Aim: The screening of eight varieties of Indian mustard against aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. Must... more Aim: The screening of eight varieties of Indian mustard against aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. Mustard aphid most destructive and serious pest cause damage to the crop by suck the sap appeared from germination till maturity of mustard its result reduction in yield, low oil content and viability of seed get affected. Study Design: Experiment conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replication and eight treatments. The incidence of aphid start on eight varieties 8 WAS the peak period of aphid population third week of February, and maximum population found on the variety Varuna 285.7 aphid/10 cm top shoot portion and minimum population on the variety Rohini 110.5 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the 3 rd week of February. Overall maximum mean population of mustard aphid found on variety Varuna and minimum found on variety Rohini during 2013-14. The next year maximum population found on the second week of February on variety Varuna 281.3 aphids/10 cm apical shoot, and minimum found on variety Rohini 86.3 aphid/10 cm apical shoot on that week. Overall maximum mean population found on variety Varuna and minimum on variety Rohini during 2014-15. Results: The experiment carried out by using parameter Aphid Infestation Index (AII) at full flowering stage and at full pod formation stage found varieties Varuna and Vaibhav susceptible to the aphid incidence and Vardan, Uravasi, Maya, Ashirvad and Pitambari were found moderately resistant to aphid and variety Rohini found resistant to the aphid incidence which may be used as a check experimental material for screening of varieties resistant to aphid during both year.
The field experiment was carried out at student instructional farm of C.S. Azad University of Agr... more The field experiment was carried out at student instructional farm of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during rabi season 2013-14 and 2014-15 to know the screening of mustard varieties resistance against mustard aphid. The screening of eight varieties of Indian mustard against aphid but not a single variety was resistant to the aphid. The effect show that plant sap feeder most destructive pest; Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) appeared from germination till maturity of the crop. The incidence of aphid start on eight varieties eight week after sowing the peak period of aphid population third week of February, and maximum population found on the variety Varuna 285.7 aphid/10 cm top shoot portion and minimum population on the variety Rohini 110.5 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the 3 rd week of February. Overall maximum mean population of mustard aphid found on variety Varuna and minimum found on variety Rohini during 2013-14.The next year maximum population found on the second week of February on variety Varuna 281.3 aphids/10 cm apical shoot, and minimum found on variety Rohini 86.3 aphid/10 cm apical shoot on that week. Overall maximum mean population found on variety Varuna and minimum on variety Rohini during 2014-15. On the basis aphid infestation index (AII) at full flowering stage and at full pod formation stage found varieties Varuna and Vaibhav susceptible to the aphid incidence and Vardan, Uravasi, Maya, Ashirvad and Pitambari were found moderately resistant to aphid and variety Rohini found resistant to the aphid incidence which may be used as a check experimental material for screening of varieties resistant to aphid during both year.
S Significantly lowest aphid intensity of 7.3 and 7.4 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the seasonal t... more S Significantly lowest aphid intensity of 7.3 and 7.4 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the seasonal total emergence to maturity (ST) was noticed on 15 th October sown crop during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively, which provided significantly highest seed yield of 1800.1 and 1945.0 kg/ha in the respective year. Sowing of variety Rohini on 15 th October during both years proved to be best combination as received significantly lower mean aphid intensity, 58.6 and 60.4 aphids/10 cm apical shoot. This also gave significantly superior seed yield, 1670.7 and 1915.1 kg/ha seed yield during 1 st and 2 nd year.
Pea nut is legume crop having fourth valuable oilseed in the world. Large number of insect pest a... more Pea nut is legume crop having fourth valuable oilseed in the world. Large number of insect pest attack on this crop but only few defoliator crossed economic threshold level and decrease production. Advanced breeding lines possessing resistance to major insect pests is in pipe line. Biocontrol agents like NPV against Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armygera, and thuricides for red hairy caterpillar. Early sowing of groundnut escape incidence of pest as well as use resistance variety like BG-2, M13, ICGV8603 and ICG57 Ground intercropped with soybean, pearl millets and cowpea at the rate of 4:1 to avoid the outbreak of pest leaf minor. New approaches like pheromones for gram pod borer, tobacco caterpillar and leaf miner, and use of neem products against major insect pests would go a long way in reducing the economic pressure of farmers. If all possible pest management tools are integrated in an optimum proportion and proper monitoring of pests activity is strengthened further, maximum production gained by farmer.
The various management strategies has been developed for the management of early blight of tomato... more The various management strategies has been developed for the management of early blight of tomato but no one has been proved quite effective as due to the development of new fungal pathotypes. The pathogen Alternaria solani has developed resistant against various systemic and contact fungicides due to their wide usage under field and controlled conditions. Due to their wide consumption there must be need to developed a technology or strategy to manage this disease in an effective manner which could be beneficial for the environment as well. Dual culture results showed that Trichoderma isolates substantially inhibited the growth of tested fungi In case of Alternaria solani a maximum inhibition of 54.16% was recorded in T-6 and followed by 43.85% in T-5, where in T-4 is 41.22 % and in T-1 is 40.22 % followed by T-2 and T-3 is 37.71%, and 37.28%.
Significance of statements: This study showed that Temperature and humidity like abiotic factors ... more Significance of statements: This study showed that Temperature and humidity like abiotic factors play key role to control mustard aphid population and Biotic factors like Coccinella Septempunctata and Syrphid fly like predators helpful for decline the aphid population. Abstract To determine the populations build up of mustard aphid and their natural enemies in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. Field experiment was conducted C.S.A. University of Agriculture and technology Kanpur during the rabi season (October-March) of 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively. The maximum aphid population 270.18 aphids /10 shoot was recorded in the first week of February and at the fourth week of March. Synchronization in the appearance of mustard aphid predators Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae was population maximum 11.25 beetles/ 10 shoot and 5.90 larvae/10 shoot, respectively in fourth week of February that was one of the main reasons for the low multiplication of aphid population in 2013-14. During Rabi 2014-15 Maximum aphid population was recorded third week of February 385.12aphids/10 shoots with its predators population Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae 10.15 beetles/10 shoot and 4.80 larvae/10 shoot, respectively. Simple correlation studies to evaluate the instantaneous effects of the meteorological variables revealed that of the abiotic factors (Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall), the temperature had the biggest role in the buildup of the mustard aphid population. The appearance of Coccinella spp. and the larvae of Syrphid flies were positively correlated with temperature, while there was negative correlation with the incidence of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi. There was positive correlation between the population of aphid and relative humidity.
The maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (swinhoe) is one of the most destructive pests of maize. It... more The maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (swinhoe) is one of the most destructive pests of maize. It's magnitude of damage range from 26.7 to 80.4 per cent. Among the various insecticides evaluated against the maize stem borer, Furadan 3 G @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha treated maize crop showed highest reduction and gave higher cob yield followed by cartap hydrochloride 4 G and fipronil 5 SC treated plot. The highest net income and cost : benefit ratio was obtained from furadan 3 G followed by cartap hydrochloride 4 G and fipronil 5 SC, which was the economical than others. Efficacy of the treatments in order to their superiority were furadan 3 G > cartap hydrochloride 4 G > fipronil 5 SC > takumi 20 WG > methomyl 40 SP > endosulfan 35 EC and reeva 5 EC, respectively. However, these insecticides were also found significantly better compared to the check. Maize (Zea mays L.) occupies an important place in Indian agriculture. It ranks third next only to wheat and rice with respect to both production and area. It can be grown over a diverse environment and geographical range than any other cereal crop and can be utilized in many ways like other grain crop. Maize can be grown over a wide environmental range. It is a crop of warm countries. Although maize can be grown in all the season in India, but Kharif (Monsoon) is the main growing season in Northern India. The most suitable temperature for germination is 21 C and for growth 32 C. Annual rainfall requirements vary from 513 mm in Karnataka to about 2200 mm at Almora, Utter Pradesh (1). The maize stem borer, Chilo partellus is the key and most serious pest of maize that caused 26.7 to 80.4 % loss in grain yield under varied agro climatic condition (2). Chilo partellus is principally a pest of maize, but it has also been recorded on a number of other crops viz., rice, sugarcane, and Sudan grasses. It attacks on all the parts of plant except roots. The young larvae after hatching feed initially on the leaves and thereafter attack on the growing point of the plant that resulted the formation of dead hearts. The larvae generally cause severe tunneling in the stem, as a result of which the plant remains stonned and weak. Maize stem borer not only cause the quantitative losses but also adversely affected the quality of the fodder. In spite of having certain inherent limitation, in most of the cases use of chemical insecticide still remains the practical and economically tool to combat this pest. Now-days, many emerging insecticides are available in the market with good efficacy to maize stem borer and other pest. It is very difficult to control the stalk borer, because of cryptic and nocturnal habits of adult moth and protection provided by the stem to the adult moth. Moreover, maize crop is mainly grown by poor and marginal farmers who can't afford costly insecticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study on management of stem borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe was carried out during Kharif, 2010 at Students' Instructional farm of the Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block design replicated thrice with 6 m x 5 m sized plots. Kanchan variety of maize was sown and regularly monitored in the morning hours at weekly intervals to observe the infestation of stem borer from germination to harvest. All the treatments were applied at economic threshold level of stem borer (> 10 % infestation). The infestation of stem borer on maize was observed by counting the dead hearts, infested leaves, shoots holes and damage cobs starting one day before and after the treatment regularly on 10 randomly selected plants/ plot at weekly intervals and was converted into mean per cent. The per cent reduction was worked out to know the magnitude of infestation in respected to each Progressive Research 9 (2) : 284-286 (2014) Society for Sci. Dev. in Agric. and Tech.
A field experiment on mustard var. Varuna was conducted during Rabi season of the years 2013-14 a... more A field experiment on mustard var. Varuna was conducted during Rabi season of the years 2013-14 and 2014-15 at CSAUA&T, Kanpur. Among the various insecticides evaluated against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre showed the highest reduction Significantly lower mean aphid intensity 14 days after second the spray 6.89 and19.66 aphids/ 10 cm apical shoot were recorded on the crop treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL with 94.09 and 90.34 percent reduction over control which provided significantly highest seed yield 2287 and 2235 kg/ha with 40.73 and 37.79 per cent increase in yield, respectively. Application of Thiamethoxam 25% WP was found second best treatment with 8.49 and 23.46aphids/ 10 cm apical shoot 14 days after second spraying with 89.91 and 87.54 percent reduction over control during both year with provided 2229 and 2216 kg/ha with 37.71 and 36.62 percent increase in yield. The ranking of insecticides on the basis of per cent reduction over control after second spraying after 14 days for the management of aphids most effective were imidacloprid 17.8SL and thiametoxam 25 WP and the least effective was spinosad 45 SC. Among biopesticides M.anisopoliae 1.15 WP was more effective than B.bassiana 1.15WP.Among the chemical insecticides imidacloprid 17.8 SL was found safe followed by thiamethoxam 25WP with less number of per cent reducing over control.
The experiments were carried out with three varieties of chickpea. Ovipositional preference in fi... more The experiments were carried out with three varieties of chickpea. Ovipositional preference in first 72 hrs was in order of in variety PG-186(56.50>PUSA-362(56.30)>KWR-108(49.00). The PG-186 and PUSA-362 was at par with each other. Fecundity of pulse beetle found maximum in PUSA-362. Hatching percent was found maximum in PUSA-362(95.29) followed by PG-186(94.78) and KWR-108(90.43). Developmental period of maximum in 36.50 days was found in variety KWR-108 followed by PG-186(36.00 days) and PUSA-362(35.00 days). The percent of adult emergence was recorded in sequence wise as PUSA-362(71.19)>PG-186(69.39)> KWR-108(60.20). Sex ratio of male and female (M:F) was found lowest in PUSA-362(1:1.42) followed by PG-186(1:1.48) and KWR-1O8 (1:72). Adult longevity was maximum in PUSA-362 Male (10.50) and female (9.50 days). Growth index was highest in PUSA-362(1.83) followed by PG-186(1.80) and KWR-108 (1.59).Seed damage percent maximum in PUSA-362(97.77) followed by PG-186(95.22) and minimum on KWR-108 (90.12) with weight loss percent maximum in PUSA-362(29.61) followed by PG-186(27.80) and minimum in KWR-108(23.38). Form the present investigation it can be concluded that the varieties in which bruchids had shortest developmental period favored to increase the population rapidly in a particular time which cause maximum loss in storage. Key words : De vel op men tal re sponse, pulse bee tle, va ri et ies, drickpea. Chick pea is known as king of Pulse crop. In order to meet requirement of protein for increasing population, it is necessary to save the losses of pulses during storage along with increase the production of pulses in India. India contributes the major share to the global chickpea area (65%) and production (68%). In India, it was grown in 8.75 mha area with a production of 8.25 mt (1). The insects causing damage to stored Pulses are pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L), Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts.), Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica Fab.) Among these, pulse beetle is most important pest as it infest chick pea both in field and storage .The bruchids are most degradable store grain pest, causing loss of nearly 0.21 million tones,costing6.85 million rupees. MATERALS AND METHODS The varieties of chickpea viz PUSA-362,PG-186 and KWR-108 were obtained from the university seed processing plant the collected seed were disinfected with aluminium phosphide to avoid previous infestation before start the experiment. (i) Ovipositional preference : The experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Ovipositional preference of C chinensis was determined by the number of eggs laid on different varieties. One hundred seeds of each variety in each replication were kept separately in plastic container and were arranged in trough in circular manner. Among the arranged plastic tubes (open mouth), one empty container was placed in the center of the trough in which 20 pairs of 0-24 hr old bruchids was released. The mouth of trough was covered with muslin cloth to avoid bruchid escape. The number of eggs laid on each variety was counted separately after 72 hr. of insects release to work out ovipositional preference. (ii) Ovipositional period and fecundity : The experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design with four replications. One pair of freshly emerged (0-24 hr. old) beetle was released in fresh seeds 30 of each variety separately for egg laying and was kept in plastic tubes. The mouth of each tube was covered with muslin cloth. Later on, after observing the Pro gres sive Re search 8 (Special) : 445-448 (2013) So ci ety for Sci. Dev. in Agric. and Tech.
