ekolojik bunalımlar kırılganlık algısının artmasına, kentsel ve bölgesel gelişmeye yönelik amaçlarının irdelenmesine ve kent ve bölgelerin hem koşullara dayanabilme ve uyum sağlama, hem de bu koşulları kendi yararına kullanabilme düşüncesinin planlama yaklaşımlarında yerleşmesine neden olmuştur (Eraydın ve Taşan-Kok, 2013; Hudson, 2010; Pike vd., 2010).
ÖZET Günümüzde hızla değişen ve yeni kavramlarla renklenen ekonomik coğrafya yazını giderek gerçe... more ÖZET Günümüzde hızla değişen ve yeni kavramlarla renklenen ekonomik coğrafya yazını giderek gerçek koşullardan kopmakta ve mevcut sorunlar ve darboğazları görmezden gelerek, bazı yeni ancak gerçeği abartan veya kimi zaman çarpıtan kavramlar üreterek kendi içinde gelişmektedir. Özellikle küreselleşme-yerelleşme söylemlerinin ardından gelen yazın giderek mevcut yapıları açıklayıcını yitirmekte ve bu sosyo-mekansal ve ekonomik yapıların gelişim ve dönüşümlerini tanımlamakta ve mevcut sorunlara çözüm üretmekte yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle gündemdeki söylem biçime seçenek olarak yerelde-tabanda olup bitenlerden yola çıkarak yeni bir söylem geliştirilmesine gereksinim vardır. Bu bildiride böyle bir söylemin neden gerekli olduğu yanısıra bileşenlerinin neler olabileceği ve hangi vurgu noktalarına sahip olması gerektiği kısaca tartışılmaktadır.
NEW APPROACHES IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, 2009
Since the 1980s, there is a growing literature on the adaptation of cities and regions to globali... more Since the 1980s, there is a growing literature on the adaptation of cities and regions to globalisation. The use of the metaphor "globalisation" and the notion of "competitiveness" have been the starting points to understand the new dynamics of spatial organisation and the changing contextual issues of cities. The economic and socio-spatial changes and the increasing pressure for institutional, financial and regulatory changes on different urban settlements have been explained as a part of the major theme "the impacts of globalisation and struggles for increasing competitiveness". This framework of analysis has been widely used to explain the economic changes that have taken place in different cities, especially the large metropolitan areas of the world. Recently, however, there is increasing concern on the socio-spatial changes and the impact of economic restructuring on the different social groups. The paper aims to define how globally induced changes affect the different social groups and to explain whether the change in the economic conditions lead to social transformation. In order to reach this aim firstly, the paper presents the different arguments that relate social transformation and globalisation and it concentrates on the labour markets and social interaction mechanisms as the major links between competitiveness and social cohesion. Thirdly, the findings of the study on social transformation and the dynamics of change in the social interaction patterns of the İzmir metropolitan area are presented, which also defines the survival strategies and struggles of different social groups to change their relative conditions are strongly emphasised to depict the outcomes of economic transformation in the public sphere.
Özet
Günümüzde egemen olan neo-liberal ekonomik politikalarve bakış açsısı sadece bölgesel ve ke... more Özet Günümüzde egemen olan neo-liberal ekonomik politikalarve bakış açsısı sadece bölgesel ve kentsel gelişim ve yönetişimi değil aynı zamanda planlama söylem ve uygulamalarında da önemli değişimler yaratmış ve planlamayı piyasa güçlerinin egemen olduğu bir alana doğru yönelendirmiştir. Son dönemdki planlama yazını bu gelişmeleri kaygı ile irdelemekte ve kırılganlıkları giderek artan bölge kentlerin sorunlarına mevcut planlama söylem ve uygulamalarının çözüm getiremediğini belirtmektedir. Bu bildiride esnek-uyum (resilience) kavramını odak olarak alan yeni bir planlama söyleminin ana özelliklerine değinilmekte ve iki özgün vurgusunu ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Uzun dönemli ve çok etkileşimli etkileri dikkate alan bir içerik ve bu içeriğin gerçekleşebilmesi için değer sistemlerinde yeni bir buluşma.
Abstract In the contemporary era denoted by neoliberal economic agenda, not only affected the urban development and governance but also planning discourses and practices, which pushed them more market-oriented directions. While the recent literature is increasingly critical the outcomes market dominated planning practices, it increasingly became evident that existing planning theories have not been able to deal with the increasing vulnerabilities of urban areas and regions. This paper emphasises the need for resilience thinking in planning and elaborates how this thinking will reflect on planning emphasising call for substance together with process and value systems that defines the reaction to change.
Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2011
The economic restructuring and the new economic conditions that arose out of the waves of globali... more The economic restructuring and the new economic conditions that arose out of the waves of globalisation has resulted in significant impacts on the labour markets, which in turn have led to social transformation. The characteristics of the new economic structure and the changes in demand for labour are important in the dispersal of the benefits of competitiveness among the different social groups. Several issues that shape the labour markets, such as education, gender, division of labour and the social organisation of work, are important in redefining the impacts of economic restructuring on the income and well-being of the different social groups. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of social capital in the adaptation of individuals to the conditions imposed by the recent economic changes and restructuring while also revealing other impacts of this process on the people. In order to find out to what extent social capital contributes to the challenges posed by the ongoing economic transformation and the continuing economic crisis on the people and households, an empirical work based in Izmir (Turkey) is presented in this paper.
