Denis Maslyuzhenko

In historical research, largely under the influence of various editions of the so-called “Siberian chronicles,” there is a traditional concept about the
connection of Chingi-tura, first of all, with the activities of the princes from the Taibugid dynasty. The city practically stopped existing with their departure to Isker-Siberia. However, a more comprehensive approach to sources, including archaeological ones, allows for considering this issue in a different way.
The formation of the city (taking into account the specifics of applying this term to Siberian realities), was associated specifically with the Ulus of Jochi, dating back to the last quarter of the 13th century when the population changed there and Chingi-tura became one of the centers on the Transural trade route. The economic and possibly administrative sig-
nificance of Chingi-tura in the 13th–14th centuries became the basis for its political rise in the first third of the next century. It appeared to be the center that attracted those Shibanids who would fight for uniting all lands of that dynasty’s representatives into a single state.
Moreover, until the end of 1420 the city was under the control of representatives of the Burkut tribe whose history is obviously connected with the Siberian Taibugids. Only after 1431, in the time of Abu-l-Khair, did Chingi-tura receive the status of a throne place (Tyumen of Russian sources) which is a reasonable basis to refer to the state as the Tyumen
Khanate. For a long time, the specificity of the city was determined by the fact that it was located on the northern border of this steppe state, something which greatly complicated its development.
Also, contrary to the established historiographic tradition, it can be said that Chingi-tura was not abandoned after the death or murder of the Tyumen Khan Ibrahim (Ibak) no later than 1495. The collapse of the city is associated with the crisis of the Tyumen Khanate itself in late 1510. Despite the apparent decrease of its importance, the city continued to
exist and play a certain role in the political ideology of Khan Kuchum, a grandson of Ibrahim. It was finally abandoned by the Tatars after Yermak’s campaign. Owing to this, by 1586, the time of the construction of Russian Tyumen nearby, it was already called as “an empty settlement”. Further understanding of Chingi-tura role in the history of the Siberian statehood of the Shibanids is impossible without the urgent continuation of archaeological excavations of the settlement remains that have survived to this day.

A new mention of Kuchum's son Ishim as a king was found in the Tara copy book. It actualizes the question of whether he was a Siberian khan, whether recognition by neighboring sovereigns was necessary for this, whether there could be confusion between him and the Kazakh Khan Ishim. In addition, a new interpretation of the title "sultan" is proposed in relation to the Shibanid dynasty, which ruled in the Tyumen and Siberian khanates. As a result, the question is raised about the specifics of studying the political anthropology of the Siberian Khanate precisely in the context of the discrepancy between information between representatives of Tatar and Russian society.

Research objectives: To identify the features of the appearance and activity in the Siberian Khanate of the last Taibugid Prince Seidyak and the Kazakh tsarevich, Uraz-Muhammad.
Research  materials:  This  work  was  carried  out  on  the  basis  of  the  analysis  of  published chronicles of various origins, the collection of chronicles of Utemish Hadji, dastans of  Kadyr  Ali-bek,  and  unpublished  documents  from  the  fund  127  (relations  with  Nogai Tatars) of the RGADA, the Siberian chronicle of Ivan Chereapanov, etc.
Results  and  scientific  novelty:  In  historical  research,  under  the  influence  of  various editions of the so-called "Siberian chronicles", there has emerged a traditional concept of Prince  Seidyak's  activity  as  that  of  one  of  the  main  opponents  of  the  Siberian  Khan Kuchum. However, the late nature and inconsistency of these chronicles in relation to each
other and some documents that are contemporary to the events make it possible to construct a different concept of the events of 1585–1588 in Siberia.
Brought  up  at  the  court  of  the  sayyid  most  likely  associated  with  the  tariqa Naqshbanidiya, the descendant of the Siberian princes appeared in Siberia no earlier than the middle of 1585. It is doubtful that the Bukhara Sayyids and merchants who were associated with them, being interested in local furs and havkng invested a lot of effort in the
Islamization of the khanate, could send a legitimate khan to the north. The theory about the need to expand support for Kuchum by various groups, including those loyal to the princely dynasty, looks more realistic. This explains the participation of Saydiak in the division of Ermak's property, and the absence of direct conflicts with the khan, with the exception of
taking Isker from his son, Ali, who had a rather strained relationship with his father and brother.  At  the  same  time,  the  Bukhara  leaders  could  remind  Kuchum  that  they  had  the option of a political alternative.
Almost at the same time, the grandson of the Kazakh khan, Shigai Uraz-Muhammad, whose  father Ondan  died during another Kazakh-Kalmyk clash, could appear  in Siberia. Ondan  had  supported  his  father  and  brother  Tavvakul,  including  in  the  conclusion  of  a Kazakh-Bukhara union. Judging by indirect references, the ruling family was also associat-
ed with one of the Bukhara tariqas. The reasons for sending Uraz-Muhammad and his family to Siberia are presented inconsistently in the literature due to the lack of sources on this issue.  They  also  ended  up  initially  at  the  court  of  Khan  Kuchum  where  part  of  Ondan's family had settled. After the capture of Isker, the tsarevich, along with the Siberian carp who joined him, found themselves in Isker, where they strengthened the Seidyak.
The attempt to build the concept of a real "triumvirate" made up of Prince Seidyak, Tsarevich  Uraz-Muhammad,  and  Siberia’s  Karachi  as  an  alternative  political  center  to Khan Kuchum and his sons at the moment looks groundless due to the lack of information about their activities between the capture of Isker and the Russian captivity in 1588. Even if
they had some political ambitions, they did not demonstrate them in any way.