To determine the populations build up of mustard aphid and their natural enemies in relation to b... more To determine the populations build up of mustard aphid and their natural enemies in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. Field experiment was conducted C.S.A. University of Agriculture and technology Kanpur during the rabi season (OctoberMarch) of 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively. The maximum aphid population 270.18 aphids /10 shoot was recorded in the first week of February and at the fourth week of March. Synchronization in the appearance of mustard aphid predators Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae was population maximum 11.25 beetles/ 10 shoot and 5.90 larvae/10 shoot, respectively in fourth week of February that was one of the main reasons for the low multiplication of aphid population in 2013-14. During Rabi 2014-15 Maximum aphid population was recorded third week of February 385.12aphids/10 shoots with its predators population Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae 10.15 beetles/10 shoot and 4.80 larvae/10 shoot, respectively. Simple correlation studies to evaluate the instant...
Background: The prime intention of this research work was to assess the effect of synthetic insec... more Background: The prime intention of this research work was to assess the effect of synthetic insecticides and bio-pesticide against
Trichoderma species are widely used to control phytopathogenic fungi and some isolates can increa... more Trichoderma species are widely used to control phytopathogenic fungi and some isolates can increase plant growth. Tested the effects of tomato seedling germination, vegetation, plant height, number of branches, fruit weight, shoot fresh and dry shoot weight and root fresh and dry weight in tomato crop, when seedlings are treated and sprayed in a field Trichoderma isolates were interestingly increased growth of plants. The seedling treated and crop spraying with Trichoderma isolates (T6) had marked super significantly increase in Plant height, number of branches, number of fruits, fruits weight, and increase in fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root and checked the disease severity after the application of Trichoderma isolates in field and the found that seedling treatment with Trichoderma isolates and application of Trichoderma isolates in field by spraying had control the disease in the field. As per observation of data It was noticed that in treatment (T6) is less disease severity comparison to others treatment.
Greengram (Vigna radiate L.) is a major source protein and plays a vital role in a balanced diet.... more Greengram (Vigna radiate L.) is a major source protein and plays a vital role in a balanced diet. The experiment conducted at Agriculture Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University to screen botanicals against leafhopper, Empoasca kerri on greengram during the summer season of 2018. The present experiment resulted that the incidence of E. kerri started from 17 th SMW and reached a peak in 21 st SMW during the summer season. Environment factors like temperature, minimum relative humidity and maximum wind speed had exhibited statistically non-significant positive correlation and the rest of the factors (maximum relative humidity, minimum wind speed and rainfall) showed a negative correlation with leafhopper population. Application of thiomethaxam 25WG @ 0.004% was found significantly effective in leafhopper population decline at both sprayings. Among the botanicals, neem oil @ 3% and madar leaf extract @ 3% also had the potential to control leafhopper population of greengram. Botanical oils and extracts can be used in combination with low concentration of synthetic insecticides to reduce chemical pressure.
A Study on effects of different hosts on biology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) was carried out... more A Study on effects of different hosts on biology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) was carried out under laboratory conditions at 26±2°C and 65±5% R. H. indicated that the incubation period of eggs of C. carnea females feeding on different hosts as larvae was significantly different from each other. The biology of C. carnea was completed in 26 days on A. craccivora followed by A. gossypii (31 days) and Corcyra cephalonica (45 days). A single larva of C. carnea consumed A. gossypii and 97.33 eggs of Corcyra cephalonica followed by A. gossypii (80.00±2.65 nymphs/adults) and A. craccivora (64.33±0.67 nymphs/adults) per day. However, the all three larval instars of C. carnea consumed 369.00±6.11 eggs of C. cephalonica followed by A. gossypii (277.67±4.37 nymphs/adults) and A. craccivora (206.67±1.86 nymphs/adults) during whole larval period.
The infestation to know, the biology of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in laboratory condi... more The infestation to know, the biology of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in laboratory condition on mustard crop was carried out at Students Instructional Farm of C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur during 2013-14.The aphid was found to be reproducing exclusively by viviparous parthenogenesis from January to March. During this period, the aphid was raised, on an average eight generations, two coexisted in January, three in February and three in March. The pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive, and longevity period varied from 4.0 to 19.0 days, 4.0 to 29.0 days, 3.0 to 15.0 days, and 15.0 to 57.0 days, respectively, and average number of young ones/aphid, average number of young ones/aphid/day and maximum number of young ones produced in one day/aphid varied from 16.0 to 115.0, 3.9 to 6.4 and 5.