Elaborating on the literature on industrial districts, this paper suggests that innovation and ne... more Elaborating on the literature on industrial districts, this paper suggests that innovation and networking are the two key issues, which provide the new generation industrial clusters' competitive capacity in the globalization process. The paper presents the findings on the innovative and networking capabilities of the three important industrial clusters of Turkey based on the data collected from the sample firms in each of these industrial clusters through in-depth interviews. The findings clearly show the importance of local and national networking as well as global linkages and confirm the positive relation between intensity of local networking and innovativeness. Moreover, the paper provides evidence that firms within global networks have higher numbers of innovations than firms with higher intensity of locally embedded linkages.
It is clear that some tourism clusters are more successful than others. While the endogenous char... more It is clear that some tourism clusters are more successful than others. While the endogenous characteristics of successful clusters have in the past been well documented, recent literature has rather focused upon the importance of the global integration of clusters and the increased global connectivity of the companies within them. Using global connectiv-ity indicators, this paper explores the importance of global links to companies in 10 tourism clusters in the Antalya metropolitan region; and defines the particular factors that are most influential by drawing upon econometric data garnered from interview results. The findings of the case study firstly revealed that the clusters containing more globally connected companies experienced faster growth in terms of employment than those that are less globally connected ; while the econometric models have shown that the level of global connectivity of a company is related to its size, its vertical relations with different types of firms, and its horizontal relations with similar firms within the same cluster. While these findings on the whole verify past debates in literature, the empirical study offers contradicting evidence that being in a large cluster may not affect a firm's global connectivity, and is not necessarily related to its creative capacity.
This report aims to define the changing role and functions of İstanbul and its regions since 198... more This report aims to define the changing role and functions of İstanbul and its regions since 1980s, and to evaluate the findings with respect to Turkey, to Europe and the world. Therefore, in this first report after the theoretical discussions on the impact of globalisation and the changing roles of cities, in the second part of the report the discussions on the world city literature are briefly introduced. In third part of this report the findings on the place of İstanbul in the world-city hierarchies are summarised with the use of various studies. In the fourth part of the paper the structural change in İstanbul is defined in detail in comparison to İstanbul region and Turkey, while the fifth section aimed to compare the structural characteristics of İstanbul with the European Union regions. The last section is the summary of findings.
Divercities: Understanding super-diversity in deprived and mixed neighbourhoods, 2018
Introduction
In the past decades, major cities increased their global functions and became the c... more Introduction In the past decades, major cities increased their global functions and became the cores of global movements of goods, finance and human capital. As a result, they attracted people from different origins, ethnic backgrounds, religions and culture. The newcomers tended to settle in a few neighbourhoods where they mixed with people belonging to different socioeconomic statuses, occupations and lifestyles. In the past decade, these diversifying cities and neighbourhoods have received increasing interest in the literature. This is mainly concerned with whether this diverse set of people are able to create a cohesive society that can work towards the wellbeing of all its members, create a sense of belonging, promote trust and offer its members the opportunity of upward mobility (Forrest and Kearns, 2001). In other words, it is focused on social cohesion and conviviality towards others in superdiversified neighbourhoods (Vertovec, 2007). However, in the literature, studies of neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion have been inconclusive. A number of studies to date have found that despite differences among residents, communities are able to live together in harmony if they accept and respect the identities of others. Albrow (1997) claims that individuals with very different lifestyles and social networks can live in proximity without improper interference with each other, while Vranken (2004), sharing a similar view, asserts that relationships that are non-conflictual and mutually supportive between diverse groups can be structured at a neighbourhood level. Putnam (2007), however, takes a different view, claiming that the greater the ethnic diversity in a neighbourhood, the less trust exists, leading to even lower confidence in the so-called out-group, but also to distrust within the in-group. Similarly, Amin (2002) argues that finding a balance between diversity, harmonious living and solidarity can be quite difficult. Although there are different views on the role of diversity in social cohesion, almost all of them agree that relations among existing groups with different identities are important in defining connections between diversity and social cohesion. The existing studies, however, pay little attention to differences in the way others are perceived and defined within diverse neighbourhoods and to the implications of such differences on building relations, solidarity among different groups and mutual trust. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to existing debates on neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion by building on fieldwork in Beyoğlu, Turkey, which is the most diversified district in Istanbul. To do so the chapter explores three main questions: What are the key factors in defining others? Is defining others an obstacle in networking and building relations among the groups that differentiate themselves from others? How and under what conditions do these networks help to create trust and mutual help among distinct groups? Compared to existing literature on super-diverse urban neighbourhoods, this chapter highlights lifestyle as an important factor in the perception of diversity and otherness. It also shows that existing group identities are relatively less important in building relations with diverse others. More precisely, the chapter argues that categories of others are relatively blurred at a local level, leading to networking among people with distinct socioeconomic characteristics, cultural backgrounds and ethnicities.