Аннотация. Убийства послов в постордынской международной политике были чрезвычайно редким случаем, особенно в сравнении с нападениями, кражами, вымогательствами и мошенничествами. Один из таких казусов произошел с русским послом Третьяком Чебуковым в Сибири в 1573 г. В результате он вызвал идущую уже более 50 лет дискуссию о причинах и целях самого посольства, а также собственно убийства посла и его последствиях. Анализ немногочисленных источников показывает, что Третьяк Чебуков, хотя и известен по своей миссии в Искер к хану Кучуму в 1571 г., спустя два года был отправлен на переговоры в казахские степи, что актуализирует вопрос о времени и причинах установления русско-казахских отношений. Его смерть при этом не связана напрямую с прекращением московскосибирских переговоров, а скорее была следствием неудачно выбранного маршрута, в результате чего дипломатическая миссия встретила на пути отряд Маметкула, племянника хана Кучума и главного полководца Сибирского ханства, отправленного в поход на Чусовую и Пермь Великую. При этом сам факт убийства не повлек за собой политической реакции со стороны Ивана IV, если не считать таковой вскоре последовавшую передачу земель на Тахчее и Тоболе Строгановым для их дальнейшего освоения, что, однако, в тех условиях выполнить не удалось.

Abstract: Research objectives: The reconstruction of the features of Islamization of the Ugrian population in Western Siberia from the sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries and some controversial points in the research of this process. 
Research materials: The present study was based on the analysis of published sources: chronicles, memoirs, and archaeological as well as historiographical data.
Results and novelty of the research: The penetration of world religions, including Islam, into the taiga and tundra zone of Western Siberia in the late Middle Ages and Early Modern period is a relevant though insufficiently studied line of research. It is directly related to the issues of including these territories into the Russian state. However, in most
cases the limited written and archaeological sources, characterizing the process of adoption of Islam by the local population, have led to the discussion adopting the same stereotyped plotlines. Most often, research has looked to characterize various possible factors possibly influencing the process of Islamization led by the representatives of Sufi tariqas, acting in the territory of the Shibanids within the ulus of Jochi, the Tyumen and Siberian Khanate in particular. A significant strengthening of the Muslims’ influence and their activity’s expansion is only revealed in the case of the last one. This process is automatically related to the
Ugrian principalities connected with the Khanate, most often not in critical terms. At the same time, the analysis of chronicles mostly shows very limited possibilities of Islamic preaching outside the territory of various groups of Siberian Tatars. In such cases, preaching influenced either the representatives of the Ugrian elite alone, or reflected the domes
tic partnership of the Ugrians with Tatars. Under these conditions, the emergence of new approaches, which O.N. Naumenko and E.A. Naumenko claim in their works, force us to carefully analyze the proposed methods, sources, and results of the study of Islam among the West Siberian Ugrians. The work done in this regard shows that during the period under consideration, the adoption of Islam among the representatives of any groups of the Ob Ugrians would have been isolated incidents. As a rule, such episodes were connected with
the elite of this society that was in close cooperation with the aristocracies of the Siberian Khanate. Dwelling in an interconnected way with the Turkic-Tatar population played a great role in this as well. Moreover, after the entry of Western Siberia into the Russian
state, the number of such cases did not increase. On the contrary, sources define the Ostyaks and the Voguls as pagans. It is in this context that Orthodox preaching began among them.

Документы по истории Западной Сибири конца XVI-первой четверти XVII в. нечасто можно обнаружить в архивах. Тем страннее, что до сих пор в научный оборот до конца не введена Тарская копийная книга, содержащая материалы по истории уезда и Сибири с 1594 по 1625 г. В книге содержатся списки наказных грамот тарским воеводам, указов, присланных из Москвы, а также переписка с тобольским воеводой, списки с дозорной книги ясачных волостей Тарского уезда 1623/1624 г. Ключевые слова: Русское государство XVI-XVII вв.; Западная Сибирь; Тара; Томск; служилые и ясачные татары.

