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Identification of Acid Mine Drainage Potential Using Sentinel 2a Imagery and Field Data

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Abstract

Secondary iron minerals associated with acid mine drainage (AMD) such as copiapite, jarosite, schwertmannite, goethite, ferrihydrite, and hematite can be generated from pyrite oxidation. This study was an effort to determine the AMD potential of the Darrehzar mine, a porphyry copper mine in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc, using remote sensing and field data. The spectral angle mapper method was applied on Sentinel 2a images to identify AMD minerals and classify the study area. The produced map was verified by field surveys and laboratory analysis of rocks and sediments as well as pH and electrical conductivity measurements of water samples. Jarosite–clay group minerals were detected in the mine pit and in an active waste dump, and jarosite–goethite and goethite–hematite group minerals were identified in inactive waste dumps. Moreover, acidic water was observed in the pit, while the neutral water was where it arrives and discharges from the mine.

Zusammenfassung

Sekundäre Eisenminerale, die an saure Grubenwässer (AMD) gebunden sind, wie z.B. Copiapit, Jarosit, Schwertmannit, Goethit, Ferrihydrit und Hämatit, können durch Pyritoxidation gebildet werden. Diese Studie verfolgte das Ziel, mittels Fernerkundung und Felddaten das Auftreten von sauren Grubenwässern in der Darrehzar Mine, einer Porphyrkupfermine im Känozoischen Kerman Bogen, zu bestimmen. Die Spektralwinkelmethode wurde auf Sentinel-2a-Bilder angewandt, um AMD-Minerale zu identifizieren und das Untersuchungsgebiet zu klassifizieren. Die entstandene Karte wurde durch Felddaten, Laboranalysen von Gesteinen und Sedimenten sowie pH-Werte und elektrische Leitfähigkeiten von Wasserproben verifiziert. Im Tagebau und in der radioaktiven Abraumhalde wurden Jarosit-Tonminerale und im nichtradioaktiven Abraum wurden Minerale der Jarosit-Goethit-Gruppe und der Goethit-Hämatit-Gruppe gefunden. Zudem wurde saures Grubenwasser im Tagebau beobachtet, während aus der Grube neutrals Wasser strömt.

Resumen

Los minerales de hierro secundarios asociados con el drenaje ácido de mina (DAM) como copiapita, jarosita, schwertmannita, goetita, ferrihidrita y hematita pueden generarse a partir de la oxidación de pirita. Este estudio fue un esfuerzo para determinar el potencial de generación de AMD de la mina Darrehzar, una mina de pórfido de cobre en el arco magmático Kerman Cenozoico, utilizando sensores remotos y datos de campo. El método del ángulo espectral se aplicó en las imágenes del Sentinel 2a para identificar los minerales de AMD y clasificar el área de estudio. El mapa producido se verificó mediante estudios de campo y análisis de laboratorio de rocas y sedimentos, así como mediciones de pH y conductividad eléctrica de muestras de agua. Los minerales del grupo de jarosita-arcilla se detectaron en el pozo de la mina y en un vertedero activo de desechos; los minerales del grupo de jarosita-goethita y goethita-hematita se identificaron en los vertederos inactivos de desechos. Además, se observó agua ácida en el hoyo de la mina mientras que el agua neutra estaba donde llegaba y se descargaba de la mina.

抽象

与酸性矿山废水(AMD)相关的叶绿矾、黄钾铁矾、施氏矿、针铁矿、水铁矿、赤铁矿等次生铁矿物由黄铁矿氧化而成。利用遥感及野外资料研究了Kerman新生代岩浆弧Darrehzar斑岩铜矿的产酸潜力。在哨兵(Sentinel) 2a图像上,应用光谱角度映射法(spectral angle mapper method) 识别产酸矿物,划分产酸类型分区。利用野外调查、岩矿室内测试分析和水样的pH值、电导率测试等数据验证了产酸类型分区成果图。矿坑和生产矿井矸石堆上检测到黄钾铁矾-粘土类矿物;非生产矿井矸石堆上检测到黄钾铁矾-针铁矿、针铁矿-赤铁矿类矿物。矿坑内的水呈酸性,而流入和流出矿井的水呈中性。

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

modified from Moeen Vaziri 2004), b detailed geological map of Darrehzar porphyry copper deposit

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Acknowledgements

The authors are sincerely grateful to the geologists and staff of the Sarcheshmeh and Darrehzar copper mines for providing the facilities and helping us during our field work and sample collection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

    Aliyeh Seifi, Mahdieh Hosseinjanizadeh & Mehdi Honarmand

  2. Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran

    Hojjatolah Ranjbar

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  1. Aliyeh Seifi
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  2. Mahdieh Hosseinjanizadeh
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  3. Hojjatolah Ranjbar
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  4. Mehdi Honarmand
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Correspondence to Mahdieh Hosseinjanizadeh.

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Seifi, A., Hosseinjanizadeh, M., Ranjbar, H. et al. Identification of Acid Mine Drainage Potential Using Sentinel 2a Imagery and Field Data. Mine Water Environ 38, 707–717 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-019-00632-2

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