Papers by Krishnendu Ganguly
Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2007
Gastric ulcer is a multifaceted process including acid secretion, reactive oxygen species generat... more Gastric ulcer is a multifaceted process including acid secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, prostaglandin inhibition, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have the ability to cleave and remodel the ECM. We investigated the activity and expression of MMP-9 and-2 in ethanol-induced acute gastric ulceration in rats. We found that severity of gastric ulcer was strongly correlated with increasing doses of ethanol and increased secretion of proMMP-9. ProMMP-9 was upregulated ∼25-fold at maximum ulcer index. Increased secretion of proMMP-9 was associated with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. We examined the effect of H 2receptor antagonists and antioxidants on proMMP-9 secretion and synthesis during prevention of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. Our data reveal that famotidine dose dependently blocked increased secretion and synthesis of proMMP-9 during gastroprotection and arrested infiltration of inflammatory cells as well as oxidative stress in rat gastric tissues. Similar to H 2-receptor antagonists, N-acetylcysteine and dimethyl sulfoxide, well-known antioxidants, inhibited proMMP-9 upregulation to the control level. In conclusion, ethanol-induced gastric ulceration is associated with increased expression of proMMP-9 that can be attenuated by H 2-receptor antagonists and antioxidants. These findings furnish a novel MMP-9mediated pathway and its inhibition via proinflammatory cytokines by famotidine in ethanol-induced gastric ulceration.
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Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2006
Gastric mucosal damage is directly associated with extracellular matrix degradation in which matr... more Gastric mucosal damage is directly associated with extracellular matrix degradation in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role. Remodeling of connective tissues and loss of tissue integrity due to the action of MMPs are reported in several inflammatory diseases, including gastric ulcer. Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a reduction in MMP-2 transcription and translation. Our aim was to identify the mechanism for suppression of MMP-2 activity by ROS during acute ulceration and further to examine the possible actions of antioxidants, especially melatonin, during healing. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) blocked hydroxyl radical and nitrite anion generation, protein oxidation, mucosal cell disruption, and MMP-2 downregulation. In addition, suppression of MMP-2 activity by H 2 O 2 in a dose-and time-dependent manner in vitro is blocked by melatonin, omeprazole, and curcumin. We observed that melatonin and other antioxidants (e.g., curcumin and omeprazole) offered gastroprotection in vivo by upregulation of suppressed MMP-2 expression and activity at the level of secretion and synthesis. Moreover, antioxidants reversed the suppression of MMP-2 expression by upregulation of MT1-MMP and downregulation of TIMP-2. Hence, we hypothesize that antioxidants exerted protection against H 2 O 2-mediated inactivation and downregulation of MMP-2 expression during onset of indomethacin-induced ulceration.
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Antioxidant and Redox Signaling, 2012
Aim:We examined the molecular mechanism of curcumin in a preventive and therapeutic model of indo... more Aim:We examined the molecular mechanism of curcumin in a preventive and therapeutic model of indomethacininduced
gastric ulceration with regard to angiogenic processes. Results: Disrupted blood vessels, reduced collagen
matrices, and significant (60%) injury to mucosal cells were observed during ulceration. In addition, ulcerated
tissues exhibited decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
expression in blood vessels. Interestingly, curcumin blocked ulceration by induction of collagenization and angiogenesis
in gastric tissues via upregulation of MMP-2, membrane type (MT) 1-MMP, VEGF, and transforming
growth factor (TGF)-b at protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. To examine the angiogenic
properties of curcumin, we employed a chorioallantoic membrane model and Matrigel assay. During healing,
curcumin promoted collagenization and angiogenesis as well as enhanced MMP-2 activity via positive MT1-MMP
regulation and negative tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 regulation. Innovation: Our study demonstrates
that curcumin-mediated healing is associated with increased MMP-2, TGF-b, and VEGF expression and that it
plays a pivotal role as an angiogenic modulator by stimulating vascular sprout formation and collagen fiber
restoration in ulcerated tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that curcumin remodels gastric tissues by restoring the
collagen architecture and accelerating angiogenesis.
