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Human Thermoregulation and Injury Evaluation in Fire Environments: A Review

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Abstract

Fire environments impose severe effects on the human body through thermal radiation, smoke particles, and toxic gases. This review focuses on human injury mechanisms including human thermoregulation, heat strains, skin injuries, and inhalation injuries in fire environments. Human thermal models and their coupling system with CFD and thermal sweating manikin were proposed to investigate human physiological responses in various environments with better prediction accuracy, based on which heat strains were evaluated. Heat and mass transfer simulation, and bench-scale and full-scale experimental studies were adopted to evaluate skin burn injuries. Moreover, testing techniques and standards related to both the protective fabric and clothing were summarized. The difficulty in inhalation injuries study lies in the direct measurement of the airflow field inside the respiratory tract. Through three-dimensional modeling of the respiratory tract and experimental methods coupled with CFD simulations, thermal injuries, and particle obstruction injuries of fire smoke particles can be evaluated. Given these, future studies need to be focused on improving the prediction accuracy of modeling human injury mechanisms, developing next-generation fabrics, flexible and wearable sensors, early warning and decision-making systems, and smart personal protective equipment (PPE). The review can offer fundamental knowledge for human injury assessment, the development of next-generation personal protective clothing, and guidance for maximum safe working time and emergency rescue for firefighters.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 72034004, 52074163), National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No. 71725006), National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3006105), and Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 1908085J22).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Wenguo Weng, Jialin Wu & Zhichao He

  2. College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710054, China

    Jie Yang

  3. Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China

    Ming Fu

  4. Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, 300300, China

    Weiwang Chen

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Weng, W., Yang, J., Wu, J. et al. Human Thermoregulation and Injury Evaluation in Fire Environments: A Review. Fire Technol 60, 991–1025 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01411-w

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