Books by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
"Industrial Revolutions: From Zoroastrian Fire Temples to Mars with Ctesibius, Vitruvius, and St. Gallen Monks passing along the Fire", 2024
The Virgin Birther’s concept of Industrial Revolution concept, by definition insist that one must... more The Virgin Birther’s concept of Industrial Revolution concept, by definition insist that one must first disregard the Hellenistic Period’s technological advances, especially those described in Vitruvius’ description of Ctesibius’ Hydraulis and Water Pumps found in “De architectura” as well as the surviving graphics found in Hero of Alexandria’s “Pneumatica”.
This book demonstrates a long historical chronology of sophisticated technological advances from the Hellenistic Period through to Denis Papin’s first Steam Engine in 1690. A 2-millennium period of little progress in steam mechanics must first be considered before assuming that the First Industrial Revolution self-ignited between 1776 and 1780.
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Industrial Revolutions: From Ctesibius to Mars, 2023
Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nikolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution be... more Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nikolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution began between 1776 and 1780, around the time of the invention of James Watt’s atmospheric Steam Engine. This revolution, supposedly arose suddenly, as a spontaneous ‘Big Bang’ event that created The Industrial Revolution, akin to a Virgin Birth without precedence.
There is an important historical reason for systematically tracing the historic roots of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution back to its potential origins in Hellenistic Period. And by that, I mean not linking its roots to Antiquity with the Toynbee’s Industrial Revolution of the 18th-century, one cannot identify those events occurring during this 2000-year long link that would have prevented it from starting up (again) in 1690.
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Industrial Revolutions: From Ctesibius to Mars, 2022
Basis for Connecting the Zoroastrian Fire Altar with the Hydraulis, the Steam Engine and Rocket P... more Basis for Connecting the Zoroastrian Fire Altar with the Hydraulis, the Steam Engine and Rocket Propulsion.
Graphics connecting Zoroastrian Fire worship to Ctesibius' Hydraulis as illustrated when comparing an Ancient Roman Contorniate of NERO (54-68), with an image of a Roman Hydraulis with an Ancient Sasanian Kingdom's Fire Altar, a 4th-century coin. (Nero Caesar ad Imp avg P Max Imp Zoroastrian Atashkadeh, meaning Fire Altar, of the Ancient King Bahram (Wahram) I (271-274 AD) Exhibits 1, 2, 3, and 4. Exh.1 Sasanian Kings. Bahram (Wahram) I (271-274 AD). Silver Drachm (4.10 gm; 25 mm). Obverse, Bahram with Mithraic crown turning right groups of triple dots on the crown's Korimbos Fire altar with attendants, left attendant. Exh. 2 The possible existence of Fire Altar Organs in Ancient Zoroastrian Temples of the Sassanian Empire with its capital in Ctesiphon. This raises the question of the a connection with Ctesibius' Hydraulis continuing on to Papin's Steam Engine. Ctesibius Hydraulis invention included the design of the first pneumatic/hydraulic compressor fueled by human muscle or fire-induced heat. This forms the longitudinal evolution of the Hydraulis Compressor driven with steam to the current Mars rocket propulsion systems driven by compressed liquid Hydrogen and Oxygen.
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Industrial Revolutions; From Ctesibius to Mars, 2021
Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nikolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution be... more Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nikolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution began between 1776 and 1780, around the time of the invention of James Watt’s atmospheric Steam Engine. This revolution, supposedly arose suddenly, as a spontaneous ‘Big Bang’ event that created The Industrial Revolution, akin to a Virgin Birth without precedence.
There is an important historical reason for systematically tracing the historic roots of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution back to its potential origins in Hellenistic
Period. And by that, I mean not linking its roots to Antiquity with the Toynbee’s Industrial Revolution of the 18th-century, one cannot identify those events occurring during this 2000-year long link that would have prevented it from starting up (again) in 1690.
By extension the probability that Ctesibius adapted his pneumatic Hydraulis to a Steam-driven Hydraulis follows a technological prime mover track using his enclosed cylinder concept through the evolutionary steps of air pumps, steam engines, to internal combustion engines, and onto solid-fuel rocketry now used to reach the Planet Mars.