TEPAV-9. Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yönetişim Sempozyumu, 2014
Bu bildiri bölgesel gelişme politika ve uygulamalarında değişen söylem ve yeni söylemin vurgu nok... more Bu bildiri bölgesel gelişme politika ve uygulamalarında değişen söylem ve yeni söylemin vurgu noktaları üzerinde odaklanmakta ve Türkiye'deki bölgesel yapı ve bölgelerin sahip oldukları kapasiteler bu açıdan değerlendirilmektedir. Bildiri üç ana başlık altında düzenlenmiştir. Bölgesel gelişme politika ve uygulamalarında yeni söylem ve yeni eğilimler, Türkiye'deki bölgesel yapıların özellikleri ve uyum kapasiteleri, ve bölgesel politikaların bölgelerin uyum kapasitesine ve başarımlarına olan katkısı. Bu başlıklarda tartışmalar, 2001 sonrasında bölgesel politikalar yanısıra hangi özelliklerin bölgelerin 2001 ve 2008 ekonomik krizlerinden etkilenme düzeylerini belirledikleri ve son on yıldaki büyümenin belirleyicileri konusunda yapılan görgül araştırma bulguları ile desteklenmektedir. Bildirinin sonunda bölgesel politikalar konusunda nasıl bir yeni yaklaşım izlenmesi konusundaki çıkarımlar sunulmaktadır.
This presentation is focused on the changing discourse and practice in regional policies in the last decade, and the capacities and characteristics of Turkish regions are evaluated with respect to newly emerging discourses in the literature and EC policy practices. The presentation is organised under three headings: New discourses and trends in regional policies and practice; the characteristics of Turkish regions and their adaptive capacities; the role of regional policies in the adaptive capacities of regions and their performance. The discussions on these headings are supported by empirical studies on the role of regional policies including the factors that reveal the adaptive capacities of region to 2001 and 2008 recessionary shocks and the determinants of regional growth in the last decade. The conclusive remarks summarise the findings with respect to the possible new policies in regional development in Turkey in coming decades.
1. Giriş Türkiye ekonomisinin küresel üretim ve mali piyasaları ile bütünleşmesi sonrasında gider... more 1. Giriş Türkiye ekonomisinin küresel üretim ve mali piyasaları ile bütünleşmesi sonrasında giderek artan sayıda ve sıklıkta ortaya çıkan kriz ve durgunluk dönemleri bölgelerin başarımları üzerinde önemli ölçüde etkili olmuştur. Ancak, kriz dönemleri ile bu dönemlerin ardından gelen ekonomik toparlanma dönemlerinde bölgelerin büyüme oranlarında önemli farklılıkların da olduğu görülmektedir. Bu makalede değişken ekonomik koşulların bölgelerin ekonomik gelişme performanslarını nasıl etkilediği ve bölgelerin bu sürece nasıl tepki verdiği bölgelerin yeni koşullara dayanıklılık, uyum ve bu koşullardan yararlanabilme kapasitesini belirleyen faktörler kullanılarak irdelenmektedir. Bölgesel Uyum ve Esneyebilirlik (Regional Resilience) tartışmalarına dayalı bu irdeleme, bölgelerin yapısal özelliklerini göz önüne alarak küresel ekonomik düzen içinde gelişmelerini sürdürebilmelerinin koşullarını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Direnç, dayanıklılık, çabuk iyileşme gücü; zorlukları yenebilme yetisi, esneklik gibi sözcüklerle tanımlanan "resilience" kavramı kentlerin ve bölgelerin dış koşullardan etkilenme ve bunlara tepki verme sürecini tanımlamakta kullanılmaktadır. Son dönemde bu kavramın öne çıkmasının ana nedenlerinin, sosyo-ekolojik sistemlerin önemli afetler karşısındaki zayıflıklarının belirgin hale gelmesi yanı sıra özellikle küreselleşme dalgaları sonucunda kırılganlıkları artan bölgelerin ekonomik şok ve krizlerden artan ölçüde etkilenmeleri olmuştur (Christopherson vd., 2010). Gerçekten ekonomik ve ekolojik bunalımlar kırılganlık algısının artmasına, kentsel ve bölgesel gelişmeye yönelik amaçlarının irdelenmesine ve kent ve bölgelerin hem koşullara dayanabilme ve uyum sağlama, hem de bu koşulları kendi yararına kullanabilme düşüncesinin planlama yaklaşımlarında yerleşmesine neden olmuştur (Eraydın ve Taşan-Kok, 2013; Hudson, 2010; Pike vd., 2010).
ÖZET Günümüzde hızla değişen ve yeni kavramlarla renklenen ekonomik coğrafya yazını giderek gerçe... more ÖZET Günümüzde hızla değişen ve yeni kavramlarla renklenen ekonomik coğrafya yazını giderek gerçek koşullardan kopmakta ve mevcut sorunlar ve darboğazları görmezden gelerek, bazı yeni ancak gerçeği abartan veya kimi zaman çarpıtan kavramlar üreterek kendi içinde gelişmektedir. Özellikle küreselleşme-yerelleşme söylemlerinin ardından gelen yazın giderek mevcut yapıları açıklayıcını yitirmekte ve bu sosyo-mekansal ve ekonomik yapıların gelişim ve dönüşümlerini tanımlamakta ve mevcut sorunlara çözüm üretmekte yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle gündemdeki söylem biçime seçenek olarak yerelde-tabanda olup bitenlerden yola çıkarak yeni bir söylem geliştirilmesine gereksinim vardır. Bu bildiride böyle bir söylemin neden gerekli olduğu yanısıra bileşenlerinin neler olabileceği ve hangi vurgu noktalarına sahip olması gerektiği kısaca tartışılmaktadır.
