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Bilgehan Erkal
  • Karabük Province, Karabuek, Turkey
Controlling the attitude of a satellite with high accuracy and stability under both sensor and actuator delay is a great problem. It is possible to correct for errors, but a robust controller is more preferable. In this study, the... more
Controlling the attitude of a satellite with high accuracy and stability under both sensor and actuator delay is a great problem. It is possible to correct for errors, but a robust controller is more preferable. In this study, the attitude of a 3-DoF satellite model incorporating uncertainties (delays in handling both sensors and actuators) is controlled using a suitably designed integral fuzzy variable structure (IFVSC) controller. The attitude control accuracy of the IFVSC is evaluated and compared to other reference controllers (one is a PID controller and the other is a loop shaping controller). IFVSC is found to perform well with T d = 0.2 s sensor and actuator data delay.
Distributed energy resources (DERs) are a better choice to meet load demand close to load centers. Optimal DER placement and DER ratings lead to power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, environmental friendliness, dependability,... more
Distributed energy resources (DERs) are a better choice to meet load demand close to load centers. Optimal DER placement and DER ratings lead to power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, environmental friendliness, dependability, and postponement of system changes. This study uses artificial neural networks and the Chameleon Optimization Algorithm to analyze the best integration of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles in distribution feeders to reduce power loss, regulate voltage levels, and decrease the cost and emissions under unpredictable load demand. In this study, the generated output power of the models is compared to solar photovoltaic generation systems and wind turbine generation systems. As a result, a fitness function with several objectives has been developed to reduce total active power loss while also reducing total cost and emissions generation. The study took into account the influence of EV charging/discharging behavior on the distribution system...
The basic purpose of Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems is to use a digital signal processor to numerically handle radio signals. The use of a processor like a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform tasks like modulation,... more
The basic purpose of Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems is to use a digital signal processor to numerically handle radio signals. The use of a processor like a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform tasks like modulation, demodulation, signal creation, and line coding on these systems dramatically decreases the demand for analog circuit-based hardware. FPGAs are digital integrated circuits with a wide range of applications which are made up of links between programmable logic blocks. It's aimed at assisting the creator realize the logic functions that the designer needs. In consequence, the user may change the function of each logic block. VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is commonly used in FPGA programming. In this study, VHDL code was created, and a FM transmitter was implemented on a FPGA board (CMOD A7) in this research. The sound card interface on the PC used to send and receive the signals while suitable ADC and DAC cards are used on the FPGA side for...
The basic purpose of Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems is to use a digital signal processor to numerically handle radio signals. The use of a processor like a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform tasks like modulation,... more
The basic purpose of Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems is to use a digital signal processor to numerically handle radio signals. The use of a processor like a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform tasks like modulation, demodulation, signal creation, and line coding on these systems dramatically decreases the demand for analog circuit-based hardware. FPGAs are digital integrated circuits with a wide range of applications which are made up of links between programmable logic blocks. It's aimed at assisting the creator realize the logic functions that the designer needs. In consequence, the user may change the function of each logic block. VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is commonly used in FPGA programming. In this study, VHDL code was created, and a FM transmitter was implemented on a FPGA board (CMOD A7) in this research. The sound card interface on the PC used to send and receive the signals while suitable ADC and DAC cards are used on the FPGA side for...
The basic purpose of Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems is to use a digital signal processor to numerically handle radio signals. The use of a processor like a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform tasks like modulation,... more
The basic purpose of Software Defined Radio (SDR) systems is to use a digital signal processor to numerically handle radio signals. The use of a processor like a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to perform tasks like modulation, demodulation, signal cr eation, and line coding on these systems dramatically decreases the demand for analog circuit-based hardware. FPGAs are digital integrated circuits with a wide range of applications which are made up of links between programmable logic blocks. It's aimed a t assisting the creator realize the logic functions that the designer needs. In consequence, the user may change the function of each logic b lock. VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is commonly used in FPGA programming. In this study, VHDL code was created, and a FM transmitter was implemented on a FPGA board (CMOD A7) in this research. The sound card interface on the PC used to send and receive the signals while suitable ADC and DAC cards are used on the FPGA side for the same purpose. Audacity pro gram was used to playback the sample wav files while HDSDR SDR program was used to monitor and record the signals in wav file format. Finally, using the MATLAB code, the recorded transmitter signal was demodulated offline, and the output was stored to the hard drive. The demodulated signal obtained is identical to the initial modulation signal, indicating that the modulation was correctly execu ted. As a result, a perfect foundation for the development and training of SDR systems using FPGA has been establis hed.