Цель исследования: выявить источники и этапы становления концепта «Сибирское царство» в русских летописях и посольских документах второй половины XVI в. Материалы исследования: работа проведена на основе анализа опубликованных источников (летописи, посольские документы, грамоты и договора, записки путешественников, данные картографии). Результаты и научная новизна исследования: в отечественной историографии к государствам Шибанидов на территории Западной Сибири традиционно применяется обобщающее название «Сибирское ханство», которое восходит к известному в русских источниках Сибирскому царству. Анализ письменных источников и картографии показывает то, что на протяжении XV-первой половины XVI века это понятие не применялось в каких-либо документах в отношении владений Шибанидов. Чаще всего они связывались с Турой или производным от него Тураном восточных или Тюменью русских авторов. По мере расширения политических интересов московских правителей за Уралом в соответствующих источниках появляется название «Сибирская земля», которую долгое время довольно точно отличали от соседней Тюмени. Только с 1563 года в ходе трехсторонних переговоров в Москве между представителями Шибанидов, Тайбугидов и Рюриковичей впервые Сибирь начинает связываться с царством, что свидетельствует и о расширении владений тюменских ханов к востоку, которое было признано в Московском государстве. После этого иные используемые наименования владений Шибанидов были забыты, а в некоторых случаях концепт «Сибирское царство» или «сибирский царь» начинают обращаться на более раннее время и применяться к тюменским ханам Ибрахиму и Кутлуку. Это обращение в прошлое создавали исторические примеры, которые могли быть использованы для обоснования исконности русского владения Сибирской землей. Концепт «Сибирское царство» явно отражал интересы определенных московских политических кругов, поскольку позволял рассматривать хана Кучума как отступника, занявшего ранее вассальный от Москвы престол и не признавшего своей зависимости, что легализовало соответствующие военные действия. Разработанный московскими дипломатами концепт позволял поставить Сибирское ханство в один ряд с Казанским и Астраханским ханствами, присоединение которых могло рассматриваться не столько как необоснованная незаконная военная агрессия, сколько как реализация права на установление приемлемой для Москвы формы правления. Присоединение Сибирского ханства стало рассматриваться как возвращение исконных «вотчин» российского самодержца, право на которые ему досталось от древнерусских князей, но только если понимать, что сама идея древности этой власти была сформирована в Москве, причем не ранее 1570-х гг. Таким образом, выбор названия «Сибирское ханство (царство)» для наименования шибанидских государств на юге Западной Сибири с исторической точки зрения отражает именно идеологию Московского государства, но имеет весьма малое отношение к тому, как могли называть это государство сами его правители, представители иных постордынских государств или местного населения, для которых гораздо ближе был бы концепт «Тюменское ханство».

Сибирские татары Материалы Всероссийского (с международным участием) симпозиума «Культурное наследие народов Западной Сибири: сибирские татары», посвященного 100-летию доктора исторических наук Фоата Тач-Ахметовича Валеева и 20-летию I Сибирского симпозиума «Культурное наследие народов Западной Сибири» (10-12 декабря 2018 г.)

In the article considers peculiarities of marriage policy of Tyumen and the Siberian khanates rulers in XV-XVI centuries. The exchange of women was an important part of a building and strengthening allied relations as between states in the Post-Hordian world so of the internal relations of the Khan's family and the nomadic aristocracy. The longest marriage contact was the contact between the khans of the Shibanids dynasty and the Nogai Horde rulers. Moreover, if for the Tyumen Khan Ibrahim it could be a way of consolidation of the status of the "Nogai king", so for his grandson, the Siberian Khan Kuchum was important the establishment of allied relations with the maximum number of Nogai clans. Among his mates were the descendants of the beys Sheikh Mamai, Din Ahmad, Ismail and Yusuf, who represented the most powerful forces of this state. The descendants of the first two beys lent the real support to the Siberian governors during clashes with the Russians in the late XVI century. However, under the conditions of turmoil followed in 1590-ies in the Nogai steppe, this diversity did not allow Kuchum and his children to fully use these powers. For the Siberian khans traced close relations with the ruling family of the Kazakh khanate in the line of Shigay Khan, who was also an ally of the Bukhara ruler Abdullah II. The great importance had marital relations with the local Siberian aristocrats, especially from the Burkut clan, as well as in the reign of Kuchum – with representatives of the Naqshbandiyya Sufi tariqa and representatives of the large trading city of Sauran (Savran). The diversity of marriage contacts of Kuchum and his numerous descendants created the possibility of constructing a large political alliance around the Siberian khanate that was not accomplished.