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The Industrial Revolution - Lost in Antiquity - Found in the Renaissance (Abridged to TOC) 01-Feb-2021, 2021
Abstract
Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nicolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Rev... more Abstract
Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nicolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution started between 1776 and 1780 around the time of the invention of James Watt’s atmospheric Steam Engine. This revolution, supposedly arose suddenly, as a spontaneous combustion burst, an Industrial Revolution, Virgin Birth. This interpretation implies that there exists no historical precedent or technological heredity required for its existence having occurred before the 18th-century that earlier ‘fathered’ or led to its rise.
The Virgin Birther’s concept of Industrial Revolution concept, by definition insist that one must first disregard the Hellenistic Period’s technological advances, especially those described in Vitruvius’ description of Ctesibius’ Hydraulis and Water Pumps as well as the graphics displayed in Hero of Alexandria’s “Pneumatica”.
This book demonstrates a long historical chronology of sophisticated technological advances from the Hellenistic Period through to Denis Papin’s first Steam Engine in 1690. A 2-millennium period of little progress in steam mechanics must first be considered before assuming that the First Industrial Revolution self-ignited between 1776 and 1780.
Thus, the dichotomy of historical interpretation comes to the fore: There is only one 18th-century Industrial Revolution, not including or requiring any technological advances having taken place before 1776/1780. The Industrial Revolution’s Virgin Birther position.
Or, There is only one Industrial Revolution in the sense of Thomas S. Kuhn’s “Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, whose continuum took root in the Hellenistic Period with its many fundamental technological inventions and radical innovations. After this period’s top inventors, craftsmen, and fabrication facilities were largely silenced by a series of Roman military interventions, the emerging Industrial Revolution was put on hold. The manuscripts of Vitruvius and Hero of Alexandria, et al. surfaced once again in the Renaissance after centuries of quiet transcription to continue on the path of continued development.
This book analysis focuses on the technical connection of Ctesibius’ invention of the Hydraulis and Water Pumps with the first Steam Engine of Denis Papin’s of 1690. If one demonstrates that the Steam Engine alone relied upon the initial design components of the Hydraulis (Steam Hydraulis), then the innovations to that design starting with Papin in 1690 are another logical step in the evolution (and not Revoluton) of the Steam Engine.
With reference to artifactual archaeological evidence and surviving manuscriptual documentation of the Hydraulis, I find that a new dialectical discussion might better analyze and address the underlying understanding of the Steam Engines' longitudinal providence, and therefore, lead to a redefinition the origins of the Industrial Revolution itself.
Cort Maclean Johns, Ph.D.-HSG
27 January 2021
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Report on the Colloquium of the Institute for Musicology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1994
The enigma surrounding the development of the origins of the steam engine have been caused to a l... more The enigma surrounding the development of the origins of the steam engine have been caused to a large extent by the manner in which its analysis has been approached. Perhaps, the use of a metaphor will best illustrate the point. The evolution of the steam engine has been initiated in the same manner as if a pair of Siamese twins as if each had their own doctor, who never consulted with other twins doctor regarding the overall condition of their patients. One twin could be asleep while the other one would be awake. Such has been the history of the evolution of Ctesibius' Hydraulis and Water Pump qua Fire Extinguisher. Each was independently examined by different groups of specialists who never met until they finally discovered that their two separate but connected apparati had evolved in combination into the Steam Engine.
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The Industrial Revolution -Lost in Antiquity -Found in the Renaissance, 2021
When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow t... more When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow to further evolve, to initiate an Industrial Revolution in Antiquity, one should also assess whether the arguably (latent) Industrial Revolution could have commenced in the late 17th-century without the surfacing of Vitruvius' "De Architectura" and Hero of Alexandria's "Pneumatics" from Antiquity. This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered.
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical
preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as
illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in
1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.
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Management Accounting, 1971
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Papers by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
Moore's Law being superseded by Supercomputers as Metric for Processing Speeds, 2022
Intel Founder Gordon Moore developed a conceptual model, referred to as "Moore's Law" in 1965 tha... more Intel Founder Gordon Moore developed a conceptual model, referred to as "Moore's Law" in 1965 that the number of transistors on microchips would double every 2 years with the cost of speedier microchips halved. "Moore's Law is still valid, but its relevance has diminished in the face of new ways to measure processing power."