The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H... more The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H. armigera (Hubner) in Cicer arietinum under field condition" was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19. Seven chemical among the one spilt dose and neem oil compared with uncontrolled were tested for their bio efficacy towards regarding reduction of larvae number and loss of pod damaged percent recorded.Significant lower mean pod borer population after first spray within 24 hours 2.00 larvae/5plant were recorded on the crop treated with Indoxacarb 14.5% SC with dose (0.70ml/lit) with 16.32% and 16.22% reduction over control which provide significantly highest yield 1.53 and 1.56kg with additional yield over control 1.12kg found most effective treatment. The lower dose(0.5ml/lit) of same insecticides after first day spray pod borer populations were recorded 2.33 and 2.66 larvae/5plant with 24.97 and 18.56 percent reduction over control during both year which provide 1.25kg and 1.33kg with 0.86kg additional yield over control had second effective treatment. The ascending ranking of insecticide on the basis of percent reduction over control for the management of pod borer was Indoxacarb 14.5% SC(0.70& 0.5
The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H... more The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H. armigera (Hubner) in Cicer arietinum under field condition" was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19. Seven chemical among the one spilt dose and neem oil compared with uncontrolled were tested for their bio efficacy towards regarding reduction of larvae number and loss of pod damaged percent recorded.Significant lower mean pod borer population after first spray within 24 hours 2.00 larvae/5plant were recorded on the crop treated with Indoxacarb 14.5% SC with dose (0.70ml/lit) with 16.32% and 16.22% reduction over control which provide significantly highest yield 1.53 and 1.56kg with additional yield over control 1.12kg found most effective treatment. The lower dose(0.5ml/lit) of same insecticides after first day spray pod borer populations were recorded 2.33 and 2.66 larvae/5plant with 24.97 and 18.56 percent reduction over control during both year which provide 1.25kg and 1.33kg with 0.86kg additional yield over control had second effective treatment. The ascending ranking of insecticide on the basis of percent reduction over control for the management of pod borer was Indoxacarb 14.5% SC(0.70& 0.5
The population of Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera incidence was observed from eight standard weeks... more The population of Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera incidence was observed from eight standard weeks February (4 th week) to the first week of May maximum population was observed in first week of May 14.7larvae/5plant. Minimum population was observed fourth week of May (20 SW) after that population start decline rapidly up to (2017-18) the pest appeared on the chickpea crop in January second week and maximum population observed in fourth week of April 14 larvae/5plant. The population was slightly decline first week of May (2018-19).Simple correlation studies to evaluate the instantaneous effect of the meteorological variables revealed that of the density independent factors (mini. & maxi temp, rainfall and R.H.) Temp. had played biggest role in pod borer population builds up. There was positive correlation between incidence of pest and temp and rainfall. There was no significant correlation between pod borer population and relative humidity. The correlation between pod borers with biotic factor (natural enemies) was not found significant.
Aim: The screening of eight varieties of Indian mustard against aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. Must... more Aim: The screening of eight varieties of Indian mustard against aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. Mustard aphid most destructive and serious pest cause damage to the crop by suck the sap appeared from germination till maturity of mustard its result reduction in yield, low oil content and viability of seed get affected. Study Design: Experiment conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replication and eight treatments. The incidence of aphid start on eight varieties 8 WAS the peak period of aphid population third week of February, and maximum population found on the variety Varuna 285.7 aphid/10 cm top shoot portion and minimum population on the variety Rohini 110.5 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the 3 rd week of February. Overall maximum mean population of mustard aphid found on variety Varuna and minimum found on variety Rohini during 2013-14. The next year maximum population found on the second week of February on variety Varuna 281.3 aphids/10 cm apical shoot, and minimum found on variety Rohini 86.3 aphid/10 cm apical shoot on that week. Overall maximum mean population found on variety Varuna and minimum on variety Rohini during 2014-15. Results: The experiment carried out by using parameter Aphid Infestation Index (AII) at full flowering stage and at full pod formation stage found varieties Varuna and Vaibhav susceptible to the aphid incidence and Vardan, Uravasi, Maya, Ashirvad and Pitambari were found moderately resistant to aphid and variety Rohini found resistant to the aphid incidence which may be used as a check experimental material for screening of varieties resistant to aphid during both year.
The field experiment was carried out at student instructional farm of C.S. Azad University of Agr... more The field experiment was carried out at student instructional farm of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during rabi season 2013-14 and 2014-15 to know the screening of mustard varieties resistance against mustard aphid. The screening of eight varieties of Indian mustard against aphid but not a single variety was resistant to the aphid. The effect show that plant sap feeder most destructive pest; Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) appeared from germination till maturity of the crop. The incidence of aphid start on eight varieties eight week after sowing the peak period of aphid population third week of February, and maximum population found on the variety Varuna 285.7 aphid/10 cm top shoot portion and minimum population on the variety Rohini 110.5 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the 3 rd week of February. Overall maximum mean population of mustard aphid found on variety Varuna and minimum found on variety Rohini during 2013-14.The next year maximum population found on the second week of February on variety Varuna 281.3 aphids/10 cm apical shoot, and minimum found on variety Rohini 86.3 aphid/10 cm apical shoot on that week. Overall maximum mean population found on variety Varuna and minimum on variety Rohini during 2014-15. On the basis aphid infestation index (AII) at full flowering stage and at full pod formation stage found varieties Varuna and Vaibhav susceptible to the aphid incidence and Vardan, Uravasi, Maya, Ashirvad and Pitambari were found moderately resistant to aphid and variety Rohini found resistant to the aphid incidence which may be used as a check experimental material for screening of varieties resistant to aphid during both year.
S Significantly lowest aphid intensity of 7.3 and 7.4 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the seasonal t... more S Significantly lowest aphid intensity of 7.3 and 7.4 aphids/10 cm apical shoot on the seasonal total emergence to maturity (ST) was noticed on 15 th October sown crop during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively, which provided significantly highest seed yield of 1800.1 and 1945.0 kg/ha in the respective year. Sowing of variety Rohini on 15 th October during both years proved to be best combination as received significantly lower mean aphid intensity, 58.6 and 60.4 aphids/10 cm apical shoot. This also gave significantly superior seed yield, 1670.7 and 1915.1 kg/ha seed yield during 1 st and 2 nd year.
Pea nut is legume crop having fourth valuable oilseed in the world. Large number of insect pest a... more Pea nut is legume crop having fourth valuable oilseed in the world. Large number of insect pest attack on this crop but only few defoliator crossed economic threshold level and decrease production. Advanced breeding lines possessing resistance to major insect pests is in pipe line. Biocontrol agents like NPV against Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armygera, and thuricides for red hairy caterpillar. Early sowing of groundnut escape incidence of pest as well as use resistance variety like BG-2, M13, ICGV8603 and ICG57 Ground intercropped with soybean, pearl millets and cowpea at the rate of 4:1 to avoid the outbreak of pest leaf minor. New approaches like pheromones for gram pod borer, tobacco caterpillar and leaf miner, and use of neem products against major insect pests would go a long way in reducing the economic pressure of farmers. If all possible pest management tools are integrated in an optimum proportion and proper monitoring of pests activity is strengthened further, maximum production gained by farmer.