The article describes the process of change of power in 1563 in the Isker, the capital of the Siberian Yurt. During these events, Beks from the dynasty of Taybugids were replaced by their overlords of the dynasty of Shibanids, which put the Yurt under their direct control. This event was the starting point of the functioning of the Siberian Khanate of brothers Ahmad Giray and Kuchum. A change of power occurred because of аttempts by Bek Ediger to hold separate negotiations with the Muscovite Tsar Ivan IV, that actually claims to to Khan’s exclusive rights to foreign policy. Synchronous events sources reveal that the arrival of the Shibanids in Isker was based as on the legitimate rights of the khans, and also based of the invitation of the „best“ of the Siberian people, which allowed avoiding the resistance of the local nobility to the establishment of the Khan’s rule.

Siberian-Bukharan-Nogai Relations in the Light of Correspondence between Abdallah, the Khan of Bukhara, and Kuchum, the Khan of Siberia In 1595—1596, two Khans from Shaybanids' dynasty (Abdallah of Bukhara and Kuchum of Sibir) exchanged charters. The article presents the first complete publication of these documents. The charters allow to judge about equitable status of the parties, which adds to the critics of the take-on of Sibir Khanate as a vassal of Bukhara Khanate. Muslim clerics, sayyid Din-Ali and hafiz Ighiberdei, being intermarried to Kuchums, acted as ambassadors. Along with Siberian-Bukharan cooperation , there was also discussed the land dispute issue between Kuchum and the Altyuli-Nogai leader Aulia. From the context, it is clear, that it was about the entailed territories of Siberian Shaybanids in the Aral Sea region. The dispute resolution, as well as the summit at large, laid the basis for uniting Sibir, Bukhara and Nogai and a joint march of Kuchum and Aulia on Tara. The published charters make the history of Sibir Khanate under Kuchum's late rule be rethought , which adds to the necessity of publishing the Siberian documents available in the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents, Moscow.

A political, cultural and religious affinity of the post-Horde world has led, despite frequent conflicts, to the possibility of establishing a variety of relations between its parts. The most distant parts for that matter were the states of Jochids in the Crimea and in Western Siberia. The founder of the ruling dynasty of Siberia Shiban b. Juchi took part in the conquest of the Crimea and ruled this territory for a short period of time. Despite the lack of a direct relationship, under conditions of the XV-XVI centuries the slightest fluctuations of political space could influence all the "players". During the Tyumen reign of Ibrahim and his brother Mamuk for the Crimean khans was important to track their Big Horde and Haji-Tarkhan campaigns against Ahmad and his descendants. The encroachment of Tyumen into Kazan question was also important. The death of these khans led to a gradual slowdown in foreign policy of the Tyumen Shibanids. In the 1520-1540-ies. representatives of the Tyumen dynasty took part in the repulse of the Crimean raids on Moscow alongside the Grand Dukes. Again the Crimean factor indirectly re-emerged in the history of the Siberian khanate only during the period of Ibak grandchildren Kuchum and Ahmad Girey. The burning of Moscow by Crimeans in 1571 led to the cessation of signing shert negotiations between Isker and Moscow and to the beginning of brush war for the Ural population. In 1635, the representatives of the “governorate Tura" together with Volga Tatars appealed to the Crimea for help against Russians. These "stories" show a long-lived single post-Horde space, on the territory, even remote events could be indirect factors of historical processes.

The article discusses the role of climatic factor in the history of Tyumen and the Siberian khanate XV-XVI centuries. However, their formation and development coincided with the cooling of the climate in the Northern hemisphere, in the framework of the minor ice age, which led to significant changes in many aspects of life of the local societies. In these conditions, in addition to possible ways of restructuring the system of life support, there were two possible solutions: care South, in a warmer zone, or on the contrary in taiga area where there are more resources needed. These factors explain the tendency of Tyumen and the Siberian aristocracy in the Aral and Syrdarya region where they could continue their traditional nomadic way of life. At the same time it becomes clear the reason of the formation of numerous towns in the North of the Siberian khanate in the second half of the XVI century and the transition to sedentary of a number of Turkic and Tatar populations. It appears that this approach may be quite promising in explaining the history of the local statehood and processes of its occurrence in Muscovy under the condition of support archaeological information  and chemical analyses.

