Politics

The Partia Karkare Kurdistan, or the Workers Party of Kurdistan (PKK) campaign of violence has cost Turkey about 30,000 lives and billions of dollars. In 20 years the organization made great efforts to create a Kurdish nation and to establish a separate state. However the lack of popular support forced the PKK to shift its policies. In fact the PKK movement is no exception. All Kurdist movements in Turkey’s history have failed. This article looks at the reasons of this failure. According to the authors the ethnic origin, history, and demography did not provide a suitable environment for Kurdish nationalism, particularly in the Anatolian territories. The study focuses on the ethnic origin of the Kurds, their current perceptions, sociological and cultural descriptions of the Kurds, demography and their impact on Kurdish uprisings and separatism.

To take advantage of a better climate and enjoy the sunshine as one element of a healthier, happier lifestyle, it would seem that retired people from northern and western Europe are settling in increasing numbers along Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean coasts. This paper reports the findings from a random sample of 504 EU citizens who had settled full-time, or who had spent a large part of each year, in Turkey. The work focuses on the demographics of the sample, their reasons for settling in Turkey, their perceived problems in adjusting to life in a foreign country, and looks at their relationships with their fellow countrymen and local Turkish communities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The articulation of an Azerbaijani national consciousness gained momentum throughout the 1970 and 1980s, but it had not yet matured into a liberation movement until the conflict between Armenian and Azeris suddenly erupted in 1988. Small socio-political groupings initially began to take shape in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However the Soviet structure did not allow Azerbaijani nationalist movement, Azerbaijani National Front was banned and its members were under KGB pressure. As a result popular support for nationalists remained limited. In the demise of the Soviet power in Azerbaijan the most significant factor in shaping Azerbaijan nationalism was the Armenian attacks and military failure in Karabakh. In this context, the article focuses on the Karabakh issue's role in restoration in the early years.

This study examines the factors underlying the Özalist approach, such as Özal's personality, the 1980 coup and the isolation of Turkey, the economic boom, change in the socioeconomic structure, globalisation of the Turkish economy and finally Kurdish separatism. A special emphasis will be laid on the ideological background of Özalist foreign policy, with a view to demonstrating the close relationship between Özal's Ottomanist foreign policy and his domestic approach and its translation to foreign policy.

Kimi zaman müttefik, kimi zaman da müstevli rolünde İngiltere, ilgi merkezindeki diğer büyük "ada?" Amerika'yla aynı dili konuşmaktan öte Türk kamuoyuna daha "yakın" bir ada olamamıştır. AB'yle bütünleşmeye çalıştığımız son dönemde dahi, bilimsel çalışmalarımız arasında İngiltere'ye hakettiği zaman-emek ve önemi veren yayın azdır. Elinizdeki "derleme", öncelikle "İngiltere ve biz" ve devamında "İngiltere'nin tarih boyunca etkileşinde bulunduğu diğerleri" penceresinden yaklaşımlarıyla bu konuda araştırma yapanlara değerli bir kaynak oluşturduğu gibi, bu "uzak-yakın" adayla ilgili bilgisini artırmak isteyen okuyucuya da keyifli bir anlatım sunmaktadır.

Within the European Union (EU) there are many languages spoken and the Union has an understanding of fostering multilingualism. The EU's multilingualism policy has two facets: striving to protect Europe's rich linguistic diversity and promoting language learning. The EU institutions encourage their citizens to speak as many languages as they can, as well as make signiicant contributions to the languages of minorities within the Union.

Armenia is a relatively ‘small’ country with the population of 3 million (one in 27 of Turkey). Its territorial area is only 27.943 km2. It is one of the exceptional landlocked countries. Armenia has a minute amount of natural resources.
Regardless, this small country has many great dreams. Ever since the 19th century, Armenian nationalists have been consumed with a dream of a ‘great Armenia’ spread between the three seas (the Caspian, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean).

Greater Armenia Dream Undermines the Real Armenia | The Turkish Sun:
http://theturkishsun.com/columnists/greaterarmeniadreamunderminestherealarmenia/2/12

This study is a bibliography attempt on Turkey, Ottoman Empire and the Turks. It aims to cover all the books, chapters in the books, journal articles, thesis and even some selected paper articles on Turkey written in English language during the last millenium. All these studies are categorised in Ottoman History, Republican History, Politics, Nationalism, Religion, Foreign Policy, Political Economy and Legal Studies main titles. There are over 5.000 entry including dictionaries and bibliographies.

Elinizdeki bu kitap, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Türkiye ve genel olarak Türkler üzerine yapılmış bir bibliyografya çalışmasıdır. Bu alanlarda, İngilizcede 2001 yılına kadar yazılmış tüm kitap, kitap bölümleri, bilimsel dergi makaleleri, tezler ve hatta bazı seçilmiş gazete makalelerini kapsamaktadır.