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IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences, 2023
Using MRI and PET methods, neuroscience has made significant progress in understanding the episod... more Using MRI and PET methods, neuroscience has made significant progress in understanding the episodic
events of the human brain under varied cognitive situations throughout the last century. However, the
higher resolutions of the memory locus, which consists of a neuro-glial ensemble for episodic memory, are
unclear and must be clarified. Additionally, attempts have been made to create new nano technologies for
mapping complete brains and related engrams with single neuro-glial accuracy and resolution in the hopes
of unlocking the secrets of the brain by delving into Brain Activity Map (BAM). This hypothetical research
is the first of its kind to suggest a novel method for understanding episodic memory in mouse brains
by mapping brain activity at the functional connectome (engram) level and focused on neuro-glia-ECM
(Extracellular Matrix). I propose to paint the memory engram at the neuro glia-ECM canvas of the mouse
brain by engineering and inserting novel "Biologically Active Messengers: Bidirectional Messengers
(BM)s/ Alternative Clones (AC)s and Transcriptional/ Translational Messenger (TM)s" coupled with
different colour tags into transgenic mice via Transposon and Recombination, followed by behavioural
analysis and Clarity. The BMs will be produced in all neuro-glial cells via a bicistronic promoter (Neuroglia
specific promoter + Tetracycline Responsive Element) led by a tetracycline transactivator gene driven
by an immediate early gene (c-Fos/ Arc), whereas the TMs will be expressed via an endogenous promoter.
The viability of all constructions (BMs, ACs, and TMs) as well as the process of painting will be tested in
cortical/ hippocampal culture by chemically generating long term potentiation (cLTP). Fear consolidation
(Fear context and Recall by contextual cue) tests will be administered to adult transgenic mice, followed
by Clarity coupled Immunostaining to investigate the neuro-glia-ECM ensemble after whole brain imaging
using a Light Sheet Microscope. Finally, the steady state behaviour of normal mice will be compared
to the episodic picture of a colourful painted engram. At both the functional connectome and activity
levels, this holistic painting method will highlight cognition over multiple timelines of a working memory
region. Bidirectional Messenger (Biological Boomerang) has huge implications in neuropsychiatric illness,
generation of artificial blood, cancer treatment, and regenerative medicine in the near future, according to
my intuition.
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Heylion, 2024
Infections due to pathogenic fungi are endemic in particular area with increased morbidity and
mo... more Infections due to pathogenic fungi are endemic in particular area with increased morbidity and
mortality. More than thousands of peoples are infected per year and the way of treatment is of
high demand having a significant impact on the population health. Medical practitioners confront
various troublesome analytic and therapeutical challenges in the administration of immunosuppressed
sufferer at high danger of expanding fungal infections. An upgraded antimycosal treatment
is fundamental for a fruitful result while treating intrusive mycoses. A collection of
antimycosal drugs keeps on developing with their specific antifungal targets including cell
membrane, mitochondria, cell wall, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) or
protein biosynthesis. Some fundamental classes of ordinarily directed medications are the polyenes,
amphotericin B, syringomycin, allylamines, honokiol, azoles, flucytosine, echinocandins etc.
However, few immunotherapy processes and vaccinations are being developed to mark this need,
although one presently can’t seem to arrive at the conclusion. In this review article, there has
been a trial to give details upgradation about the current immune therapeutical techniques and
vaccination strategies against prevention or treatment of mycosis as well as the difficulties related
with their turn of events. There has been also a visualization in the mentioned review paper about
the various assorted drugs and their specific target analysis along with therapeutic interventions.
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Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2020
The connectome is the comprehensive map of the brain represented by wiring diagram of the full se... more The connectome is the comprehensive map of the brain represented by wiring diagram of the full set of neuro-glia and synapses within entire brain of an organism. Some recent scientific efforts have successfully been made to visualize such map at neuro-glial networking level, however capturing it as one unit of the entire brain have never been elucidated. Moreover, in order to derive structure-function relationship of different brain regions in response to a defined stimulus, there is a need to elucidate the connectome at single neuro-glial ensemble level after brain is challenged with the known memory function. This needs developing molecular approaches to tag neuro-glial activities in response to a conditioned brain function. Such approaches of using specific molecular tags have been tried to visualize independently neuron and glial specific events in response to a memory formation, however, they could not tag the connectome together at single neuro-glial connectome level. Therefore, there is a need to develop new methods for mapping entire connectome up to a single neuro-glial precision and resolution, with a hope of tagging specific brain region accountable to execute a special memory formation. The present hypothesis paper aims to propose a novel molecular method to generate the structural connectome at neuro-glial connectome in mice brain. Herein, we propose to tag the entire connectome at neuro-glia precision by generating a transgenic mice via transposing and inserting engineered novel "Neuro-glia specific Vectors" (NGVs: specific to excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons and glial cells) vis a vis "Transcriptional/ Translational Messenger (TMs: specific to metalloproteinases, MMP9) coupled with different color protein tags followed by Clarity. Herein, the NGVs will be translated via Neuro-glia specific promoter, while TMs will be translated via endogenous promoter in all neuro-glial cells. The viability of all constructs will be verified in cortical/ hippocampal culture by inducing them to undergo chemically induced long term potentionation (cLTP) following visualization of different colored pattern. This will be further confirmed by Immunostaning, Western Blot and RT-PCR analysis. Additionally, in this approach, one can decipher the dynamics of molecular and cellular events by monitoring the trafficking of tagged endogenous MMP-9 protein after neuronal stimulation by cLTP in vitro. However, for visualizing complete connectome, the adult transgenic mice will be challenged with fear consolidation (Fear context and contextual cue) tests followed by Clarity coupled Light Sheet Microscopy to analyze neuro-glia ensemble following whole brain imaging.