Leaders of all medieval States of the Great Steppes had a specific set of state power  symbols. The possession of those symbols was inseparable from the actual possession of the  authority.  An  extensive  list  of  such  potestaric  symbols  was  revealed  for  the  ulus  of Jochi (the Golden Horde). However, identification of these symbols for state formations of the post-Horde world is rather difficult due to the nature of the sources, especially if we are talking about the Northern (Siberian) periphery of the territory. 
The authors identified the State seals of different shapes and the so-called “Siberian Crown” (khan Kuchum’s battle helmet of Oriental production) as such items belonging to the Siberian Khanate during the reign of khans Murtaza and his sons, Ahmad and Giray Kuchum. Perhaps, a drum was used in court rituals. Besides, there was the Khan’s lineage Tamga, which could be used as an analogue of seals, especially in the reign of Kuchum descendants. 
Identification of such symbols was not carried out earlier for the Shibanids of earlier times, who ruled in the Tyumen Khanate. Written sources indicate that the first Tyumen khan  Abu-l-Khair  possessed  the  throne,  the  Royal  yurt  and  caftan  as  the  symbols  of  his power. The last two items are clearly linked to the Mongolian or Horde traditions of power, characteristic for many steppe regions. In contrast, the Tyumen throne was relatively new attribute of the local rulers. For this reason, particular importance for Tyumen dynasts had the throne of the rulers of the ulus of Jochi, which is referred to in the sources as “the high seat (throne, chair) of Sain Khan” – that is, the throne of Batu  khan. Apparently,  we are talking  about  a  lightweight  handheld  seat  that  really  could  be  associated  with  the  Horde rulers. At various times, it was captured together with nomadic camp (Orda-Bazar) of the Great Ahmad Horde by khans Abu-l-Khair and Ibrahim (Ibak). A possession of this subject played a significant role in the political games and the claims of the Shibanids in the 15th century.

After Kuchum’s death his eldest son, Ali, was appointed as the new Siberian Khan in approximately 1601. Under such conditions Turkic yasak volosts start to develop in the South South Trans-Urals the population of which becomes a part of Moskovia on the ground of shert in 1600-1603. Despite this process Ali and his brothers preserved the power over a part of the Southern forest-steppe and steppe territory of the Siberian Khanate. They kept a traditional nomadic lifestyle in that territory together with their courts which included atalyks, abyzes, princes, Mirzas, and possibly scribes and interpreters. Also present were representatives of Turkic tribes of South Trans-Urals, such as synryans, tabyns and myakotins who formed parts of militia troops. Nogai clans of Urusovy and Altyulovy (Shikhmamevichi) also stood in that territory. Urusovy leaders could act as beklyaribeks. All these Turks supported Kuchumovichi in their struggle with the Russian power. Khan Ali and his brother Azim together with those Turks harassed the volosts of Tyumen and Ufa counties from 1601 to 1607. Kuchumovichi territories were used by Urusovy to accumulate forces for steppe wars, for example, against other Nogai clans amid disarray in the Horde. In 1601 their leader Djan Arslan was taken captive and his brothers occurred to be hostages in Tyumen and Tobolsk. Afetr Ali’s and his brother Azim’s overthrow in 1607 local Turkic tribes went to the yasak volosts in the Southern Trans-Urals and Priisetie. Soon after Ali was taken captive, Ishim who had the Kalmyks’ backing became the Khan. By 1610, the Kalmyks forced Nogai out from the South Trans-Urals under the command of Altyuly. The latter in the considered years acted separately from the local dynasts and collected yasak from the Southern Trans-Urals volosts. These facts turned the situation around, changed the Kuchumovichi camping ground image and severed their ties with Turkic tribes. The Kalmyks (Oirats) constituted a danger not only for the Russian power but also for the Turkic tribes from the South Trans-Urals. They happened to be on the very border with the Russian state and often became at risk of raids which encouraged their loyalty towards Russian voivodes. Only in the 1620-s the coalition of several tribes and Kuchum’s descendants would regain but the reasons and the situation of that time period would be absolutely different from the first decade of the XVII century.

In  2014,  I.M.  Mirgaleev  published  a  part  of  the  work  of  Цtemish  Hajji’s Continuator. This part is devoted to the history of the Siberian Shibanid dynasty whose activity is known only by very few written sources. So, the introduction of a new work requires a source analysis undertaken in this article.  A significant part of this work is devoted to the genealogy of the Shibanids, where special attention is paid to descendants of Bek Konda oglan. All rulers of Tyumen  and  Siberian  Yurts  originated  exactly  from  these  descendants.  The author often confuses the degree of relationship, and also distorts the names of some representatives of the dynasty. Despite this, the majority of these names correspond to other sources on this issue. At the same time, Continuator leads a genealogical  list  not  only  up  to  the  children  of  Tyumen  khan  Ibrahim  but  also includes his grandchildren and great grandchildren. A detailed listing of the recent descendants indicates that Continuator got information from one of the representatives  of  the  dynasty.  His  informants  could  be  the  descendants  of  khan Kuchum, who proved to be on the territory of the Moscow State in the beginning of the 17th century. Continuator’s narrative is also similar to the content of Siberian chronicles in relation to such details as the reign in Kazan of khan Ibrahim and the degree of relationship between Kuchum and Muhammad Kul.  At the same time, the author does not always adequately describe the specific borders of Shibanid uluses. He attributes the power in the territory of Volga-Oka  interfluve  to  both  khan  Haji  Muhammad  (ruled  in  1420s)  and  his  distant descendant Kuchum. In general, Continuator was not familiar with the history of Siberian  possessions  of  this  dynasty  and  the  events  of  the  15th  century  paying special attention to the affairs of the Volga region and Central Asian. Simultaneously,  the  author  reports  such  unknown  historical  events  as  the  Hajji  Muhammad’s capture of the city of Tura, future center of Tyumen khanate. However, for the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  a  series  of  reports  by  this  author  are  of  unique nature.  This  concerns  information  both  on  submission  by  khan  Murtaza  of Maverannahr  territory  and  about  the  wars  of  Kuchum  on  the  Syr  Darya  in  the region of Otrar. This information highlights the Central Asian policy of Siberian Shibanids  and  points  to  the  considerable  extent  of  their  possessions  during  the 15th–16th centuries. Unlike other Tatar authors, Continuator relates the collapse of the  Siberian  Shibanids  state  and  seizure  of  its  territory  by  the  Russians  not  to Kuchum but to his son Ali.