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When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow t... more When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow to further evolve, to initiate an Industrial Revolution in Antiquity, one should also assess whether the arguably (latent) Industrial Revolution could have commenced in the late 17th-century without the surfacing of Vitruvius' "De Architectura" and Hero of Alexandria's "Pneumatics" from Antiquity. This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered. Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in 1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.
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After working steadily since last July to upgrade the original text and add significant new resea... more After working steadily since last July to upgrade the original text and add significant new research, I am now editing the last 130 pages of a total of 349 pages with a word-count of over 124,000 and more than 100 exhibits. I intend to announce in the next few months how I intend to handle the further placement of this book. Should publishers be interested in this work please contact me by email at: techhistorydoc@yahoo.com.
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Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 1996
States that although Japan's pharmaceutical industry has succeeded in steadily advancing its ... more States that although Japan's pharmaceutical industry has succeeded in steadily advancing its total sales revenues in recent years, its market share of worldwide volume has actually retreated slightly. Its major competitor continues to be the USA, while its three top European rivals: Germany, France and Italy ‐ in combination ‐ have consistently outperformed Japan. Significantly, Japan remains the single largest recipient of US pharmaceutical exports with a surplus over imports of more than $500 billion. Discusses various findings based on survey results within Japan's market structure. Posits that the US experience shows that successfully operating on the Japanese market requires considerable preparation, especially in the areas of distribution and promotion. Owing to the technical segmentation and endemic distribution system of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, concludes that it is unlikely that the pharmaceutical industry in Japan will rise to dominate this industrial ...
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When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow t... more When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow to further evolve, to initiate an Industrial Revolution in Antiquity, one should also assess whether the arguably (latent) Industrial Revolution could have commenced in the late 17th-century without the surfacing of Vitruvius' "De Architectura" and Hero of Alexandria's "Pneumatics" from Antiquity. This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered. Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as illustrated on the front book cover of t...
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Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 1996
States that although Japan's pharmaceutical industry has succeeded in steadily advancing its ... more States that although Japan's pharmaceutical industry has succeeded in steadily advancing its total sales revenues in recent years, its market share of worldwide volume has actually retreated slightly. Its major competitor continues to be the USA, while its three top European rivals: Germany, France and Italy - in combination - have consistently outperformed Japan. Significantly, Japan remains the single largest recipient of US pharmaceutical exports with a surplus over imports of more than $500 billion. Discusses various findings based on survey results within Japan's market structure. Posits that the US experience shows that successfully operating on the Japanese market requires considerable preparation, especially in the areas of distribution and promotion. Owing to the technical segmentation and endemic distribution system of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, concludes that it is unlikely that the pharmaceutical industry in Japan will rise to dominate this industrial ...
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Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Accounting, September, 1971, pp. n40.Credit information has become a powerful tool used in making... more Accounting, September, 1971, pp. n40.Credit information has become a powerful tool used in making a myriad of decisions, both financial and otherwise. The importance of good credit records is obvious; and because of their importance they should be protected, as is any asset which has required many years to develop. New emphasis should be given.to preventing their misuse and abuse of the credit system to the detriment and expense of the business community and public at large. Discusses the various credit planning devices used to better identify and categorize poor.credit risks at the time of request for credit. Some of the planning devices, finding growing acceptance, include the following: (l) credit applicant profile point systems;(2) marginal contribution profit analysis of credit sales; and (3) variable computer credit analysis and approval. Comments on the need for accurate credit decisions, credit information maintenance, credit management responsibilities, and nation-wide cred...
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European Journal of …, 1997
... Jan-Willem Rietbroek, APPL International Inc., New York, NY, USA. ... Amgen; Eli Lilly; Genen... more ... Jan-Willem Rietbroek, APPL International Inc., New York, NY, USA. ... Amgen; Eli Lilly; Genentech; Genetics Institute; Johnson & Johnson; Marion Merrell Dow; Merck; Pfizer; Schering-Plough; Searle; SmithKline Beecham; Syntex; Upjohn; Warner-Lambert; and Wyeth-Ayerst. ...