NEW APPROACHES IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, 2009
Since the 1980s, there is a growing literature on the adaptation of cities and regions to globali... more Since the 1980s, there is a growing literature on the adaptation of cities and regions to globalisation. The use of the metaphor "globalisation" and the notion of "competitiveness" have been the starting points to understand the new dynamics of spatial organisation and the changing contextual issues of cities. The economic and socio-spatial changes and the increasing pressure for institutional, financial and regulatory changes on different urban settlements have been explained as a part of the major theme "the impacts of globalisation and struggles for increasing competitiveness". This framework of analysis has been widely used to explain the economic changes that have taken place in different cities, especially the large metropolitan areas of the world. Recently, however, there is increasing concern on the socio-spatial changes and the impact of economic restructuring on the different social groups. The paper aims to define how globally induced changes affect the different social groups and to explain whether the change in the economic conditions lead to social transformation. In order to reach this aim firstly, the paper presents the different arguments that relate social transformation and globalisation and it concentrates on the labour markets and social interaction mechanisms as the major links between competitiveness and social cohesion. Thirdly, the findings of the study on social transformation and the dynamics of change in the social interaction patterns of the İzmir metropolitan area are presented, which also defines the survival strategies and struggles of different social groups to change their relative conditions are strongly emphasised to depict the outcomes of economic transformation in the public sphere.
Özet
Günümüzde egemen olan neo-liberal ekonomik politikalarve bakış açsısı sadece bölgesel ve ke... more Özet Günümüzde egemen olan neo-liberal ekonomik politikalarve bakış açsısı sadece bölgesel ve kentsel gelişim ve yönetişimi değil aynı zamanda planlama söylem ve uygulamalarında da önemli değişimler yaratmış ve planlamayı piyasa güçlerinin egemen olduğu bir alana doğru yönelendirmiştir. Son dönemdki planlama yazını bu gelişmeleri kaygı ile irdelemekte ve kırılganlıkları giderek artan bölge kentlerin sorunlarına mevcut planlama söylem ve uygulamalarının çözüm getiremediğini belirtmektedir. Bu bildiride esnek-uyum (resilience) kavramını odak olarak alan yeni bir planlama söyleminin ana özelliklerine değinilmekte ve iki özgün vurgusunu ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Uzun dönemli ve çok etkileşimli etkileri dikkate alan bir içerik ve bu içeriğin gerçekleşebilmesi için değer sistemlerinde yeni bir buluşma.
Abstract In the contemporary era denoted by neoliberal economic agenda, not only affected the urban development and governance but also planning discourses and practices, which pushed them more market-oriented directions. While the recent literature is increasingly critical the outcomes market dominated planning practices, it increasingly became evident that existing planning theories have not been able to deal with the increasing vulnerabilities of urban areas and regions. This paper emphasises the need for resilience thinking in planning and elaborates how this thinking will reflect on planning emphasising call for substance together with process and value systems that defines the reaction to change.
Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2011
The economic restructuring and the new economic conditions that arose out of the waves of globali... more The economic restructuring and the new economic conditions that arose out of the waves of globalisation has resulted in significant impacts on the labour markets, which in turn have led to social transformation. The characteristics of the new economic structure and the changes in demand for labour are important in the dispersal of the benefits of competitiveness among the different social groups. Several issues that shape the labour markets, such as education, gender, division of labour and the social organisation of work, are important in redefining the impacts of economic restructuring on the income and well-being of the different social groups. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of social capital in the adaptation of individuals to the conditions imposed by the recent economic changes and restructuring while also revealing other impacts of this process on the people. In order to find out to what extent social capital contributes to the challenges posed by the ongoing economic transformation and the continuing economic crisis on the people and households, an empirical work based in Izmir (Turkey) is presented in this paper.
Elaborating on the literature on industrial districts, this paper suggests that innovation and ne... more Elaborating on the literature on industrial districts, this paper suggests that innovation and networking are the two key issues, which provide the new generation industrial clusters' competitive capacity in the globalization process. The paper presents the findings on the innovative and networking capabilities of the three important industrial clusters of Turkey based on the data collected from the sample firms in each of these industrial clusters through in-depth interviews. The findings clearly show the importance of local and national networking as well as global linkages and confirm the positive relation between intensity of local networking and innovativeness. Moreover, the paper provides evidence that firms within global networks have higher numbers of innovations than firms with higher intensity of locally embedded linkages.
It is clear that some tourism clusters are more successful than others. While the endogenous char... more It is clear that some tourism clusters are more successful than others. While the endogenous characteristics of successful clusters have in the past been well documented, recent literature has rather focused upon the importance of the global integration of clusters and the increased global connectivity of the companies within them. Using global connectiv-ity indicators, this paper explores the importance of global links to companies in 10 tourism clusters in the Antalya metropolitan region; and defines the particular factors that are most influential by drawing upon econometric data garnered from interview results. The findings of the case study firstly revealed that the clusters containing more globally connected companies experienced faster growth in terms of employment than those that are less globally connected ; while the econometric models have shown that the level of global connectivity of a company is related to its size, its vertical relations with different types of firms, and its horizontal relations with similar firms within the same cluster. While these findings on the whole verify past debates in literature, the empirical study offers contradicting evidence that being in a large cluster may not affect a firm's global connectivity, and is not necessarily related to its creative capacity.