The article is devoted to the warfare of nomadic Uzbeks in the khanate of Abu-l- Hayra's between 1429-1457 years. On the basis of written sources were identified main features of the formation and management of troops, their division into parts (center, wings, avant-garde), tactics and strategy of the field fighting, preferences of the nomadic elite in weapons and armor, as well as the elements of military magic. Nomadic Uzbeks in the XV century by these parameters were similar to other nomadic groups of the Great Steppes and explicitly inherited the main achievements of the Ulus Juchi military science.

The author considers a question of the Sufi orders activity on the territory of Tyumen and Siberian khanates in the XV–XVI centuries. Written sources made it possible to speak about the almost constant presence of sayyids, representing various Sufi brotherhoods, in the entourage of Tyumen and Siberian khans. Circumstantial data demonstrate the tendency formed in the period of inclusion of the south of Western Siberia in the Ulus of Jochi (the Golden Horde) as the inheritance of the Shiban descendants. The active Islamization which began here under the khan Uzbek upon the direct influence of the Central Asian tariqat of Yasaviya should affect the aristocracy throughout the Ulus. During the reign of the first Tyumen Khan Abu-l-Khayr after the military expedition to Khorezm in his entourage were Kara-Sayyid and Kul-Mohammed-Sayyid, carried out both religious and advisory and even military functions, including direct
participating in several Khan’s campaigns. They also belonged to the tariqat of Yasaviyya, whose members often held the post of Naqib, especially in Urgench, which emphasized their military functional. However, in the Khan’s entourage were also representatives of the  brotherhood of Kubrawiya. Islamization conducted by the brotherhoods, to the last quarter of the fifteenth century led to the consolidation of Islam among the local aristocracy, as can be seen, for example, in the names of the dynasty of Taibugides. Tyumen Khan Ibrahim (1467–1495) also emphasized his affiliation to Islam in the correspondence with the Princes of Moscow. In recent years of his reign for the first time for South-West Siberia only Kazan sayyids of the tariqat of Yasaviyya were detected. However, their stay in Tyumen was temporary and compulsory because of the influence of active Russian policy in Kazan. Despite their presence in Khan's entourage, even among the clan aristocracy remained a significant number of adats in everyday and political life. Nowadays the degree of influence of Islam on the ordinary population of the Tyumen khanate is impossible to find out exactly. The highest activity among all strata of the Siberian khanate population the tariqat of Yasaviyya implemented during the reign of two brothers: Kuchum and Ahmet Giray in the 1570-ies. Herewith the mission of representatives of the order of Yasaviyya from Urgench to Siberia was formed on the Bukhara Khan Abdullah II’s request and direct instruction of Bukhara tariqat Naqshbandiyya leaders, which allows speaking about a coordinated brotherhoods policy on the Islamization of the Northern territories.

The article is devoted to the identification of everyday and political traditions in the khanate of Abu-l-Hayra's and traditionally is called in the literature "State of nomadic Uzbeks". It was created in the South of Western Siberia in the 1430's, and with military means included the lands of the descendants of Shiban, the younger brother of Batu. Among researchers there is the dominant point of view on this state as originally Muslim one, which is confirmed by a reading khutbah in honor of the Khan after the occupation of the "Sain Khan throne" and a presence of sheikhs and Sufis in his environment.
With all this the authority of Abu-l-Hayr relied on the considerable support of the nomadic elite for more than twenty tribes. This exact elite and the requests and interests being expressed at the nobility councils, formed the existing political and everyday traditions. They show a remarkable conservation among the nomadic population of the Turkic-Mongolian customs. The analogy of these practices can be found in the earlier traditions of the predecessors of the posthordian state, i.e. the Mongol Empire and the Ulus of Jochi. These traditions for the Abu-l-Hyères Khanate were the phenomena of cultural inertia, which was restored in the conditions of Islamization and could become adats, which is especially indicative in view to the specific relationship of the Sufi tariqahs to the phenomena of worldly life.
In political terms, among them, of particular importance was the restoration of realization of the Toy and the Kurultai, associated with it, which could be carried out in accordance with existing steppe (animals) calendar. Were recovered distribution of robes and belts as the main mechanism for the redistribution of positions and powers among the steppe aristocracy. Military tradition was also focused on samples of the previous time, which is particularly manifested in the selection of wings and avant-garde. In the course of hostilities was used known since the early middle ages magical rites designed to influence the weather with magic stone of poison and sorcerers-Adachi.