Çalışmada yer alan tüm eserler Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Tarihi, Politika, Milliyetçilik, Din, Dış Politika, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Hukuk ana başlıkları altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu bibliyografyada sözlükler ve diğer bibliyografyaların listesini de içeren 5.000’den fazla giriş bulunuyor.

in: Review of International Law and Politics, Vol. 2 No. 8 (2006).

The politicians in the U.S. have focused their attention on Iraq after the mid-term elections in November 2006. The pressure has increased for the U.S. as the troop casualties have been increasing and the civilian death per day have exceeded one
hundred in Iraq. However, there haven’t been any ‘real’ suggestions for a solution yet.
None of the alternatives can present a genuine and promising strategy for a way through.

in: Review of International Law and Politics, Vol. 5 No. 19 (2009)

Whether Turkey has become an energy hub is a subject of continuous debate, even though the pipelines passing through or reaching Turkey indicate it has already become a regional center for energy transportation Currently, there are two main naturalgas pipelines between Russia and Turkey: the first reaches Turkey via the Balkans, the other ends in Samsun, a Turkish city on the Black Sea coast. Another route is the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum (BTE) pipeline, which transfers Azerbaijani gas from the Shah Deniz-I field to Turkey via Georgia. This
pipeline carries natural gas not only for the Turkish domestic market, but also for Greece. The other pipeline that lies between Turkey and Azerbaijan is known as the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline (BTC) and Azerbaijani oil reaches
the Eastern Mediterranean coast via this 1760-km route.

The article deals with the influence of ideology and intellectual currents in Turkish Foreign Policy in the 1970s. How did the ideologies of Demirel, Ecevit and other leaders affect Turkish foreign policy. What were the foreign policy understandings of the rising Turkist and Islamist movements? The author states that international developments in the 1970s offer good tools to test the understandings of Turkish foreign policy currents. According to the author, especially the crises in Turkish-American relations and the Cyprus Problem brought different ideological approaches closer in foreign policy. The fact that Erbakan and Ecevit acted as two close partners in the Cyprus Problem was partly due to this. On the other hand, one of the most important reasons for Turkey's falling behind in the European Union membership was ideological. Ecevit's EU skepticism and Erbakan's anti-Westernism were important factors preventing Turkey from entering the European Economic Community.

in: USAK YEARBOOK, Vol:3, Year: 2010, pp.171-235

Abstract:
In the post-coup years two main factors; the détente process, and as a result of the détente significant change in the United States' policies towards Turkey, started a chain-reaction process in Turkish foreign policy. During the 1960s several factors forced Turkish policy makers towards a new foreign policy. On the one hand, the Western attitude undermined the Kemalist and other Westernist schools and caused an ideological transformation in Turkish foreign policy. On the other hand, the military coup and disintegration process that it triggered also played very important role in the foreign policy transformation process. Indeed, by undermining Westernism in Turkey, the West caused an ideological crisis in Kemalism and other foreign policy schools. The 1960s also witnessed the start of the disintegration process in Turkish politics that provided a suitable environment for the resurgence of the Ottoman schools of thought, such as Islamism and Turkism.

in: USAK YEARBOOK, Vol:4, Year:2011, pp.109-157.

1950s period is significant to understand the change in Turkish foreign policy. Contrary to the existing literature, the deviation from Kemalist foreign policy understanding in the DP era is certain. The change was dramatic. Apart from the ideological shift, the international developments also forced the Turks to change their policies towards the world politics. The study focuses on the causes of the change in foreign policy. Laçiner further analysis how the ideological considerations and external circumstances affected decision-makers and policies.

in: Article in The Review of International Affairs 3(3):443-457 · March 2004,
DOI: 10.1080/1475355042000250548

Abstract: This article focuses on the role of the 'Southern Azerbaijan problem' (unification of the historical Azerbaijani territories and Azerbaijani people under one rule) in Soviet-Iranian relations. The authors argue that although the Soviet Union was a socialist state that strove to diminish nationalism in the republics, the Southern Azerbaijan problem provided a perfect tool for controlling Iran and spreading socialist ideas throughout the Caucasus. As a result, like earlier Tsarist governments, the Soviet regime used Azerbaijani nationalism as a foreign policy instrument towards Iranian Azerbaijan. Particularly in the post-World War II period, a number of institutions were established by Moscow in order to stimulate a national liberation movement among Iranian Azerbaijanis. Ironically, this policy contributed to the development of a distinctive Azerbaijani ethnic identity among Soviet Azerbaijanis, rather than their Iranian brothers. Within this framework, the study first examines the historical roots of the Southern Azerbaijan problem, concentrating on the historical period of a united Azerbaijan and detailing Russian-Iranian rivalry over Northern and Southern Azerbaijan. The authors then discuss the Soviet invasion of Southern Azerbaijan, and argue that the Soviet Union ironically played the 'nationality card' in spreading socialist ideas in the Caucasus. Moreover it is argued that, despite very different aims, the Soviet Union's policies nourished Azerbaijani nationalism and Azerbaijani consciousness.