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Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2005
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Journal of Pineal Research, 2010
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Papers by Krishnendu Ganguly
gastric ulceration with regard to angiogenic processes. Results: Disrupted blood vessels, reduced collagen
matrices, and significant (60%) injury to mucosal cells were observed during ulceration. In addition, ulcerated
tissues exhibited decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
expression in blood vessels. Interestingly, curcumin blocked ulceration by induction of collagenization and angiogenesis
in gastric tissues via upregulation of MMP-2, membrane type (MT) 1-MMP, VEGF, and transforming
growth factor (TGF)-b at protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. To examine the angiogenic
properties of curcumin, we employed a chorioallantoic membrane model and Matrigel assay. During healing,
curcumin promoted collagenization and angiogenesis as well as enhanced MMP-2 activity via positive MT1-MMP
regulation and negative tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 regulation. Innovation: Our study demonstrates
that curcumin-mediated healing is associated with increased MMP-2, TGF-b, and VEGF expression and that it
plays a pivotal role as an angiogenic modulator by stimulating vascular sprout formation and collagen fiber
restoration in ulcerated tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that curcumin remodels gastric tissues by restoring the
collagen architecture and accelerating angiogenesis.
events of the human brain under varied cognitive situations throughout the last century. However, the
higher resolutions of the memory locus, which consists of a neuro-glial ensemble for episodic memory, are
unclear and must be clarified. Additionally, attempts have been made to create new nano technologies for
mapping complete brains and related engrams with single neuro-glial accuracy and resolution in the hopes
of unlocking the secrets of the brain by delving into Brain Activity Map (BAM). This hypothetical research
is the first of its kind to suggest a novel method for understanding episodic memory in mouse brains
by mapping brain activity at the functional connectome (engram) level and focused on neuro-glia-ECM
(Extracellular Matrix). I propose to paint the memory engram at the neuro glia-ECM canvas of the mouse
brain by engineering and inserting novel "Biologically Active Messengers: Bidirectional Messengers
(BM)s/ Alternative Clones (AC)s and Transcriptional/ Translational Messenger (TM)s" coupled with
different colour tags into transgenic mice via Transposon and Recombination, followed by behavioural
analysis and Clarity. The BMs will be produced in all neuro-glial cells via a bicistronic promoter (Neuroglia
specific promoter + Tetracycline Responsive Element) led by a tetracycline transactivator gene driven
by an immediate early gene (c-Fos/ Arc), whereas the TMs will be expressed via an endogenous promoter.
The viability of all constructions (BMs, ACs, and TMs) as well as the process of painting will be tested in
cortical/ hippocampal culture by chemically generating long term potentiation (cLTP). Fear consolidation
(Fear context and Recall by contextual cue) tests will be administered to adult transgenic mice, followed
by Clarity coupled Immunostaining to investigate the neuro-glia-ECM ensemble after whole brain imaging
using a Light Sheet Microscope. Finally, the steady state behaviour of normal mice will be compared
to the episodic picture of a colourful painted engram. At both the functional connectome and activity
levels, this holistic painting method will highlight cognition over multiple timelines of a working memory
region. Bidirectional Messenger (Biological Boomerang) has huge implications in neuropsychiatric illness,
generation of artificial blood, cancer treatment, and regenerative medicine in the near future, according to
my intuition.
mortality. More than thousands of peoples are infected per year and the way of treatment is of
high demand having a significant impact on the population health. Medical practitioners confront
various troublesome analytic and therapeutical challenges in the administration of immunosuppressed
sufferer at high danger of expanding fungal infections. An upgraded antimycosal treatment
is fundamental for a fruitful result while treating intrusive mycoses. A collection of
antimycosal drugs keeps on developing with their specific antifungal targets including cell
membrane, mitochondria, cell wall, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) or
protein biosynthesis. Some fundamental classes of ordinarily directed medications are the polyenes,
amphotericin B, syringomycin, allylamines, honokiol, azoles, flucytosine, echinocandins etc.