The failure of Khan Kuchum from the protection of Isker is considered the most important event of Ermak campaign and evidence of the crisis of the Siberian khanate. This event is associated with the lack of  water and food supplies in  the city, impossibility of a secret retreat, a crucial role of firearms of  Cossacks, desertion of Ostyak and Tatar warriors, the hostile attitude of the local population. However, it may be associated with the attitude of Khan as the representative of the nomadic aristocracy to the city only as one of the possible placements of the Khan's throne, and the importance for the continued existence of the state of the nomadic horde.

The fourth volume of “The History of Tatars” dedicated to the Tatar states in the  15th–18th  centuries  was  published  in  2014.  Modern  tendencies  in  historical writing of separate Tatar khanates and hordes in the late Golden Horde period as
well as the key points of their culture, religion, economy, and internal structure found  reflection  in  this  book.  10  authors  in  13  sections  also  presented  varied material on the history of the Siberian Tatar statehood in the 15th–16th centuries.
This review only concerns the periodization and chronology of these states and their place at a foreign-policy arena of the given period. Essays by A.G. Nesterov also contain information on this topic. To understand these processes we have to
consider a question of applicability of  some politico-legal terms (khanate,  yurt, ulus,  vilayet,  land)  to  the  Siberian  states.  At  different  stages  of  statehood  and depending on the descent of  the author of every source, the terms stated above had clearly different meanings, which is why we need to constantly explain the necessity of using these terms by the authors in order to understand their conceptions  correctly.  The  authors  of  the  review  suggest  the  returning  to  an  already existing  concept  of  “khanate”  in  respect  to  administrative  formations  with  the centres  in  Chimgi-Tura  and  Isker  in  order  to  avoid  misunderstanding.  In  the
meantime the political status  of these city centres has to be reconsidered in the nomadic political traditions of Shibanid statehood where the Khan was attached to the horde. Equally important is to understand stages of the Siberian statehood
development and the chronology of its dissolution and extinction. The authors of the essays didn’t work out a single conclusion on this question and suggested two
contradictory conceptions instead. The first conception suggests the disruption of Siberian Khanate after Kuchum’s defeat in the battle at the Ob in 1598 and the second conception suggests that Siberian Khanate continued to exist in the early 17th century. At the same time while considering the history of this khanate they have got three points of view, which can be called “historiographical myths”: the Shibanids took power as invaders who destroyed the local legal princely dynasty of the Taibugids. Bokharan Khan Abdallah II helped them and Siberian khanate was a part of Shibanid state. But these standpoints are not fixed in the sources of the same period, so that another version of events can’t be provided. It is obvious that it  needs to stop spreading  myths  in respect of the  Siberian Tatar statehood and return to studying the sources.

Настоящее  издание  представляет  сборник  докладов  участников  IV  Всероссийской  (национальной) научной конференции «История, экономика и культура средневековых тюрко-татарских государств Западной Сибири». В сборник включены доклады по проблемам источниковедения и историографии сибирской тюрко-татарской государственности, положению «улуса Шибана» и Шибанидов в Золотой Орде, истории сибирских тюрко-татарских государств, проблемам их взаимоотношений с соседями, а также включения населения Юго-Западной Сибири в состав Русского государства.
Книга предназначена для историков, археологов, этнографов, культурологов и всех интересующихся историей Западной Сибири в средние века.

In 2020, on the territory of the Belozerskiy district of the Kurgan region full-size reconstruction of the eneolithic
sanctuary Savin-1 (modern replica) was erected on the site, where it was discovered in the 1980s. Such work in the
field of the creation and functioning of archaeological museums in the open air was carried out for the first time on
the territory of the Russian Federation. In order to achieve scientificity, authenticity, openness and accessibility for the
visitor, work within the project was fulfilled on its popularization (open lectures, the release of an anthology of articles,
the creation of a site). Based on the analysis of the reporting documentation, a project for the reconstruction of the
archaeological monument was created, taking into account a number of projection variants (full-scale reconstruction
is provided with a system of observation flooring tracks). This system was set on the spot before construction work.
Partial electro-magnetic scanning of the monument site was done in order to determine other objects.

