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The crucial role of ocean–atmosphere coupling on the Indian monsoon anomalous response during dipole events

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Abstract

This paper examines an issue concerning the simulation of anomalously wet Indian summer monsoons like 1994 which co-occurred with strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean. Contrary to observations it has been noticed that standalone atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM) forced with observed SST boundary condition, consistently depicted a decrease of the summer monsoon rainfall during 1994 over the Indian region. Given the ocean–atmosphere coupling during IOD events, we have examined whether the failure of standalone AGCM simulations in capturing wet Indian monsoons like 1994 can be remedied by including a simple form of coupling that allows the monsoon circulation to dynamically interact with the IOD anomalies. With this view, we have performed a suite of simulations by coupling an AGCM to a slab-ocean model with spatially varying mixed-layer-depth (MLD) specified from observations for the 1994 IOD; as well as four other cases (1983, 1997, 2006, 2007). The specification of spatially varying MLD from observations allows us to constrain the model to observed IOD conditions. It is seen that the inclusion of coupling significantly improves the large-scale circulation response by strengthening the monsoon cross-equatorial flow; leading to precipitation enhancement over the subcontinent and rainfall decrease over south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean—in a manner broadly consistent with observations. A plausible physical mechanism is suggested to explain the monsoonal response in the coupled frame-work. These results warrant the need for improved monsoon simulations with fully coupled models to be able to better capture the observed monsoon interannual variability.

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Notes

  1. The list of IOD events can be found in Yamagata et al. (2004) and Meyers et al. (2007).

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Acknowledgments

We thank Prof. B.N. Goswami, Director, IITM for all the support and necessary infrastructural facilities. We are also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers and the Editor Jean-Claude Duplessy for the constructive reviews.

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Author notes

  1. Suchithra Sundaram

    Present address: Institut d` Astronomie de Geophysique G. Lemaitre, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

  2. Vinay Kumar

    Present address: Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Climate and Global Modelling Division, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, NCL, Post, Pune, 411008, India

    R. Krishnan, Suchithra Sundaram, P. Swapna, Vinay Kumar, D. C. Ayantika & M. Mujumdar

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Krishnan, R., Sundaram, S., Swapna, P. et al. The crucial role of ocean–atmosphere coupling on the Indian monsoon anomalous response during dipole events. Clim Dyn 37, 1–17 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0830-2

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