This report aims to define the changing role and functions of İstanbul and its regions since 198... more This report aims to define the changing role and functions of İstanbul and its regions since 1980s, and to evaluate the findings with respect to Turkey, to Europe and the world. Therefore, in this first report after the theoretical discussions on the impact of globalisation and the changing roles of cities, in the second part of the report the discussions on the world city literature are briefly introduced. In third part of this report the findings on the place of İstanbul in the world-city hierarchies are summarised with the use of various studies. In the fourth part of the paper the structural change in İstanbul is defined in detail in comparison to İstanbul region and Turkey, while the fifth section aimed to compare the structural characteristics of İstanbul with the European Union regions. The last section is the summary of findings.
Divercities: Understanding super-diversity in deprived and mixed neighbourhoods, 2018
Introduction
In the past decades, major cities increased their global functions and became the c... more Introduction In the past decades, major cities increased their global functions and became the cores of global movements of goods, finance and human capital. As a result, they attracted people from different origins, ethnic backgrounds, religions and culture. The newcomers tended to settle in a few neighbourhoods where they mixed with people belonging to different socioeconomic statuses, occupations and lifestyles. In the past decade, these diversifying cities and neighbourhoods have received increasing interest in the literature. This is mainly concerned with whether this diverse set of people are able to create a cohesive society that can work towards the wellbeing of all its members, create a sense of belonging, promote trust and offer its members the opportunity of upward mobility (Forrest and Kearns, 2001). In other words, it is focused on social cohesion and conviviality towards others in superdiversified neighbourhoods (Vertovec, 2007). However, in the literature, studies of neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion have been inconclusive. A number of studies to date have found that despite differences among residents, communities are able to live together in harmony if they accept and respect the identities of others. Albrow (1997) claims that individuals with very different lifestyles and social networks can live in proximity without improper interference with each other, while Vranken (2004), sharing a similar view, asserts that relationships that are non-conflictual and mutually supportive between diverse groups can be structured at a neighbourhood level. Putnam (2007), however, takes a different view, claiming that the greater the ethnic diversity in a neighbourhood, the less trust exists, leading to even lower confidence in the so-called out-group, but also to distrust within the in-group. Similarly, Amin (2002) argues that finding a balance between diversity, harmonious living and solidarity can be quite difficult. Although there are different views on the role of diversity in social cohesion, almost all of them agree that relations among existing groups with different identities are important in defining connections between diversity and social cohesion. The existing studies, however, pay little attention to differences in the way others are perceived and defined within diverse neighbourhoods and to the implications of such differences on building relations, solidarity among different groups and mutual trust. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to existing debates on neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion by building on fieldwork in Beyoğlu, Turkey, which is the most diversified district in Istanbul. To do so the chapter explores three main questions: What are the key factors in defining others? Is defining others an obstacle in networking and building relations among the groups that differentiate themselves from others? How and under what conditions do these networks help to create trust and mutual help among distinct groups? Compared to existing literature on super-diverse urban neighbourhoods, this chapter highlights lifestyle as an important factor in the perception of diversity and otherness. It also shows that existing group identities are relatively less important in building relations with diverse others. More precisely, the chapter argues that categories of others are relatively blurred at a local level, leading to networking among people with distinct socioeconomic characteristics, cultural backgrounds and ethnicities.
TEPAV-9. Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yönetişim Sempozyumu, 2014
Bu bildiri bölgesel gelişme politika ve uygulamalarında değişen söylem ve yeni söylemin vurgu nok... more Bu bildiri bölgesel gelişme politika ve uygulamalarında değişen söylem ve yeni söylemin vurgu noktaları üzerinde odaklanmakta ve Türkiye'deki bölgesel yapı ve bölgelerin sahip oldukları kapasiteler bu açıdan değerlendirilmektedir. Bildiri üç ana başlık altında düzenlenmiştir. Bölgesel gelişme politika ve uygulamalarında yeni söylem ve yeni eğilimler, Türkiye'deki bölgesel yapıların özellikleri ve uyum kapasiteleri, ve bölgesel politikaların bölgelerin uyum kapasitesine ve başarımlarına olan katkısı. Bu başlıklarda tartışmalar, 2001 sonrasında bölgesel politikalar yanısıra hangi özelliklerin bölgelerin 2001 ve 2008 ekonomik krizlerinden etkilenme düzeylerini belirledikleri ve son on yıldaki büyümenin belirleyicileri konusunda yapılan görgül araştırma bulguları ile desteklenmektedir. Bildirinin sonunda bölgesel politikalar konusunda nasıl bir yeni yaklaşım izlenmesi konusundaki çıkarımlar sunulmaktadır.
This presentation is focused on the changing discourse and practice in regional policies in the last decade, and the capacities and characteristics of Turkish regions are evaluated with respect to newly emerging discourses in the literature and EC policy practices. The presentation is organised under three headings: New discourses and trends in regional policies and practice; the characteristics of Turkish regions and their adaptive capacities; the role of regional policies in the adaptive capacities of regions and their performance. The discussions on these headings are supported by empirical studies on the role of regional policies including the factors that reveal the adaptive capacities of region to 2001 and 2008 recessionary shocks and the determinants of regional growth in the last decade. The conclusive remarks summarise the findings with respect to the possible new policies in regional development in Turkey in coming decades.
