Abstract
This paper presents an image-space stroke rendering algorithm that provides temporally coherent placement of lines at particles that are moving with object surfaces. We generate particles in image space and move them according to an image-space velocity field. Consistent image-space density is achieved by a deterministic rejection-based algorithm that uses low-discrepancy series to filter out overpopulated areas and to fill in underpopulated regions. Our line stabilization method can solve the temporal continuity problems of image-space techniques. The multi-pass algorithm is implemented entirely on the GPU using geometry shaders and vertex transform feedback. Our method provides high-quality results and is implemented as an interactive post processing step. We also provide a wide toolset for artists to control the final rendering style and extended the method to process real-life RGBZ footage.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Bénard, P., Bousseau, A., Thollot, J.: Dynamic solid textures for real-time coherent stylization. In: Proceedings of the 2009 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games, I3D ’09, pp. 121–127 (2009)
Bénard, P., Bousseau, A., Thollot, J.: State-of-the-art report on temporal coherence for stylized animations. Comput. Graph. Forum 30(8), 2367–2386 (2011)
Bénard, P., Cole, F., Kass, M., Mordatch, I., Hegarty, J., Senn, M.S., Fleischer, K., Pesare, D., Breeden, K.: Stylizing animation by example. ACM Trans. Graph. 32(4), 119:1–119:12 (2013)
Bénard, P., Lagae, A., Vangorp, P., Lefebvre, S., Drettakis, G., Thollot, J.: A dynamic noise primitive for coherent stylization. Comp. Graph. Forum 29(4), 1497–1506 (2010)
Bousseau, A., Neyret, F., Thollot, J., Salesin, D.: Video watercolorization using bidirectional texture advection. ACM Trans. Graph. 26(3), 104 (2007)
Breslav, S., Szerszen, K., Markosian, L., Barla, P., Thollot, J.: Dynamic 2D patterns for shading 3D scenes. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2007 (2007)
Cornish, D., Rowan, A., Luebke, D.: View-dependent particles for interactive non-photorealistic rendering. In: Proceedings of the Graphics Interface, pp. 151–158 (2001)
Cunzi, M., Thollot, J., Paris, S., Debunne, G., Gascuel, J.D., Durand, F.: Dynamic canvas for immersive non-photorealistic walkthroughs. In: Proceedings of Graphics Interface (2003)
Elber, G.: Interactive line art rendering of freeform surfaces. Comput. Graph. Forum 18(3), 1–12 (1999)
Farnebäck, G.: Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion. In: Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, SCIA’03, pp. 363–370 (2003)
Fišer, J., Jamriška, O., Lukáč, M., Shechtman, E., Asente, P., Lu, J., Sýkora, D.: StyLit: illumination-guided example-based stylization of 3D renderings. ACM Trans. Graph. 35(4), 92 (2016)
Girshick, A., Interrante, V., Haker, S., Lemoine, T.: Line direction matters: an argument for the use of principal directions in 3d line drawings. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 43–52 (2000)
Hertzmann, A., Jacobs, C.E., Oliver, N., Curless, B., Salesin, D.H.: Image analogies. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’01, pp. 327–340 (2001)
Hertzmann, A., Zorin, D.: Illustrating smooth surfaces. Proc. SIGGRAPH 2000, 517–526 (2000)
Kalnins, R.D., Markosian, L., Meier, B.J., Kowalski, M.A., Lee, J.C., Davidson, P.L., Webb, M., Hughes, J.F., Finkelstein, A.: WYSIWYG NPR: drawing strokes directly on 3D models. ACM Trans. Graph. 21(3), 755–762 (2002)
Kaplan, M., Gooch, B., Cohen, E.: Interactive artistic rendering. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 67–74 (2000)
Kass, M., Pesare, D.: Coherent noise for non-photorealistic rendering. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2011, pp. 30:1–30:6 (2011)
Kim, Y., Yu, J., Yu, X., Lee, S.: Line-art illustration of dynamic and specular surfaces. ACM Trans. Graph. 27(5), 156 (2008)
Klein, A.W., Li, W., Kazhdan, M.M., Corrêa, W.T., Finkelstein, A., Funkhouser, T.A.: Non-photorealistic virtual environments. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’00, pp. 527–534 (2000)
Kowalski, M.A., Markosian, L., Northrup, J., Bourdev, L.D., Barzel, R., Holden, L.S., Hughes, J.F.: Art-based rendering of fur, grass, and trees. Proc. SIGGRAPH 99, 433–438 (1999)
Lake, A., Marshall, C., Harris, M., Blackstein, M.: Stylized rendering techniques for scalable real-time 3d animation. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 13–20 (2000)
Lee, H., Kwon, S., Lee, S.: Real-time pencil rendering. In: International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 37–45 (2006)
Lu, J., Sander, P.V., Finkelstein, A.: Interactive painterly stylization of images, videos and 3D animations. In: Proceedings of I3D 2010 (2010)
Meier, B.J.: Painterly rendering for animation. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’96, pp. 477–484 (1996)
Niederreiter, H.: Random Number Generation and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia (1992)
Praun, E., Hoppe, H., Webb, M., Finkelstein, A.: Real-time hatching. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001, 579–584 (2001)
Salisbury, M.P., Anderson, S.E., Barzel, R., Salesin, D.H.: Interactive pen and ink illustration. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH ’94, pp. 101–108 (1994)
Singh, M., Schaefer, S.: Suggestive hatching. In: Proceedings of Computational Aesthetics’10, pp. 25–32 (2010)
Szirmay-Kalos, L.: Filtering and gradient estimation for distance fields by quadratic regression. Period. Polytech. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 59(4), 175–180 (2015)
Umenhoffer, T., Szécsi, L., Szirmay-Kalos, L.: Hatching for motion picture production. Comput. Graph. Forum 30(2), 533–542 (2011)
Vanderhaeghe, D., Barla, P., Thollot, J., Sillion, F.: Dynamic point distribution for stroke-based rendering. In: Proceedings of the Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 139–146 (2007)
Vergne, R., Pacanowski, R., Barla, P., Granier, X., Schlick, C.: Light warping for enhanced surface depiction. ACM Trans. Graph. 28(3), 25 (2009)
Suarez, J., Belhadj, F., Boyer, V.: Real-time 3D rendering with hatching. Vis. Comput. 33(10), 1319–1334 (2017)
Funding
This study was funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K–124124).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary material 1 (mp4 202446 KB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Umenhoffer, T., Szirmay-Kalos, L., Szécsi, L. et al. An image-based method for animated stroke rendering. Vis Comput 34, 817–827 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-018-1531-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-018-1531-9