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Commensal relation between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within pine trees

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Abstract

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle causes pine wilt disease and is transmitted by Monochamus alternatus Hope adults in Japan. To determine the effects of the beetle larvae on the nematode population and the effects of the nematode population on beetle larval growth, we inoculated fresh pine bolts with various combinations of B. xylophilus, M. alternatus, and the blue-stain fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Syd. & P. Syd., the food of the nematodes. We also compared the content of ergosterol among the phloem, xylem, and larval frass. The nematode density was 22 or 25 times higher in frass than in phloem and the lowest in xylem, indicating positive effects of beetle larvae on the nematode population growth. Frass had twice higher ergosterol content than the phloem, indicating the fungal mycelial content was greatest in the frass. The difference in the content of fungal mycelia could explain in part the difference in B. xylophilus density between the frass and phloem. By contrast, B. xylophilus did not affect the growth and developmental rate of M. alternatus. This study showed that the relation between the beetle and nematode populations changes from mutualism to commensalism corresponding to the dispersal to reproduction stages of the nematode population.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. W. Toki for providing some adults and larvae of Taiwanese M. alternatus and to staff members of University of Tokyo Tanashi Forest, University of Tokyo, for helping to transfer pine logs. We also thank Prof. Y. Yamaoka of Tsukuba University and two anonymous reviewers for the information on the dispersal of blue-stain fungi and for invaluable comments, respectively. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI grants (nos. 22380081 and 26292080). The introduction of prohibited articles was permitted under special conditions by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan (21Y1218).

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Author notes

  1. Osamu Miyauchi

    Present address: Laboratory of Agricultural and Development Economics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan

    Katsumi Togashi

  2. Major in Forest Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan

    Osamu Miyauchi

  3. University of Tokyo Tanashi Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan

    Dai Kusumoto

  4. Laboratory of Forest Botany, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan

    Norihisa Matsushita

Authors
  1. Katsumi Togashi
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  2. Osamu Miyauchi
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  3. Dai Kusumoto
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  4. Norihisa Matsushita
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Correspondence to Katsumi Togashi.

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Togashi, K., Miyauchi, O., Kusumoto, D. et al. Commensal relation between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within pine trees. Appl Entomol Zool 51, 53–62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-015-0370-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-015-0370-7

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