Son yirmi yılda küreselleşmenin getirdiği yeni koşulların etkisi ile ulus devletlerin başkentleri... more Son yirmi yılda küreselleşmenin getirdiği yeni koşulların etkisi ile ulus devletlerin başkentlerinin hızlı bir rol değişimi yaşadıkları ve ülkelerin küresel ekonomiye eklemlenmesinde önemli bir kapı işlevi kazandıkları görülmektedir. Bu eklemlenme süreci sadece değişen kurallar ve dış dünya ile artan siyasal ilişkiler anlamına gelmemektedir. Geçmişte ulus devletle tanımlanmış olan işlevlerin ve bunlara yönelik yapının değişmesi ve küreselleşen ilişkilerin bir parçası olabilmek için önemli yapısal dönüşümlerin gerçekleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Küreselleşme sürecinde bir düğüm noktası olmanın bedeli yaşanan bu dönüşümlerdir. Yapısal dönüşümler, mevcut yapının dış dünya ile ilişki kurabilir ve bütünleşebilir özelliklere sahip olacak şekilde değişmesi, önemli sıkıntıları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Yeni düzen, eski pek çok kural ve düzenlemelerin değişimini zorlamakta ve özellikle ana kentler dıştan gelen yeni kurallarla eski koşulların çatışmasının veya kısa sürede uyumlaşamamasının getirdiği zorlukları yaşamaktadır. Geçmişten gelen özellikleri ve becerilerinin yardımıyla bu dönüşüm sürecini kısa sürede tamamlayan ve giderek küresel ekonomi içinde yerini pekiştiren pek çok başkent ve metropoliten alan bulunmaktadır. Buna karşılık, bu süreç içinde ulus devletin başkenti olmanın sağladığı üstünlüklerin yeni koşullarda yetmediği izlenen ve göreli önemleri azalan pek çok kent görülmektedir. Ankara yukarıda tanımlanan çerçevede belirtilen birinci grupta yer alamamakta ikinci gruba doğru itilmektedir. Geçmişte Ankara, çok önemli bir coğrafyada ve büyük bir ülkenin başkenti olmanın sağladığı göreli üstünlükleri kullanarak hızla
Politics and Conflict in Governance and Planningoffers a critical evaluation of manifold ways in ... more Politics and Conflict in Governance and Planningoffers a critical evaluation of manifold ways in which the political dimension is reflected in contemporary planning and governance. While the theoretical debates on post-politics and the wider frame of post-foundational political theory provide substantive explanations for the crisis in planning and governance, still there is a need for a better understanding of how the political is manifested in the planning contents, shaped by institutional arrangements and played out in the planning processes. This book undertakes a reassessment of the changing role of the political in contemporary planning and governance. Employing a wide range of empirical research conducted in several regions of the world, it draws a more complex and heterogeneous picture of the context-specific depoliticisation and repoliticisation processes taking place in local and regional planning and governance. It shows not only the domination of market forces and the consequent suppression of the political but also how political conflicts and struggles are defined, tackled and transformed in view of the multifaceted rules and constraints recently imposed to local and regional planning.
Switching the focus to how strategies and forms of depoliticised governance can be repoliticised through renewed planning mechanisms and socio-political mobilisation, Politics and Conflict in Governance and Planning is a critical and much needed contribution to the planning literature and its incorporation of the post-politics and post-democracy debate.
Öz:. Günümüzde ötekileştirmenin artması, toplumsal yapıda ayrımlaşmanın hızlanması ve farklı kesi... more Öz:. Günümüzde ötekileştirmenin artması, toplumsal yapıda ayrımlaşmanın hızlanması ve farklı kesimlerin birbirlerine yönelik davranışlarında artan olumsuzluklar kentsel çeşitlilik ve kentsel çeşitliliğinin yönetişimi konusunu ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu bildiride öncelikle mevcut yazında kentsel çeşitlilik kavramının nasıl evrildiği ve kapsamının nasıl değiştiği özetlenerek, bugünkü içeriğinin ne ölçüde mevcut politikalara, kentin yönetişimine ve planlamasına yansıdığı tartışılacaktır. İkinci olarak, Türkiye'de çeşitlik konusuna yönelik bakış açısının ve geliştirilen politikaların nasıl şekillendiği üzerinde durulacak ve mevcut merkezi ve yerel yönetimlerin bu konudaki eksikliklerine değinilecektir. Bu kapsamda, küreselleşen ekonomik ilişkiler ve ulusal ve uluslararası nüfus hareketleri ile farklılıkların arttığı Türk metropollerinde, artan sosyal kutuplaşma, sosyal eşitsizlikler, ayrımlaşmış yaşam alanları gibi sorunların nasıl ele alınması sorusu üzerinde durulacaktır. Kentleri ekonomik büyümeyi finanse etmek için kullanmayı öngören egemen bakış açısının kentsel çeşitlilik konusu ile ne ölçüde bağdaşacağı da bildiride üzerinde durulan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Bildirinin ana amacını ise çeşitlliğin katkılarından yararlanabilmek için oluşturulacak yönetişim yapısının kurgulanmasında ilkelerini belirlemektir.