The power–voltage curve of photovoltaic arrays has one global peak and one or more local peak under partially shaded conditions. The conventional maximum power point tracking algorithms such as Perturb&Observe are converge to the first... more
The power–voltage curve of photovoltaic arrays has one global peak and one or more local peak under partially shaded conditions. The conventional maximum power point tracking algorithms such as Perturb&Observe are converge to the first peak. Therefore they may not find global maximum power point. However; soft computing methods such as Bat Algorithm may find it. This paper proposes a dual algorithm search method that consist of modified Bat Algorithm and Perturb&Observe algorithm. The standard Bat Algorithm has been modified by adding a similar feature to tabu list of Tabu Search Algorithm. In search process, firstly, modified Bat Algorithm is used to determine the area of global peak, then Perturb&Observe is replaced to track the maximum power point in the area of global peak. If the power varies greatly and rapidly, the search process starts again. Standard Bat Algorithm, Perturb&Observe and the proposed method are simulated under standard test condition and partially shaded condi...
Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in sensor data... more
Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in sensor data well. In this study, a new method is proposed in the literature which uses an enhanced fuzzy variable structure controller that can handle delays in sensor data well. However it displays a steady state error. The novelty in this study is that the steady state error is handled using an integral term so that an acceptable performance is obtained.
Output characteristic curve of photovoltaic arrays has one global peak and one or more local peak under partially shaded conditions. The conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms such as Incremental Conductance (IC) may... more
Output characteristic curve of photovoltaic arrays has one global peak and one or more local peak under partially shaded conditions. The conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms such as Incremental Conductance (IC) may be trapped in the local maximum power point. So they may not find global maximum power point. However; soft computing methods such as Bat algorithm may find it. This paper proposes MPPT of photovoltaic system using modified BA and IC algorithm. The standard BA has been modified by adding a similar feature to tabu list of Tabu Search algorithm. In search process, firstly, modified BA is used to determine the area of global peak, then IC algorithm is replaced to track the maximum power point in the area of global peak. If the power varies greatly and rapidly, the search process starts again. Standard BA, IC algorithm and the proposed method are simulated under standard test condition and partially shaded conditions. Simulations show that the proposed method is successful even in difficult conditions such as partial shadowing.
In this study, the protective effects of hypothermia after trauma in the brain of rats have been investigated. An apparatus called "Rat Thermohypotherm Device" has been designed and implemented to induce hypothermia. To experiment with... more
In this study, the protective effects of hypothermia after trauma in the brain of rats have been investigated. An apparatus called "Rat Thermohypotherm Device" has been designed and implemented to induce hypothermia. To experiment with the device, rats have been separated in two groups. Experimental traumatic brain injury has been induced to the both groups. Hypothermia is applied only one of these two groups. As a result, it has been observed that the hypothermia therapy had reduced the mortality rate by 80%.
Geniş bir alana dağılmış olan sayaçların okunması dağıtım sistemlerinde önemli bir problemdir. Otomatik Sayaç Okuma (OSO) sistemleri sayaç bilgilerinin hatasız bir şekilde toplanması ve değerlendirilmesi problemine ekonomik bir çözüm... more
Geniş bir alana dağılmış olan sayaçların okunması dağıtım sistemlerinde önemli bir problemdir. Otomatik Sayaç Okuma (OSO) sistemleri sayaç bilgilerinin hatasız bir şekilde toplanması ve değerlendirilmesi problemine ekonomik bir çözüm sunmaktadır. OSO sistemleri günümüzde klasik sayaç okuma yöntemlerinin yetersiz kaldığı, enerjinin verimli bir şekilde üretilmesi, iletilmesi, dağıtılması ve tüketimi gibi konularda önemli bir avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, OSO sistemlerine olan ilgi gelişen teknolojinin de yardımıyla her geçen gün biraz daha artmaktadır. Günümüzde hızla tükenen enerji kaynaklarının verimli yönetiminin ancak OSO sistemleri gibi gelişkin veri toplama ve yönetimi sistemlerinin enerji sistemleri ile uyumlu bir entegrasyonu yoluyla mümkün olabileceği anlaşılmıştır. Bu makale, modern OSO sistemlerinin yapısını, dağıtım sistemlerindeki uygulamalarını ve avantajlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Günümüzde manyetik askı sistemlerinin pek çok uygulama alanı vardır. Bunlardan bazıları, motorlar veya hareketli düzenekler için sürtünmesiz yatak, manyetik trenler ile çip üretim tezgahlarının kontrolü amacıyla geliştirilmiş hızlı ve... more
Günümüzde manyetik askı sistemlerinin pek çok uygulama alanı vardır. Bunlardan bazıları, motorlar veya hareketli düzenekler için sürtünmesiz yatak, manyetik trenler ile çip üretim tezgahlarının kontrolü amacıyla geliştirilmiş hızlı ve hassas konumlandırma sistemleridir. Bu sistemler eğitim amacıyla da sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, eğitim amacıyla tasarlanmış ve çelik bir bilyanın yerçekimine karşı havada asılı kalmasını sağlamak üzere bir elektromıknatısın ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System-Uyarlamalı Sinirsel Bulanık Denetim Sistemi) ile kontrolünü gerçekleştiren bir sistemin tasarımı ve benzetimi üzerinedir. Sistemin bir modeli Matlab Simulink ortamında oluşturulmuştur. Sistem öncelikle klasik bulanık mantık denetimi ile kontrol edilmiş, daha sonra ANFIS ile sistem yeniden tasarlanmıştır. Her iki denetçinin performansı karşılaştırılmıştır. Klasik bulanık mantığa dayalı kontrolde iyi sonuçlar elde edilmesine rağmen ANFIS'de sistem dinamiklerinin eğitimindeki güçlük nedeniyle yeterli performans elde edilememiştir.