More than 10 years ago robbers had found a copper bowl of Western European origin in a medieval burial of South of Western Siberia, which was transferred to Kurgan State University archaeological laboratory in 2018. The article attempts to establish archaeological context of the find, which at the moment is probably associated with the southernmost burial of yudinskaya archaeological culture. At the same time, the artifact itself is the Easternmost 凫nd of a Romanesque bowl made in Germany at the turn of the 12th –13th centuries, which allows us to speak about some routes of trade relations of the West Siberian population.

It is considered the activity of an archaeologist N. N. Bortvin in Kurgan in the 1920’s and his contribution to the development of local history and museum work in the city. It is analyzed his work in the field of investigation of archaeological sites and proposals for improving their protection. Circumstantionally presented his views on the possibility of reconstruction of the ancient past based on archeology according to his article «The Prehistoric Past of the Kurgan District», which was the only source of information on this issue for the residents of the city and county for several decades. Besides are presented results of the archaeological excavations of the Early Iron Age barrow by the village Vagino, which were the first professional archaeological excavations on the territory of Kurgan district in the period before the Second World War.

The article is devoted to the selection of the archaeological sites of the Golden Horde period in the territory of forest-steppe of the Tobol. The archaeological context of the era in the North-Eastern periphery of the possessions of Shiban and his descendants have not been studied, because of the lack of markers Horde time. Moreover, among the random finds, including from private collections, pretty confidently identify such potential markers of this time as mirrors, coins and arrowheads. Their correlation with specific archaeological sites and correlation with ceramic material may allow to identify the sites of the Golden Horde period.

The article is devoted to analysis of textile materials from burial sites of the forest-steppe Low Tobol basin dated back to the Еarly Iron Age (the Sakskaya and Sargatka cultures), and to Middle Ages. Those embrace a period from VII–VI cc. B.C. up to XII c. A.D. The obtained fragments of textile being clothing remnants or parts of bags and quivers. The obtained materials are correlated with textile from neighbouring regions. They reflect both local specificity of textile industry, and south import (silk materials of different quality and woolen cloth of only high quality).

The article is devoted to the discovery of counting tokens in the village Sosnovaya Otnoga of Kurgan district. All pfennigs were made by the German master I.C.Reich in 1790-1810's. They were brought by peasants from Pskov province in the middle of the XIX century. The difference in dates raises the question about the necessity of checking the archaeological chronology by the archival documents for settlements of the XIX century.

Grain farming and grain processing during the XVII - early XX centuries were one of the main occupations of the peasant population in Western Siberia. The article deals with the chronology of the appearance and distribution of mills in the Volga region, their distribution in the peasant and merchant environment, including taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of windmills and watermills and the associated processing volumes, as well as environmental problems arising in this context.

The history of Islam in Kurgan province is one of the blind spots in the Russian Islamic studies. Having studied Fund I-60 “Decree mullah of the cathedral mosque in Zverinogolovskaya village” from the State Archive of Kurgan province, the authors investigate the development of the Muslim community in the Cossack village, the functions and hierarchy of the local Muslim clergy, their struggle for the erection of a mosque. The Muslim community which included local residents and guest merchants asserted their right to have a mosque over 1864-1885 time period attracting competent authorities from Chelyabinsk and Qostanay. It was due to the growing empowerment of the Muslim merchantry in Zverinogolovskaya, that the permission to build a mosque was finally obtained. It allowed the community to exercise their right to have their own place for praying and to purchase suitable plots of land. Taking into account Ummah’s power and wealth, local Cossacks treated its representatives in a contradictory way: they wanted neither to quarrel with the Muslims nor to permit their excessive empowerment. This led to the only known conflict over the plot of land bought for the mosque construction where the Muslims referred to the Waqf right as well. Here the mullahs of Zverinogolovskaya village acted as intermediaries between the community and the imperial power. They informed the population about the legislative acts and generated church members’ loyalty to the state, especially under the conditions of a conflict with the Ottoman Porte. The activities of imams of Zverinogolovskaya cathedral mosque, the history of its construction and the demesnial litigation that emerged afterwards illustrate inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations between the citizens of the empire, the government policy in this matter through the example of regional data.

Монография посвящена истории Белозерского муниципального округа Курганской области с древнейших времен до 1991 года. В книге впервые представлены материал археологических исследований в этом районе на памятниках эпохи бронзы. На основе архивных и опубликованных источников проанализированы основные этапы заселения, изменения этнической карты и хозяйственного освоения округа. Книга предназначена для научных работников, преподавателей, учителей, аспирантов и студентов гуманитарных специальностей, а также всех, кто интересуется региональной историей и краеведением.

Издание представляет собой сборник докладов и сообщений, составленный по итогам  Всероссийской  научно-практической  конференции  «Курганская  область  в истории России» и состоящий из трех разделов: «Проблемы региональной истории»,
«Краеведческие исследования», «Фольклорно-литературное краеведение». Научные  изыскания  участников  конференции  будут  интересны  начинающим  и опытным исследователям истории родного края.