The various management strategies has been developed for the management of early blight of tomato... more The various management strategies has been developed for the management of early blight of tomato but no one has been proved quite effective as due to the development of new fungal pathotypes. The pathogen Alternaria solani has developed resistant against various systemic and contact fungicides due to their wide usage under field and controlled conditions. Due to their wide consumption there must be need to developed a technology or strategy to manage this disease in an effective manner which could be beneficial for the environment as well. Dual culture results showed that Trichoderma isolates substantially inhibited the growth of tested fungi In case of Alternaria solani a maximum inhibition of 54.16% was recorded in T-6 and followed by 43.85% in T-5, where in T-4 is 41.22 % and in T-1 is 40.22 % followed by T-2 and T-3 is 37.71%, and 37.28%.
Significance of statements: This study showed that Temperature and humidity like abiotic factors ... more Significance of statements: This study showed that Temperature and humidity like abiotic factors play key role to control mustard aphid population and Biotic factors like Coccinella Septempunctata and Syrphid fly like predators helpful for decline the aphid population. Abstract To determine the populations build up of mustard aphid and their natural enemies in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. Field experiment was conducted C.S.A. University of Agriculture and technology Kanpur during the rabi season (October-March) of 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively. The maximum aphid population 270.18 aphids /10 shoot was recorded in the first week of February and at the fourth week of March. Synchronization in the appearance of mustard aphid predators Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae was population maximum 11.25 beetles/ 10 shoot and 5.90 larvae/10 shoot, respectively in fourth week of February that was one of the main reasons for the low multiplication of aphid population in 2013-14. During Rabi 2014-15 Maximum aphid population was recorded third week of February 385.12aphids/10 shoots with its predators population Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae 10.15 beetles/10 shoot and 4.80 larvae/10 shoot, respectively. Simple correlation studies to evaluate the instantaneous effects of the meteorological variables revealed that of the abiotic factors (Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall), the temperature had the biggest role in the buildup of the mustard aphid population. The appearance of Coccinella spp. and the larvae of Syrphid flies were positively correlated with temperature, while there was negative correlation with the incidence of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi. There was positive correlation between the population of aphid and relative humidity.
The maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (swinhoe) is one of the most destructive pests of maize. It... more The maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (swinhoe) is one of the most destructive pests of maize. It's magnitude of damage range from 26.7 to 80.4 per cent. Among the various insecticides evaluated against the maize stem borer, Furadan 3 G @ 1.00 kg a.i./ha treated maize crop showed highest reduction and gave higher cob yield followed by cartap hydrochloride 4 G and fipronil 5 SC treated plot. The highest net income and cost : benefit ratio was obtained from furadan 3 G followed by cartap hydrochloride 4 G and fipronil 5 SC, which was the economical than others. Efficacy of the treatments in order to their superiority were furadan 3 G > cartap hydrochloride 4 G > fipronil 5 SC > takumi 20 WG > methomyl 40 SP > endosulfan 35 EC and reeva 5 EC, respectively. However, these insecticides were also found significantly better compared to the check. Maize (Zea mays L.) occupies an important place in Indian agriculture. It ranks third next only to wheat and rice with respect to both production and area. It can be grown over a diverse environment and geographical range than any other cereal crop and can be utilized in many ways like other grain crop. Maize can be grown over a wide environmental range. It is a crop of warm countries. Although maize can be grown in all the season in India, but Kharif (Monsoon) is the main growing season in Northern India. The most suitable temperature for germination is 21 C and for growth 32 C. Annual rainfall requirements vary from 513 mm in Karnataka to about 2200 mm at Almora, Utter Pradesh (1). The maize stem borer, Chilo partellus is the key and most serious pest of maize that caused 26.7 to 80.4 % loss in grain yield under varied agro climatic condition (2). Chilo partellus is principally a pest of maize, but it has also been recorded on a number of other crops viz., rice, sugarcane, and Sudan grasses. It attacks on all the parts of plant except roots. The young larvae after hatching feed initially on the leaves and thereafter attack on the growing point of the plant that resulted the formation of dead hearts. The larvae generally cause severe tunneling in the stem, as a result of which the plant remains stonned and weak. Maize stem borer not only cause the quantitative losses but also adversely affected the quality of the fodder. In spite of having certain inherent limitation, in most of the cases use of chemical insecticide still remains the practical and economically tool to combat this pest. Now-days, many emerging insecticides are available in the market with good efficacy to maize stem borer and other pest. It is very difficult to control the stalk borer, because of cryptic and nocturnal habits of adult moth and protection provided by the stem to the adult moth. Moreover, maize crop is mainly grown by poor and marginal farmers who can't afford costly insecticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study on management of stem borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe was carried out during Kharif, 2010 at Students' Instructional farm of the Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block design replicated thrice with 6 m x 5 m sized plots. Kanchan variety of maize was sown and regularly monitored in the morning hours at weekly intervals to observe the infestation of stem borer from germination to harvest. All the treatments were applied at economic threshold level of stem borer (> 10 % infestation). The infestation of stem borer on maize was observed by counting the dead hearts, infested leaves, shoots holes and damage cobs starting one day before and after the treatment regularly on 10 randomly selected plants/ plot at weekly intervals and was converted into mean per cent. The per cent reduction was worked out to know the magnitude of infestation in respected to each Progressive Research 9 (2) : 284-286 (2014) Society for Sci. Dev. in Agric. and Tech.
A field experiment on mustard var. Varuna was conducted during Rabi season of the years 2013-14 a... more A field experiment on mustard var. Varuna was conducted during Rabi season of the years 2013-14 and 2014-15 at CSAUA&T, Kanpur. Among the various insecticides evaluated against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre showed the highest reduction Significantly lower mean aphid intensity 14 days after second the spray 6.89 and19.66 aphids/ 10 cm apical shoot were recorded on the crop treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL with 94.09 and 90.34 percent reduction over control which provided significantly highest seed yield 2287 and 2235 kg/ha with 40.73 and 37.79 per cent increase in yield, respectively. Application of Thiamethoxam 25% WP was found second best treatment with 8.49 and 23.46aphids/ 10 cm apical shoot 14 days after second spraying with 89.91 and 87.54 percent reduction over control during both year with provided 2229 and 2216 kg/ha with 37.71 and 36.62 percent increase in yield. The ranking of insecticides on the basis of per cent reduction over control after second spraying after 14 days for the management of aphids most effective were imidacloprid 17.8SL and thiametoxam 25 WP and the least effective was spinosad 45 SC. Among biopesticides M.anisopoliae 1.15 WP was more effective than B.bassiana 1.15WP.Among the chemical insecticides imidacloprid 17.8 SL was found safe followed by thiamethoxam 25WP with less number of per cent reducing over control.