Abstract: In the comtemporary decade the increasing social segmentation, the emphasis on otherness in political discourse and daily practices, the negative attitude of different social groups to each other make the governance of diversity an important issue. In this paper first the evolution and the changing context of the urban diversity concept will be introduced, besides the discussion on how the existing definition of diversity is reflected in current policies, governance and planning. Second, the paper will focus on the main characteristics of the existing approach and policies towards diversity and the drawbacks of central and local governments in governing diversity. In this respect, the main question is defined as how the issue of diversity has to be handled in Turkish metropolitan areas, which are becoming more diverse as a result of domestic and international migratory flows. One of the key question addressed in this paper is whether the policies that evaluate urban areas as source of income generating tool can be consistent to the needs of the diverse social structure. The main aim of the paper, however, is defining the principles of governance for using diversity as an asset.
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Günümüzde egemen olan neo-liberal ekonomik politikalarve bakış açsısı sadece bölgesel ve kentsel gelişim ve yönetişimi değil aynı zamanda planlama söylem ve uygulamalarında da önemli değişimler yaratmış ve planlamayı piyasa güçlerinin egemen olduğu bir alana doğru yönelendirmiştir. Son dönemdki planlama yazını bu gelişmeleri kaygı ile irdelemekte ve kırılganlıkları giderek artan bölge kentlerin sorunlarına mevcut planlama söylem ve uygulamalarının çözüm getiremediğini belirtmektedir. Bu bildiride esnek-uyum (resilience) kavramını odak olarak alan yeni bir planlama söyleminin ana özelliklerine değinilmekte ve iki özgün vurgusunu ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Uzun dönemli ve çok etkileşimli etkileri dikkate alan bir içerik ve bu içeriğin gerçekleşebilmesi için değer sistemlerinde yeni bir buluşma.
Abstract
In the contemporary era denoted by neoliberal economic agenda, not only affected the urban development and governance but also planning discourses and practices, which pushed them more market-oriented directions. While the recent literature is increasingly critical the outcomes market dominated planning practices, it increasingly became evident that existing planning theories have not been able to deal with the increasing vulnerabilities of urban areas and regions. This paper emphasises the need for resilience thinking in planning and elaborates how this thinking will reflect on planning emphasising call for substance together with process and value systems that defines the reaction to change.
In the past decades, major cities increased their global functions and became the cores of global movements of goods, finance and human capital. As a result, they attracted people from different origins, ethnic backgrounds, religions and culture. The newcomers tended to settle in a few neighbourhoods where they mixed with people belonging to different socioeconomic statuses, occupations and lifestyles. In the past decade, these diversifying cities and neighbourhoods have received increasing interest in the literature. This is mainly concerned with whether this diverse set of people are able to create a cohesive society that can work towards the wellbeing of all its members, create a sense of belonging, promote trust and offer its members the opportunity of upward mobility (Forrest and Kearns, 2001). In other words, it is focused on social cohesion and conviviality towards others in superdiversified neighbourhoods (Vertovec, 2007).
However, in the literature, studies of neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion have been inconclusive. A number of studies to date have found that despite differences among residents, communities are able to live together in harmony if they accept and respect the identities of others. Albrow (1997) claims that individuals with very different lifestyles and social networks can live in proximity without improper interference with each other, while Vranken (2004), sharing a similar view, asserts that relationships that are non-conflictual and mutually supportive between diverse groups can be structured at a neighbourhood level. Putnam (2007), however, takes a different view, claiming that the greater the ethnic diversity in a neighbourhood, the less trust exists, leading to even lower confidence in the so-called out-group, but also to distrust within the in-group. Similarly, Amin (2002) argues that finding a balance between diversity, harmonious living and solidarity can be quite difficult. Although there are different views on the role of diversity in social cohesion, almost all of them agree that relations among existing groups with different identities are important in defining connections between diversity and social cohesion.
The existing studies, however, pay little attention to differences in the way others are perceived and defined within diverse neighbourhoods and to the implications of such differences on building relations, solidarity among different groups and mutual trust. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to existing debates on neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion by building on fieldwork in Beyoğlu, Turkey, which is the most diversified district in Istanbul. To do so the chapter explores three main questions: What are the key factors in defining others? Is defining others an obstacle in networking and building relations among the groups that differentiate themselves from others? How and under what conditions do these networks help to create trust and mutual help among distinct groups?
Compared to existing literature on super-diverse urban neighbourhoods, this chapter highlights lifestyle as an important factor in the perception of diversity and otherness. It also shows that existing group identities are relatively less important in building relations with diverse others. More precisely, the chapter argues that categories of others are relatively blurred at a local level, leading to networking among people with distinct socioeconomic characteristics, cultural backgrounds and ethnicities.
This presentation is focused on the changing discourse and practice in regional policies in the last decade, and the capacities and characteristics of Turkish regions are evaluated with respect to newly emerging discourses in the literature and EC policy practices. The presentation is organised under three headings: New discourses and trends in regional policies and practice; the characteristics of Turkish regions and their adaptive capacities; the role of regional policies in the adaptive capacities of regions and their performance. The discussions on these headings are supported by empirical studies on the role of regional policies including the factors that reveal the adaptive capacities of region to 2001 and 2008 recessionary shocks and the determinants of regional growth in the last decade. The conclusive remarks summarise the findings with respect to the possible new policies in regional development in Turkey in coming decades.