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Management Accounting, 1971
One of the first articles to describe how Credit Information could be applied for banks and firms... more One of the first articles to describe how Credit Information could be applied for banks and firms' financial decisions in extending sales credits and making loans.
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Conference Presentations by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
Archaeological Institute of America Colloguium, 1996
When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow t... more When considering whether the technology of the Hellenistic Period was advanced enough, if allow to further evolve, to initiate an Industrial Revolution in Antiquity, one should also assess whether the arguably (latent) Industrial Revolution could have commenced in the late 17th-century without the surfacing of Vitruvius' "De Architectura" and Hero of Alexandria's "Pneumatics" from Antiquity.
This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered.
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in 1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.
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Drafts by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
Intel Founder Gordon Moore developed a conceptual model, referred to as "Moore's Law" in 1965 tha... more Intel Founder Gordon Moore developed a conceptual model, referred to as "Moore's Law" in 1965 that the number of transistors on microchips would double every 2 years with the cost of speedier microchips halved. "Moore's Law is still valid, but its relevance has diminished in the face of new ways to measure processing power."
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
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Books by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
This book demonstrates a long historical chronology of sophisticated technological advances from the Hellenistic Period through to Denis Papin’s first Steam Engine in 1690. A 2-millennium period of little progress in steam mechanics must first be considered before assuming that the First Industrial Revolution self-ignited between 1776 and 1780.
There is an important historical reason for systematically tracing the historic roots of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution back to its potential origins in Hellenistic Period. And by that, I mean not linking its roots to Antiquity with the Toynbee’s Industrial Revolution of the 18th-century, one cannot identify those events occurring during this 2000-year long link that would have prevented it from starting up (again) in 1690.
Graphics connecting Zoroastrian Fire worship to Ctesibius' Hydraulis as illustrated when comparing an Ancient Roman Contorniate of NERO (54-68), with an image of a Roman Hydraulis with an Ancient Sasanian Kingdom's Fire Altar, a 4th-century coin. (Nero Caesar ad Imp avg P Max Imp Zoroastrian Atashkadeh, meaning Fire Altar, of the Ancient King Bahram (Wahram) I (271-274 AD) Exhibits 1, 2, 3, and 4. Exh.1 Sasanian Kings. Bahram (Wahram) I (271-274 AD). Silver Drachm (4.10 gm; 25 mm). Obverse, Bahram with Mithraic crown turning right groups of triple dots on the crown's Korimbos Fire altar with attendants, left attendant. Exh. 2 The possible existence of Fire Altar Organs in Ancient Zoroastrian Temples of the Sassanian Empire with its capital in Ctesiphon. This raises the question of the a connection with Ctesibius' Hydraulis continuing on to Papin's Steam Engine. Ctesibius Hydraulis invention included the design of the first pneumatic/hydraulic compressor fueled by human muscle or fire-induced heat. This forms the longitudinal evolution of the Hydraulis Compressor driven with steam to the current Mars rocket propulsion systems driven by compressed liquid Hydrogen and Oxygen.
There is an important historical reason for systematically tracing the historic roots of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution back to its potential origins in Hellenistic
Period. And by that, I mean not linking its roots to Antiquity with the Toynbee’s Industrial Revolution of the 18th-century, one cannot identify those events occurring during this 2000-year long link that would have prevented it from starting up (again) in 1690.
By extension the probability that Ctesibius adapted his pneumatic Hydraulis to a Steam-driven Hydraulis follows a technological prime mover track using his enclosed cylinder concept through the evolutionary steps of air pumps, steam engines, to internal combustion engines, and onto solid-fuel rocketry now used to reach the Planet Mars.
Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nicolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution started between 1776 and 1780 around the time of the invention of James Watt’s atmospheric Steam Engine. This revolution, supposedly arose suddenly, as a spontaneous combustion burst, an Industrial Revolution, Virgin Birth. This interpretation implies that there exists no historical precedent or technological heredity required for its existence having occurred before the 18th-century that earlier ‘fathered’ or led to its rise.