The experiments were carried out with three varieties of chickpea. Ovipositional preference in fi... more The experiments were carried out with three varieties of chickpea. Ovipositional preference in first 72 hrs was in order of in variety PG-186(56.50>PUSA-362(56.30)>KWR-108(49.00). The PG-186 and PUSA-362 was at par with each other. Fecundity of pulse beetle found maximum in PUSA-362. Hatching percent was found maximum in PUSA-362(95.29) followed by PG-186(94.78) and KWR-108(90.43). Developmental period of maximum in 36.50 days was found in variety KWR-108 followed by PG-186(36.00 days) and PUSA-362(35.00 days). The percent of adult emergence was recorded in sequence wise as PUSA-362(71.19)>PG-186(69.39)> KWR-108(60.20). Sex ratio of male and female (M:F) was found lowest in PUSA-362(1:1.42) followed by PG-186(1:1.48) and KWR-1O8 (1:72). Adult longevity was maximum in PUSA-362 Male (10.50) and female (9.50 days). Growth index was highest in PUSA-362(1.83) followed by PG-186(1.80) and KWR-108 (1.59).Seed damage percent maximum in PUSA-362(97.77) followed by PG-186(95.22) and minimum on KWR-108 (90.12) with weight loss percent maximum in PUSA-362(29.61) followed by PG-186(27.80) and minimum in KWR-108(23.38). Form the present investigation it can be concluded that the varieties in which bruchids had shortest developmental period favored to increase the population rapidly in a particular time which cause maximum loss in storage. Key words : De vel op men tal re sponse, pulse bee tle, va ri et ies, drickpea. Chick pea is known as king of Pulse crop. In order to meet requirement of protein for increasing population, it is necessary to save the losses of pulses during storage along with increase the production of pulses in India. India contributes the major share to the global chickpea area (65%) and production (68%). In India, it was grown in 8.75 mha area with a production of 8.25 mt (1). The insects causing damage to stored Pulses are pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L), Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts.), Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica Fab.) Among these, pulse beetle is most important pest as it infest chick pea both in field and storage .The bruchids are most degradable store grain pest, causing loss of nearly 0.21 million tones,costing6.85 million rupees. MATERALS AND METHODS The varieties of chickpea viz PUSA-362,PG-186 and KWR-108 were obtained from the university seed processing plant the collected seed were disinfected with aluminium phosphide to avoid previous infestation before start the experiment. (i) Ovipositional preference : The experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Ovipositional preference of C chinensis was determined by the number of eggs laid on different varieties. One hundred seeds of each variety in each replication were kept separately in plastic container and were arranged in trough in circular manner. Among the arranged plastic tubes (open mouth), one empty container was placed in the center of the trough in which 20 pairs of 0-24 hr old bruchids was released. The mouth of trough was covered with muslin cloth to avoid bruchid escape. The number of eggs laid on each variety was counted separately after 72 hr. of insects release to work out ovipositional preference. (ii) Ovipositional period and fecundity : The experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design with four replications. One pair of freshly emerged (0-24 hr. old) beetle was released in fresh seeds 30 of each variety separately for egg laying and was kept in plastic tubes. The mouth of each tube was covered with muslin cloth. Later on, after observing the Pro gres sive Re search 8 (Special) : 445-448 (2013) So ci ety for Sci. Dev. in Agric. and Tech.
To determine the populations build up of mustard aphid and their natural enemies in relation to b... more To determine the populations build up of mustard aphid and their natural enemies in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. Field experiment was conducted C.S.A. University of Agriculture and technology Kanpur during the rabi season (OctoberMarch) of 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively. The maximum aphid population 270.18 aphids /10 shoot was recorded in the first week of February and at the fourth week of March. Synchronization in the appearance of mustard aphid predators Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae was population maximum 11.25 beetles/ 10 shoot and 5.90 larvae/10 shoot, respectively in fourth week of February that was one of the main reasons for the low multiplication of aphid population in 2013-14. During Rabi 2014-15 Maximum aphid population was recorded third week of February 385.12aphids/10 shoots with its predators population Coccinella spp. and Syrphid larvae 10.15 beetles/10 shoot and 4.80 larvae/10 shoot, respectively. Simple correlation studies to evaluate the instant...
Background: The prime intention of this research work was to assess the effect of synthetic insec... more Background: The prime intention of this research work was to assess the effect of synthetic insecticides and bio-pesticide against
Trichoderma species are widely used to control phytopathogenic fungi and some isolates can increa... more Trichoderma species are widely used to control phytopathogenic fungi and some isolates can increase plant growth. Tested the effects of tomato seedling germination, vegetation, plant height, number of branches, fruit weight, shoot fresh and dry shoot weight and root fresh and dry weight in tomato crop, when seedlings are treated and sprayed in a field Trichoderma isolates were interestingly increased growth of plants. The seedling treated and crop spraying with Trichoderma isolates (T6) had marked super significantly increase in Plant height, number of branches, number of fruits, fruits weight, and increase in fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root and checked the disease severity after the application of Trichoderma isolates in field and the found that seedling treatment with Trichoderma isolates and application of Trichoderma isolates in field by spraying had control the disease in the field. As per observation of data It was noticed that in treatment (T6) is less disease severity comparison to others treatment.
Greengram (Vigna radiate L.) is a major source protein and plays a vital role in a balanced diet.... more Greengram (Vigna radiate L.) is a major source protein and plays a vital role in a balanced diet. The experiment conducted at Agriculture Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University to screen botanicals against leafhopper, Empoasca kerri on greengram during the summer season of 2018. The present experiment resulted that the incidence of E. kerri started from 17 th SMW and reached a peak in 21 st SMW during the summer season. Environment factors like temperature, minimum relative humidity and maximum wind speed had exhibited statistically non-significant positive correlation and the rest of the factors (maximum relative humidity, minimum wind speed and rainfall) showed a negative correlation with leafhopper population. Application of thiomethaxam 25WG @ 0.004% was found significantly effective in leafhopper population decline at both sprayings. Among the botanicals, neem oil @ 3% and madar leaf extract @ 3% also had the potential to control leafhopper population of greengram. Botanical oils and extracts can be used in combination with low concentration of synthetic insecticides to reduce chemical pressure.