Günümüzde egemen olan neo-liberal ekonomik politikalarve bakış açsısı sadece bölgesel ve kentsel gelişim ve yönetişimi değil aynı zamanda planlama söylem ve uygulamalarında da önemli değişimler yaratmış ve planlamayı piyasa güçlerinin egemen olduğu bir alana doğru yönelendirmiştir. Son dönemdki planlama yazını bu gelişmeleri kaygı ile irdelemekte ve kırılganlıkları giderek artan bölge kentlerin sorunlarına mevcut planlama söylem ve uygulamalarının çözüm getiremediğini belirtmektedir. Bu bildiride esnek-uyum (resilience) kavramını odak olarak alan yeni bir planlama söyleminin ana özelliklerine değinilmekte ve iki özgün vurgusunu ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Uzun dönemli ve çok etkileşimli etkileri dikkate alan bir içerik ve bu içeriğin gerçekleşebilmesi için değer sistemlerinde yeni bir buluşma.
Abstract
In the contemporary era denoted by neoliberal economic agenda, not only affected the urban development and governance but also planning discourses and practices, which pushed them more market-oriented directions. While the recent literature is increasingly critical the outcomes market dominated planning practices, it increasingly became evident that existing planning theories have not been able to deal with the increasing vulnerabilities of urban areas and regions. This paper emphasises the need for resilience thinking in planning and elaborates how this thinking will reflect on planning emphasising call for substance together with process and value systems that defines the reaction to change.
In the past decades, major cities increased their global functions and became the cores of global movements of goods, finance and human capital. As a result, they attracted people from different origins, ethnic backgrounds, religions and culture. The newcomers tended to settle in a few neighbourhoods where they mixed with people belonging to different socioeconomic statuses, occupations and lifestyles. In the past decade, these diversifying cities and neighbourhoods have received increasing interest in the literature. This is mainly concerned with whether this diverse set of people are able to create a cohesive society that can work towards the wellbeing of all its members, create a sense of belonging, promote trust and offer its members the opportunity of upward mobility (Forrest and Kearns, 2001). In other words, it is focused on social cohesion and conviviality towards others in superdiversified neighbourhoods (Vertovec, 2007).
However, in the literature, studies of neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion have been inconclusive. A number of studies to date have found that despite differences among residents, communities are able to live together in harmony if they accept and respect the identities of others. Albrow (1997) claims that individuals with very different lifestyles and social networks can live in proximity without improper interference with each other, while Vranken (2004), sharing a similar view, asserts that relationships that are non-conflictual and mutually supportive between diverse groups can be structured at a neighbourhood level. Putnam (2007), however, takes a different view, claiming that the greater the ethnic diversity in a neighbourhood, the less trust exists, leading to even lower confidence in the so-called out-group, but also to distrust within the in-group. Similarly, Amin (2002) argues that finding a balance between diversity, harmonious living and solidarity can be quite difficult. Although there are different views on the role of diversity in social cohesion, almost all of them agree that relations among existing groups with different identities are important in defining connections between diversity and social cohesion.
The existing studies, however, pay little attention to differences in the way others are perceived and defined within diverse neighbourhoods and to the implications of such differences on building relations, solidarity among different groups and mutual trust. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to existing debates on neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion by building on fieldwork in Beyoğlu, Turkey, which is the most diversified district in Istanbul. To do so the chapter explores three main questions: What are the key factors in defining others? Is defining others an obstacle in networking and building relations among the groups that differentiate themselves from others? How and under what conditions do these networks help to create trust and mutual help among distinct groups?
Compared to existing literature on super-diverse urban neighbourhoods, this chapter highlights lifestyle as an important factor in the perception of diversity and otherness. It also shows that existing group identities are relatively less important in building relations with diverse others. More precisely, the chapter argues that categories of others are relatively blurred at a local level, leading to networking among people with distinct socioeconomic characteristics, cultural backgrounds and ethnicities.
This presentation is focused on the changing discourse and practice in regional policies in the last decade, and the capacities and characteristics of Turkish regions are evaluated with respect to newly emerging discourses in the literature and EC policy practices. The presentation is organised under three headings: New discourses and trends in regional policies and practice; the characteristics of Turkish regions and their adaptive capacities; the role of regional policies in the adaptive capacities of regions and their performance. The discussions on these headings are supported by empirical studies on the role of regional policies including the factors that reveal the adaptive capacities of region to 2001 and 2008 recessionary shocks and the determinants of regional growth in the last decade. The conclusive remarks summarise the findings with respect to the possible new policies in regional development in Turkey in coming decades.
Switching the focus to how strategies and forms of depoliticised governance can be repoliticised through renewed planning mechanisms and socio-political mobilisation, Politics and Conflict in Governance and Planning is a critical and much needed contribution to the planning literature and its incorporation of the post-politics and post-democracy debate.
Abstract: In the comtemporary decade the increasing social segmentation, the emphasis on otherness in political discourse and daily practices, the negative attitude of different social groups to each other make the governance of diversity an important issue. In this paper first the evolution and the changing context of the urban diversity concept will be introduced, besides the discussion on how the existing definition of diversity is reflected in current policies, governance and planning. Second, the paper will focus on the main characteristics of the existing approach and policies towards diversity and the drawbacks of central and local governments in governing diversity. In this respect, the main question is defined as how the issue of diversity has to be handled in Turkish metropolitan areas, which are becoming more diverse as a result of domestic and international migratory flows. One of the key question addressed in this paper is whether the policies that evaluate urban areas as source of income generating tool can be consistent to the needs of the diverse social structure. The main aim of the paper, however, is defining the principles of governance for using diversity as an asset.