A universal microcontroller test system, which aims to determine the parameters of thermoelectric modules under various thermal loads, has been designed and realised using a novel test method. The test system has been designed according... more
A universal microcontroller test system, which aims to determine the parameters of thermoelectric modules under various thermal loads, has been designed and realised using a novel test method. The test system has been designed according to a more simplified form of the present formula set, which has been made to accept minimum variables as the input in order to obtain more precise results. It measures all the parameters of a working thermoelectric module by measuring only the hot-side temperature, module operation voltage, current and thermal voltage values of the module. The new test system has been used to measure a standard thermoelectric module (Melcor CP 1.4-127-10L) in order to verify its performance. It has also been used to test the operation of an experimental medical apparatus, which is used to induce hypothermia (low body temperature) in the brains of rats using a thermoelectric module.
Sıçanlar üzerinde deneysel amaçlarla beyinde hipotermiya oluşturmak üzere mikrodenetleyicili bir vücut sıcaklığı kontrol düzenine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu sistemin vücut sıcaklığını algıladığı yer önemlidir. Doğrudan beyin üzerindeki... more
Sıçanlar üzerinde deneysel amaçlarla beyinde hipotermiya oluşturmak üzere mikrodenetleyicili bir vücut sıcaklığı kontrol düzenine ihtiyaç vardır. Bu sistemin vücut sıcaklığını algıladığı yer önemlidir. Doğrudan beyin üzerindeki sıcaklıkları ölçmek mümkün olmadığından endirekt bir ölçüm metodu kullanılması gerekir. Bu metodun beyin sıcaklığını doğru bir şekilde tahmin edebilmesi için gerçek beyin sıcaklığı ile ölçümün yapıldığı noktadaki sıcaklık arasında bir ilişki kurulması gerekir. Bu ilişkinin matematiksel bir formüle dökülmesi, hesap işlemini kolaylaştırır. Bu çalışmada, sıçanın rektumundan ölçülen sıcaklık ile beyindeki sıcaklığın tahminini gerçekleştiren böyle bir model oluşturulmuştur. Modelin kurulmasında çok katmanlı hatayı geri yaymalı bir sinir ağından faydalanılmıştır. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen verilerin bir kısmı eğitim, bir kısmı ise test verisi olarak kullanılmıştır. Sinir ağının eğitimiyle elde edilen model gerçeğe yakın sonuçlar vermiştir.
One of the main sources of uncertainties in controlling the attitude of a satellite is the time delays seen in sensor data. Although it is possible to process sensor data to correct the deficiencies caused by delays, it is more suitable... more
One of the main sources of uncertainties in controlling the attitude of a satellite is the time delays seen in sensor data. Although it is possible to process sensor data to correct the deficiencies caused by delays, it is more suitable to design the controller robust enough to handle uncertainties well. In this study, the attitude of a 3-degrees of freedom satellite model, incorporating uncertainties (both sensor data delay and actuator misplacements), is controlled using a suitably designed fuzzy variable structure controller (FVSC). The performance of the FVSC is evaluated and compared to that of other reference controllers [proportional-derivative (PD), linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG), and loop-shaping controllers (LSCs)]. The FVSC performs well in both nondelayed and delayed (T d = 0.2 s and 0.4 s) cases, while the PD and LQG controllers provide good response only for nondelayed cases (i.e. T d = 0 s). A robust LSC also performs well in both cases, but its root mean squared error is high compared to the FVSC in the delayed case.