The Virgin Birther’s concept of Industrial Revolution concept, by definition insist that one must first disregard the Hellenistic Period’s technological advances, especially those described in Vitruvius’ description of Ctesibius’ Hydraulis and Water Pumps as well as the graphics displayed in Hero of Alexandria’s “Pneumatica”.
This book demonstrates a long historical chronology of sophisticated technological advances from the Hellenistic Period through to Denis Papin’s first Steam Engine in 1690. A 2-millennium period of little progress in steam mechanics must first be considered before assuming that the First Industrial Revolution self-ignited between 1776 and 1780.
Thus, the dichotomy of historical interpretation comes to the fore: There is only one 18th-century Industrial Revolution, not including or requiring any technological advances having taken place before 1776/1780. The Industrial Revolution’s Virgin Birther position.
Or, There is only one Industrial Revolution in the sense of Thomas S. Kuhn’s “Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, whose continuum took root in the Hellenistic Period with its many fundamental technological inventions and radical innovations. After this period’s top inventors, craftsmen, and fabrication facilities were largely silenced by a series of Roman military interventions, the emerging Industrial Revolution was put on hold. The manuscripts of Vitruvius and Hero of Alexandria, et al. surfaced once again in the Renaissance after centuries of quiet transcription to continue on the path of continued development.
This book analysis focuses on the technical connection of Ctesibius’ invention of the Hydraulis and Water Pumps with the first Steam Engine of Denis Papin’s of 1690. If one demonstrates that the Steam Engine alone relied upon the initial design components of the Hydraulis (Steam Hydraulis), then the innovations to that design starting with Papin in 1690 are another logical step in the evolution (and not Revoluton) of the Steam Engine.
With reference to artifactual archaeological evidence and surviving manuscriptual documentation of the Hydraulis, I find that a new dialectical discussion might better analyze and address the underlying understanding of the Steam Engines' longitudinal providence, and therefore, lead to a redefinition the origins of the Industrial Revolution itself.
Cort Maclean Johns, Ph.D.-HSG
27 January 2021
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical
preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as
illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in
1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.
Papers by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
Conference Presentations by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered.
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in 1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.
Drafts by Cort MacLean J O H N S Ph.D.-HSG
This book demonstrates a long historical chronology of sophisticated technological advances from the Hellenistic Period through to Denis Papin’s first Steam Engine in 1690. A 2-millennium period of little progress in steam mechanics must first be considered before assuming that the First Industrial Revolution self-ignited between 1776 and 1780.
There is an important historical reason for systematically tracing the historic roots of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution back to its potential origins in Hellenistic Period. And by that, I mean not linking its roots to Antiquity with the Toynbee’s Industrial Revolution of the 18th-century, one cannot identify those events occurring during this 2000-year long link that would have prevented it from starting up (again) in 1690.
Graphics connecting Zoroastrian Fire worship to Ctesibius' Hydraulis as illustrated when comparing an Ancient Roman Contorniate of NERO (54-68), with an image of a Roman Hydraulis with an Ancient Sasanian Kingdom's Fire Altar, a 4th-century coin. (Nero Caesar ad Imp avg P Max Imp Zoroastrian Atashkadeh, meaning Fire Altar, of the Ancient King Bahram (Wahram) I (271-274 AD) Exhibits 1, 2, 3, and 4. Exh.1 Sasanian Kings. Bahram (Wahram) I (271-274 AD). Silver Drachm (4.10 gm; 25 mm). Obverse, Bahram with Mithraic crown turning right groups of triple dots on the crown's Korimbos Fire altar with attendants, left attendant. Exh. 2 The possible existence of Fire Altar Organs in Ancient Zoroastrian Temples of the Sassanian Empire with its capital in Ctesiphon. This raises the question of the a connection with Ctesibius' Hydraulis continuing on to Papin's Steam Engine. Ctesibius Hydraulis invention included the design of the first pneumatic/hydraulic compressor fueled by human muscle or fire-induced heat. This forms the longitudinal evolution of the Hydraulis Compressor driven with steam to the current Mars rocket propulsion systems driven by compressed liquid Hydrogen and Oxygen.