A Study on effects of different hosts on biology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) was carried out... more A Study on effects of different hosts on biology of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) was carried out under laboratory conditions at 26±2°C and 65±5% R. H. indicated that the incubation period of eggs of C. carnea females feeding on different hosts as larvae was significantly different from each other. The biology of C. carnea was completed in 26 days on A. craccivora followed by A. gossypii (31 days) and Corcyra cephalonica (45 days). A single larva of C. carnea consumed A. gossypii and 97.33 eggs of Corcyra cephalonica followed by A. gossypii (80.00±2.65 nymphs/adults) and A. craccivora (64.33±0.67 nymphs/adults) per day. However, the all three larval instars of C. carnea consumed 369.00±6.11 eggs of C. cephalonica followed by A. gossypii (277.67±4.37 nymphs/adults) and A. craccivora (206.67±1.86 nymphs/adults) during whole larval period.
The infestation to know, the biology of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in laboratory condi... more The infestation to know, the biology of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in laboratory condition on mustard crop was carried out at Students Instructional Farm of C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur during 2013-14.The aphid was found to be reproducing exclusively by viviparous parthenogenesis from January to March. During this period, the aphid was raised, on an average eight generations, two coexisted in January, three in February and three in March. The pre-reproductive, reproductive and post-reproductive, and longevity period varied from 4.0 to 19.0 days, 4.0 to 29.0 days, 3.0 to 15.0 days, and 15.0 to 57.0 days, respectively, and average number of young ones/aphid, average number of young ones/aphid/day and maximum number of young ones produced in one day/aphid varied from 16.0 to 115.0, 3.9 to 6.4 and 5.
The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H... more The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H. armigera (Hubner) in Cicer arietinum under field condition" was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19. Seven chemical among the one spilt dose and neem oil compared with uncontrolled were tested for their bio efficacy towards regarding reduction of larvae number and loss of pod damaged percent recorded.Significant lower mean pod borer population after first spray within 24 hours 2.00 larvae/5plant were recorded on the crop treated with Indoxacarb 14.5% SC with dose (0.70ml/lit) with 16.32% and 16.22% reduction over control which provide significantly highest yield 1.53 and 1.56kg with additional yield over control 1.12kg found most effective treatment. The lower dose(0.5ml/lit) of same insecticides after first day spray pod borer populations were recorded 2.33 and 2.66 larvae/5plant with 24.97 and 18.56 percent reduction over control during both year which provide 1.25kg and 1.33kg with 0.86kg additional yield over control had second effective treatment. The ascending ranking of insecticide on the basis of percent reduction over control for the management of pod borer was Indoxacarb 14.5% SC(0.70& 0.5
The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H... more The present investigations entitled "Bio efficacy of new molecule insecticide against Pod borer H. armigera (Hubner) in Cicer arietinum under field condition" was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19. Seven chemical among the one spilt dose and neem oil compared with uncontrolled were tested for their bio efficacy towards regarding reduction of larvae number and loss of pod damaged percent recorded.Significant lower mean pod borer population after first spray within 24 hours 2.00 larvae/5plant were recorded on the crop treated with Indoxacarb 14.5% SC with dose (0.70ml/lit) with 16.32% and 16.22% reduction over control which provide significantly highest yield 1.53 and 1.56kg with additional yield over control 1.12kg found most effective treatment. The lower dose(0.5ml/lit) of same insecticides after first day spray pod borer populations were recorded 2.33 and 2.66 larvae/5plant with 24.97 and 18.56 percent reduction over control during both year which provide 1.25kg and 1.33kg with 0.86kg additional yield over control had second effective treatment. The ascending ranking of insecticide on the basis of percent reduction over control for the management of pod borer was Indoxacarb 14.5% SC(0.70& 0.5
The population of Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera incidence was observed from eight standard weeks... more The population of Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera incidence was observed from eight standard weeks February (4 th week) to the first week of May maximum population was observed in first week of May 14.7larvae/5plant. Minimum population was observed fourth week of May (20 SW) after that population start decline rapidly up to (2017-18) the pest appeared on the chickpea crop in January second week and maximum population observed in fourth week of April 14 larvae/5plant. The population was slightly decline first week of May (2018-19).Simple correlation studies to evaluate the instantaneous effect of the meteorological variables revealed that of the density independent factors (mini. & maxi temp, rainfall and R.H.) Temp. had played biggest role in pod borer population builds up. There was positive correlation between incidence of pest and temp and rainfall. There was no significant correlation between pod borer population and relative humidity. The correlation between pod borers with biotic factor (natural enemies) was not found significant.
Bioremediation is an environmentally friendly process using many different
microbes to weaken and... more Bioremediation is an environmentally friendly process using many different microbes to weaken and detoxify harmful pollutants in a parallel or sequential manner. Microorganisms (e.g., fungi and bacteria), green plants, or combinations of them used together can convert toxic pollutants into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), inorganic salts, microbial biomass, and other products that are less toxic—in effect, accelerating natural metabolic processes that result in these outcomes (Egamberdieva et al. 2008; Gupta and Sinha 2007; Pawar 2012; MohammadiSichani et al. 2019). In recent years, interest in exploring microbial biodegradation of toxins has been amplifed by human attempts to achieve a sustainable approach to purifcation and restoration of polluted habitats. Cleaning up polluted soil and water by use of organisms—including fungi, bacteria, and their enzymes—is a cost-effcient, sustainable, and natural approach (in comparison with other typical techniques) (Kumar and Dwivedi 2019). In bioremedial technologies, microbes are introduced to improve decomposition or elimination of organic and inorganic pollutants and harmful contaminants. Pollutant bioremediation can be achieved by various methods such as natural attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, or combinations of these methods (Bisht et al. 2019). Because of their consistent morphology and versatile metabolic ability, fungi play crucial roles as degraders and symbionts in the environment as a whole, including soil and aquatic habitats; thus, they are particularly suitable for bioremediation. Mycoremediation is a method of bioremediation using fungi to decontaminate contaminated areas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) primarily perform their functions in soil, achieving and altering the soil microbial balance. AMF primarily enhance soil microbe growth and restrict plant pathogen proliferation. Because of their symbiotic nature
Biocontrol provide quickly feasible so as to attain a well-balanced microbial association with a ... more Biocontrol provide quickly feasible so as to attain a well-balanced microbial association with a greatest of useful organisms prior to pathogens are present. It has long contemplated a prospective alternate to pesticidal plan of action for pest population reduction, but its impression and level of utilization worldwide remain self-deprecating and inconsistent. In this chapter discussed on the principles of biological control and recognize a series of limitation in the growth as well as comeback in conservation of natural enemies and considers the present time status. Future impact of this method embarrassment in pest management bioagents advanced toward at present time is frequently utilized for collection of external taxonomy characters for purpose of recognition and mass multiplication of various predator, parasitoids, and weed-killing agents for the purpose of reduction of pest population from agricultural crops. A succession of biocontrol techniques has been utilized on the basis "who feed on whom" query of food-web ecology; on that point of view, exotic natural enemies are introduced in India, and its conservation, colonization, and field release occurred for pest control; such successful case study with their future scope has been discussed. Bioagents improve unparalleled power to both explain and work on pest protective mechanisms inclusive of present within attraction toward attacked pests on plants. Rapid advances biocontrol will permit for evolution of still more new pest management alternative for which is comeback of to be expected restricted
Insect pests act as main barrier in enhancing yield potential of Brassica crops.