In this paper, fuel cell control is investigated in addition to the use of fuzzy logic to control fuel cells. For fuzzy rules, the maximum power point tracking algorithm is used. Additionally, PID control is used and tested in this paper.... more
In this paper, fuel cell control is investigated in addition to the use of fuzzy logic to control fuel cells. For fuzzy rules, the maximum power point tracking algorithm is used. Additionally, PID control is used and tested in this paper. As simulation results show, the performance of fuzzy logic is better than PID control. In general, for fuel cell systems, humidification is required for the air or the hydrogen, or both the air and hydrogen at the fuel cell inlets. Moreover, water content is very important for the protonic conductivity in the proton exchange membranes. If membrane dehydration or drying occurs, electrical performance decreases due to significant ohmic losses. 
Determination of moving foreground objects in dynamic scenes for video surveillance systems is still a problem can not be resolved exactly. In the literature; pixel-based, block-based and texture-based methods have been proposed to solve... more
Determination of moving foreground objects in dynamic scenes for video surveillance systems is still a problem can not be resolved exactly. In the literature; pixel-based, block-based and texture-based methods have been proposed to solve this problem. The method we propose will be block-based method which can be applied to real time in dynamic scenes. We have created non-overlapped blocks with the averages the pixels in the gray level. We used this average value to generate the background model based on a modified original KDE (Kernel Density Estimation) method. To determine the moving foreground objects and to update background model, we use an adaptive parameter which is determined according to the number of changes in the state of this pixel during the last N frames. Performance evaluation of the proposed method is tested by background methods in literature without applying post-processing techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method.
Controlling the attitude of a satellite with high accuracy and stability under both sensor and actuator delay is a great problem. It is possible to correct for errors, but a robust controller is more preferable. In this study, the... more
Controlling the attitude of a satellite with high accuracy and stability under both sensor and actuator delay is a great problem. It is possible to correct for errors, but a robust controller is more preferable. In this study, the attitude of a 3-DoF satellite model incorporating uncertainties (delays in handling both sensors and actuators) is controlled using a suitably designed integral fuzzy variable structure (IFVSC) controller. The attitude control accuracy of the IFVSC is evaluated and compared to other reference controllers (one is a PID controller and the other is a loop shaping controller). IFVSC is found to perform well with T d = 0.2 s sensor and actuator data delay.
Öz Yazılım tanımlı radyo (Software Defined Radio-SDR) sistemlerinde temel amaç, radyo işaretlerini bir sayısal işaret işleyiciyle tamamen sayısal olarak işlemektir. Bu sistemler üzerinde modülasyon, demodülasyon, işaret üretimi ve hat... more
Öz Yazılım tanımlı radyo (Software Defined Radio-SDR) sistemlerinde temel amaç, radyo işaretlerini bir sayısal işaret işleyiciyle tamamen sayısal olarak işlemektir. Bu sistemler üzerinde modülasyon, demodülasyon, işaret üretimi ve hat kodlaması gibi işlemlerin alanda programlanabilir kapı dizileri gibi bir işlemci ile yapılması analog devre temelli donanıma duyulan ihtiyacı büyük ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Alanda Programlanabilir Kapı Dizileri (Field Programmable Gate Array-FPGA), programlanabilir mantık blokları arası bağlantılardan oluşan ve geniş uygulama alanları olan sayısal tümleşik devrelerdir. Tasarımcının ihtiyacına yönelik mantık işlevlerini gerçekleştirme amacıyla üretilmiştir. Bundan dolayı her mantık bloğunun işlevi kullanıcı tarafından düzenlenebilmektedir. FPGA'in programlanması aşamasında ise genellikle VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) kullanılır. Bu çalışma üzerinde ilk olarak VHDL kodu yazılarak, genlik modüleli (Amplitude Modulation-AM) verici, FPGA kartı (Mimas Spartan 6) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Audacity programı ile modülasyonda kullanılacak örnek ses kaydı, ses kartı aracılığı ile FPGA kartına gönderilmiştir. FPGA kartı, ADC (Analog / Digital Converter-LM4550) kartı üzerinden analog sinyali alarak HDSDR (High Definition Software Defined Radio) programı ile verici sinyali alınıp, demodüle edilip, kaydedilmiştir. FPGA kartı, DAC (Digital / Analog Converter-LM4550) kartı aracılığı ile verici sinyalini analog formda üretip, laptopun ses kartı mikrofon girişine göndermiştir. Ve son olarak kaydedilmiş verici sinyali ayrıca matlab koduyla da offline olarak demodüle edilip sonuç harddiske kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen demodüleli sinyalin baştaki modülasyon sinyaliyle aynı olduğu ve modülasyonun düzgün bir şekilde gerçekleştiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, yazılım tanımlı radyo sistemlerinin (SDR), alanda programlanabilir kapı dizileri (FPGA) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmesine ve eğitimine yönelik güzel bir platform elde edilmiştir.