There is an important historical reason for systematically tracing the historic roots of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution back to its potential origins in Hellenistic
Period. And by that, I mean not linking its roots to Antiquity with the Toynbee’s Industrial Revolution of the 18th-century, one cannot identify those events occurring during this 2000-year long link that would have prevented it from starting up (again) in 1690.
By extension the probability that Ctesibius adapted his pneumatic Hydraulis to a Steam-driven Hydraulis follows a technological prime mover track using his enclosed cylinder concept through the evolutionary steps of air pumps, steam engines, to internal combustion engines, and onto solid-fuel rocketry now used to reach the Planet Mars.
Traditionally, Arnold Toynbee and Nicolai Kondratieff have held that the Industrial Revolution started between 1776 and 1780 around the time of the invention of James Watt’s atmospheric Steam Engine. This revolution, supposedly arose suddenly, as a spontaneous combustion burst, an Industrial Revolution, Virgin Birth. This interpretation implies that there exists no historical precedent or technological heredity required for its existence having occurred before the 18th-century that earlier ‘fathered’ or led to its rise.
The Virgin Birther’s concept of Industrial Revolution concept, by definition insist that one must first disregard the Hellenistic Period’s technological advances, especially those described in Vitruvius’ description of Ctesibius’ Hydraulis and Water Pumps as well as the graphics displayed in Hero of Alexandria’s “Pneumatica”.
This book demonstrates a long historical chronology of sophisticated technological advances from the Hellenistic Period through to Denis Papin’s first Steam Engine in 1690. A 2-millennium period of little progress in steam mechanics must first be considered before assuming that the First Industrial Revolution self-ignited between 1776 and 1780.
Thus, the dichotomy of historical interpretation comes to the fore: There is only one 18th-century Industrial Revolution, not including or requiring any technological advances having taken place before 1776/1780. The Industrial Revolution’s Virgin Birther position.
Or, There is only one Industrial Revolution in the sense of Thomas S. Kuhn’s “Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, whose continuum took root in the Hellenistic Period with its many fundamental technological inventions and radical innovations. After this period’s top inventors, craftsmen, and fabrication facilities were largely silenced by a series of Roman military interventions, the emerging Industrial Revolution was put on hold. The manuscripts of Vitruvius and Hero of Alexandria, et al. surfaced once again in the Renaissance after centuries of quiet transcription to continue on the path of continued development.
This book analysis focuses on the technical connection of Ctesibius’ invention of the Hydraulis and Water Pumps with the first Steam Engine of Denis Papin’s of 1690. If one demonstrates that the Steam Engine alone relied upon the initial design components of the Hydraulis (Steam Hydraulis), then the innovations to that design starting with Papin in 1690 are another logical step in the evolution (and not Revoluton) of the Steam Engine.
With reference to artifactual archaeological evidence and surviving manuscriptual documentation of the Hydraulis, I find that a new dialectical discussion might better analyze and address the underlying understanding of the Steam Engines' longitudinal providence, and therefore, lead to a redefinition the origins of the Industrial Revolution itself.
Cort Maclean Johns, Ph.D.-HSG
27 January 2021
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical
preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as
illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in
1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.
This book analyzes, in factual detail, manuscripts and artifacts as to how this dialectic enigma might be better answered.
Historians of Technology have failed to include the larger contribution and influence of Ctesibius’ compressor-driven Hydraulis with its pneumatic pumps, keyboard, and organ pipes in the path of critical preparatory events leading up to the 17-century Industrial Revolution. One should also realize that Ctesibius had all the parts and sub-assemblies on hand to invent the first Steam Hydraulis or Calliope, as illustrated on the front book cover of this work. From the 'Fertile Crescent' of the Persian Empire to the Hellenistic Library of Alexandria, Vitruvius writing brought the Hydraulis to the Abbey of St. Gall in 1414 during the Renaissance. Its path then took it through Italy, Germany, and the Paris of Louis XIV along the Arch of Industrial Reawakening. This was the Hydraulis 2-millennium path from Antiquity to its return reigniting the 'Latent' Industrial Revolution in 1690.