Lipaphis erysimi... more Insect pests act as main barrier in enhancing yield potential of Brassica crops. Lipaphis erysimi is considered as one of the most destructive insect species in mustard production due to its voracious type feeding and multiplication. Therefore application of insecticide is inevitable for cultivation of cruciferous crops, although systemic insecticides has been found to be suitable for management of aphid, despite of high cost, residual effect and ecological ramification have necessitated the application of bio and botanical insecticides as novel approach and are recorded significant in research. Aphids having exclusively viviparous parthenogenesis type reproduction from January to March month with the completion of eight generations are helpful in quick mass multiplication. Natural enemies Coccinella spp., Syrphid larvae and biopesticide found effective in suppress aphid numbers. Manipulation in sowing dates of mustard crop provides good yield and less incidence of aphid which is proved through research. Lack of environmental resistant varieties has dispensed toward non feasibility of conventional breeding approaches for developing aphid-resistant Brassica. Although application of genetic engineering plan has resulted in moderate success in development of aphid resistance, so far commercialization of such genetically modified crops has not conceivable, intimate the necessity of further insights in to host plant and aphid communication to form effective approach against aphid resistance. Therefore in this chapter the components involved in Brassica aphid communication are highlighted and present statuses and problem in aphid management are discussed
Contents 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Entomology and Agriculture 182 9.3 Na... more Contents 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Role of Nanotechnology in Entomology and Agriculture 182 9.3 Nanoscale Particles and Their Applications 183 9.4 Rearing of Polyphagous (H. armigera) on Artificial Diet 184 9.5 Application of Nanotechnology in the Management of Polyphagous Pests 185 9.5.1 Delivery of Silver Nanoparticles for Polyphagous Pest Management 185 9.5.2 Use of Nanopesticides for Pest Management 186 9.6 Future Possibilities for Nanopesticides 186 9.7 Conclusion 186 References 187
Extension dealing and proceed share directly or indirectly escalate the introduction
of insect pe... more Extension dealing and proceed share directly or indirectly escalate the introduction of insect pests into new areas, where they become serious pests. Continued use of inorganic insecticides by farmers (mainly for management of pests) over a period of years causes environmental and human health problems despite initially achieving success and being economically viable. Integrated pest management (IPM) involves surveying, recognition, and effective action for pest management
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microbes to weaken and detoxify harmful pollutants in a parallel or sequential manner. Microorganisms (e.g., fungi and bacteria), green plants, or combinations of
them used together can convert toxic pollutants into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
(H2O), inorganic salts, microbial biomass, and other products that are less toxic—in
effect, accelerating natural metabolic processes that result in these outcomes
(Egamberdieva et al. 2008; Gupta and Sinha 2007; Pawar 2012; MohammadiSichani et al. 2019).
In recent years, interest in exploring microbial biodegradation of toxins has been
amplifed by human attempts to achieve a sustainable approach to purifcation and
restoration of polluted habitats. Cleaning up polluted soil and water by use of organisms—including fungi, bacteria, and their enzymes—is a cost-effcient, sustainable,
and natural approach (in comparison with other typical techniques) (Kumar and
Dwivedi 2019). In bioremedial technologies, microbes are introduced to improve
decomposition or elimination of organic and inorganic pollutants and harmful contaminants. Pollutant bioremediation can be achieved by various methods such as
natural attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, or combinations of these
methods (Bisht et al. 2019). Because of their consistent morphology and versatile
metabolic ability, fungi play crucial roles as degraders and symbionts in the environment as a whole, including soil and aquatic habitats; thus, they are particularly
suitable for bioremediation. Mycoremediation is a method of bioremediation using
fungi to decontaminate contaminated areas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
primarily perform their functions in soil, achieving and altering the soil microbial
balance. AMF primarily enhance soil microbe growth and restrict plant pathogen
proliferation. Because of their symbiotic nature
Lipaphis erysimi is considered as one of the most destructive insect species in mustard
production due to its voracious type feeding and multiplication. Therefore application of insecticide is inevitable for cultivation of cruciferous crops, although systemic
insecticides has been found to be suitable for management of aphid, despite of high
cost, residual effect and ecological ramification have necessitated the application
of bio and botanical insecticides as novel approach and are recorded significant in
research. Aphids having exclusively viviparous parthenogenesis type reproduction
from January to March month with the completion of eight generations are helpful in
quick mass multiplication. Natural enemies Coccinella spp., Syrphid larvae and biopesticide found effective in suppress aphid numbers. Manipulation in sowing dates of
mustard crop provides good yield and less incidence of aphid which is proved through
research. Lack of environmental resistant varieties has dispensed toward non feasibility of conventional breeding approaches for developing aphid-resistant Brassica.
Although application of genetic engineering plan has resulted in moderate success in
development of aphid resistance, so far commercialization of such genetically modified crops has not conceivable, intimate the necessity of further insights in to host
plant and aphid communication to form effective approach against aphid resistance.
Therefore in this chapter the components involved in Brassica aphid communication
are highlighted and present statuses and problem in aphid management are discussed
of insect pests into new areas, where they become serious pests. Continued use of
inorganic insecticides by farmers (mainly for management of pests) over a period of
years causes environmental and human health problems despite initially achieving
success and being economically viable. Integrated pest management (IPM) involves
surveying, recognition, and effective action for pest management