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Proximity: Synthesis, Six-Dimensional Typology, and Significance for Cooperation Performance

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Contemporary Challenges in Cooperation and Coopetition in the Age of Industry 4.0

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Abstract

In recent years, the concept of proximity becomes more popular not only in the field of economic geography but—surprisingly—also in strategic management. The growing attention paid to the considerations about proximity stems from the fact that it may be perceived as a significant factor leveraging effectiveness and performance of both cooperating (or coopeting) organizations and inter-organizational networks. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore and synthesize prior literature on proximity and its dimensions. Nevertheless, the main aim is to develop a consistent, logical, theory-based multidimensional proximity framework applicable in any further research investigations undertaken within strategic management, especially those adopting the relational view on strategic advantage. Drawn from existing literature, this paper presents the significance of proximity for collaboration and networking and helps to understand the essence of its particular dimensions. By identifying and limiting the drawbacks of prior approaches to proximity, six—separate hence interrelated—dimensions of proximity are outlined and discussed, thus the holistic proximity framework is developed. The main contribution of this conceptual paper is development of six-dimensional proximity framework (including geographical, cognitive, organizational, social, institutional, and communicational proximities) truly removing substantial barriers for further exploration and exemplification of proximity concept.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It is worth noticing that the level of proximity may be evaluated in two ways. First, proximity level can be computed as the similarity of two particular cooperating partners, e.g., two members of strategic network. Second, it may be evaluated also based on the similarity of particular network member and all of the other network members. For instance, regarding geographical proximity, it is possible to assess its level either as the distance given in kilometers between two cooperating organizations or as the total distance of the particular organization from all other members of the network. Compare for instance Heringa et al. [37].

  2. 2.

    Note that there is one exception, namely geographic proximity seen as permanent and constant [78].

  3. 3.

    Compare also with other works showing the “the most critical” dimensions of proximity in the context of inter-organizational cooperation, e.g., cognitive, social, and organizational [49] or technological, cognitive, and social [39].

  4. 4.

    The detailed description of the systematic literature review can be found in former publications of the author (e.g., [40, 41, 42]).

  5. 5.

    The one and only one difference there was the intentionally set year of publication. The second round of literature searching excluded papers published before the year of 2013.

  6. 6.

    As this paper is a conceptual one, the focus—when presenting the results of systematic literature review—is paid to the content analysis, synthesis of prior and development of new conceptualizations of particular dimensions of proximity. If you are interested in more quantitative findings (e.g., analysis of citations, co-citations, and references carried out using social network analysis) please see Klimas [41].

  7. 7.

    Note that organizational proximity developed and discussed by Boschma [6] is not the same as organized proximity considered by Torre [78]. Particularly, A. Torre, A. Rallet, and J. P. Gilly perceive organized proximity as a dimension covering not only organizational similarity (here organizational proximity) but also other aspects acknowledged by other authors as separate dimensions of proximity, e.g., cultural values and believes, technological complementarity, relationships including also the interpersonal ones. Specifically, Torre [77] distinguishes organized proximity covering logic of belonging (participation in a wide range of networks) and logic of similarity. In the latter, he considers not only cultural aspects (cultural similarity usually incorporated as a part of informal institutions under institutional proximity) but also mental models, cognitive distance, common languages commonly considered as components of cognitive proximity.

  8. 8.

    This dimension has been explored in great details in Klimas [40] whose conceptualization is fully adopted here. Nevertheless, as this paper aims at holistic typology of proximity, its cognitive dimension had to be included and discussed. However, this section should be seen as a brief—re-written, developed, and updated—summary of proposition deeply discussed in the above-mentioned article.

  9. 9.

    It should be noticed that A. Torre does not distinguishes institutional proximity but considers its aspects under the logic of similarity covered by organized proximity.

  10. 10.

    It is worth to note that there are some authors who identify institutional proximity with cultural proximity [80], but as others criticize [19] in such an approach some aspects, crucial for collaboration, could be overlooked.

  11. 11.

    Furthermore, as discussed earlier, such relationships are covered by communicational proximity and its relational sub-component, in particular.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the help of all individuals who made important contributions to improving this paper including: two anonymous reviewers of the very first version of the paper submitted to the 13th EURAM Annual Conference held in Istambul in 2013 (title: Six-dimensional typology of proximity – a collaboration perspective) who provided significant suggestions about possible directions for improvements of the article, and finally two anonymous reviewers of the last version of the paper submitted to Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics pt. “Contemporary problems and challenges in cooperation and coopetition in the age of Industry 4.0”.

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    Patrycja Klimas

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    Iwona Staniec

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Klimas, P. (2020). Proximity: Synthesis, Six-Dimensional Typology, and Significance for Cooperation Performance. In: Zakrzewska-Bielawska, A., Staniec, I. (eds) Contemporary Challenges in Cooperation and Coopetition in the Age of Industry 4.0. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30549-9_13

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