However, few immunotherapy processes and vaccinations are being developed to mark this need,
although one presently can’t seem to arrive at the conclusion. In this review article, there has
been a trial to give details upgradation about the current immune therapeutical techniques and
vaccination strategies against prevention or treatment of mycosis as well as the difficulties related
with their turn of events. There has been also a visualization in the mentioned review paper about
the various assorted drugs and their specific target analysis along with therapeutic interventions.
gastric ulceration with regard to angiogenic processes. Results: Disrupted blood vessels, reduced collagen
matrices, and significant (60%) injury to mucosal cells were observed during ulceration. In addition, ulcerated
tissues exhibited decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
expression in blood vessels. Interestingly, curcumin blocked ulceration by induction of collagenization and angiogenesis
in gastric tissues via upregulation of MMP-2, membrane type (MT) 1-MMP, VEGF, and transforming
growth factor (TGF)-b at protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. To examine the angiogenic
properties of curcumin, we employed a chorioallantoic membrane model and Matrigel assay. During healing,
curcumin promoted collagenization and angiogenesis as well as enhanced MMP-2 activity via positive MT1-MMP
regulation and negative tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 regulation. Innovation: Our study demonstrates
that curcumin-mediated healing is associated with increased MMP-2, TGF-b, and VEGF expression and that it
plays a pivotal role as an angiogenic modulator by stimulating vascular sprout formation and collagen fiber
restoration in ulcerated tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that curcumin remodels gastric tissues by restoring the
collagen architecture and accelerating angiogenesis.
events of the human brain under varied cognitive situations throughout the last century. However, the
higher resolutions of the memory locus, which consists of a neuro-glial ensemble for episodic memory, are
unclear and must be clarified. Additionally, attempts have been made to create new nano technologies for
mapping complete brains and related engrams with single neuro-glial accuracy and resolution in the hopes
of unlocking the secrets of the brain by delving into Brain Activity Map (BAM). This hypothetical research
is the first of its kind to suggest a novel method for understanding episodic memory in mouse brains
by mapping brain activity at the functional connectome (engram) level and focused on neuro-glia-ECM
(Extracellular Matrix). I propose to paint the memory engram at the neuro glia-ECM canvas of the mouse
brain by engineering and inserting novel "Biologically Active Messengers: Bidirectional Messengers
(BM)s/ Alternative Clones (AC)s and Transcriptional/ Translational Messenger (TM)s" coupled with
different colour tags into transgenic mice via Transposon and Recombination, followed by behavioural
analysis and Clarity. The BMs will be produced in all neuro-glial cells via a bicistronic promoter (Neuroglia
specific promoter + Tetracycline Responsive Element) led by a tetracycline transactivator gene driven
by an immediate early gene (c-Fos/ Arc), whereas the TMs will be expressed via an endogenous promoter.
The viability of all constructions (BMs, ACs, and TMs) as well as the process of painting will be tested in
cortical/ hippocampal culture by chemically generating long term potentiation (cLTP). Fear consolidation
(Fear context and Recall by contextual cue) tests will be administered to adult transgenic mice, followed
by Clarity coupled Immunostaining to investigate the neuro-glia-ECM ensemble after whole brain imaging
using a Light Sheet Microscope. Finally, the steady state behaviour of normal mice will be compared
to the episodic picture of a colourful painted engram. At both the functional connectome and activity
levels, this holistic painting method will highlight cognition over multiple timelines of a working memory
region. Bidirectional Messenger (Biological Boomerang) has huge implications in neuropsychiatric illness,
generation of artificial blood, cancer treatment, and regenerative medicine in the near future, according to
my intuition.
mortality. More than thousands of peoples are infected per year and the way of treatment is of
high demand having a significant impact on the population health. Medical practitioners confront
various troublesome analytic and therapeutical challenges in the administration of immunosuppressed
sufferer at high danger of expanding fungal infections. An upgraded antimycosal treatment
is fundamental for a fruitful result while treating intrusive mycoses. A collection of
antimycosal drugs keeps on developing with their specific antifungal targets including cell
membrane, mitochondria, cell wall, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) or
protein biosynthesis. Some fundamental classes of ordinarily directed medications are the polyenes,
amphotericin B, syringomycin, allylamines, honokiol, azoles, flucytosine, echinocandins etc.
However, few immunotherapy processes and vaccinations are being developed to mark this need,
although one presently can’t seem to arrive at the conclusion. In this review article, there has
been a trial to give details upgradation about the current immune therapeutical techniques and
vaccination strategies against prevention or treatment of mycosis as well as the difficulties related
with their turn of events. There has been also a visualization in the mentioned review paper about
the various assorted drugs and their specific target analysis along with therapeutic interventions.