om Abstract- Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in... more
om Abstract- Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in sensor data well. In this study, a new method is proposed in the literature which uses an enhanced fuzzy
One of the main sources of uncertainties in controlling the attitude of a satellite is the time delays seen in sensor data. Although it is possible to process sensor data to correct the de ciencies caused by delays, it is more suitable to... more
One of the main sources of uncertainties in controlling the attitude of a satellite is the time delays seen in sensor data. Although it is possible to process sensor data to correct the de ciencies caused by delays, it is more suitable to design the controller robust enough to handle uncertainties well. In this study, the attitude of a 3-degrees of freedom satellite model, incorporating uncertainties (both sensor data delay and actuator misplacements), is controlled using a suitably designed fuzzy variable structure controller (FVSC). The performance of the FVSC is evaluated and compared to that of other reference controllers [proportional-derivative (PD), linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG), and loop-shaping controllers (LSCs)]. The FVSC performs well in both nondelayed and delayed (Td = 0.2 s and 0.4 s) cases, while the PD and LQG controllers provide good response only for nondelayed cases (i.e. Td = 0 s). A robust LSC also performs well in both cases, but its root mean squared error is high compared to the FVSC in the delayed case.
Key words: Actuator misplacement, fuzzy variable structure control, robust loop shaping controller, satellite attitude
control, sensor data delay
In this study, the protective effects of hypothermia after trauma in the brain of rats have been investigated. An apparatus called “Rat Thermohypotherm Device” has been designed and implemented to induce hypothermia. To experiment with... more
In this study, the protective effects of hypothermia after trauma in the brain of rats have been investigated. An apparatus called “Rat Thermohypotherm Device” has been designed and implemented to induce hypothermia. To experiment with the device, rats have been separated in two groups. Experimental traumatic brain injury has been induced to the both groups. Hypothermia is applied only one of these two groups. As a result, it has been observed that the hypothermia therapy had reduced the mortality rate by 80%. Key Words: Hypothermia, thermoelectric, brain trauma, mortality rate
om Abstract- Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in... more
om Abstract- Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in sensor data well. In this study, a new method is proposed in the literature which uses an enhanced fuzzy
Thesis for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Page 1. G.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 17(4):29-38 (2004) ISSN 1303-9709 GU Journal of Science 17(4):29-38 (2004) POST TRAUMATIC PROTECTION OF BRAIN IN RATS USING RAT TERMOHYPOTHERM DEVICE Raşit AHISKA ...
ABSTRACT One of the main sources of uncertainties in controlling the attitude of a satellite is the time delays seen in sensor data. Although it is possible to process sensor data to correct the deficiencies caused by delays, it is more... more
ABSTRACT One of the main sources of uncertainties in controlling the attitude of a satellite is the time delays seen in sensor data. Although it is possible to process sensor data to correct the deficiencies caused by delays, it is more suitable to design the controller robust enough to handle uncertainties well. In this study, the attitude of a 3-degrees of freedom satellite model, incorporating uncertainties (both sensor data delay and actuator misplacements), is controlled using a suitably designed fuzzy variable structure controller (FVSC). The performance of the FVSC is evaluated and compared to that of other reference controllers [proportional-derivative (PD), linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG), and loop-shaping controllers (LSCs)]. The FVSC performs well in both nondelayed and delayed (T-d = 0.2 s and 0.4 s) cases, while the PD and LQG controllers provide good response only for nondelayed cases (i.e. T-d = 0 s). A robust LSC also performs well in both cases, but its root mean squared error is high compared to the FVSC in the delayed case.
om Abstract- Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in... more
om Abstract- Time delays in sensor data is one of the main issues in controlling the attitude of a satellite. Although, there exists methods to alleviate the problem, it is preferable to have a robust controller which can handle delays in sensor data well. In this study, a new method is proposed in the literature which uses an enhanced fuzzy