Books by Gudrun (Eli) Lier
OTE, 2019
The concept of pain and grieving in the Hebrew Bible is often linked to the context of travail in... more The concept of pain and grieving in the Hebrew Bible is often linked to the context of travail in the birthing process. This perspective suggests that experiences and emotions of pain are associated with feelings of deep distress which, when properly resolved, give way to positive dimensions of care, hope and empowerment as well as the vitality to face new challenges of life. This paper investigates the conceptualization of pain in Scripture from linguistic expressions and ceremonial practices. It compares these findings with phenomenological perspectives of childbirth experiences and how these can assist to explain biblical labour metaphors. The aim is to show how the conceptualization of pain in Scripture can assist to resolve pain in contemporary contexts.
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THB: The Hebrew Bible, Vol 1B: Pentateuch, Former and Latter Prophets, 2017
Targum Latter Prophets is part of Targum Jonathan of the Prophets, which has an obscure prehistor... more Targum Latter Prophets is part of Targum Jonathan of the Prophets, which has an obscure prehistory. This contribution investigates the developmental history of Targum Latter Prophets by focusing on common translation characteristics of the individual prophetic books in this compendium: how they compare in their rendering of the Hebrew text into Aramaic in relation to the use of dialect, historico−theological thrust, and translation techniques. Rabbinic citations and parallels reflected in the individual books of Targum Latter Prophets can assist to determine the developmental stages of extant copies of these Aramaic renderings of the Hebrew Scriptures.
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Journal for Semitics, 2017
The use of formally marked and unmarked nouns varies and has changed in Aramaic dialects througho... more The use of formally marked and unmarked nouns varies and has changed in Aramaic dialects throughout the course of history. Until recently, it was assumed that determination in nouns in Targum Prophets was no longer working properly since extant grammars do not point out specific rules of grammar and syntax in this regard. It has been argued that the marked form of the noun came to depose the unmarked form. However, a focused study on Targum Samuel by Renaud Kuty (2010) demonstrates that the retention or abandonment of determinate and indeterminate nominal forms functions according to two linguistic systems in this Targum. This contribution investigates the retention or abandonment of final long A in nominal forms in Targum Malachi by observing how marked and unmarked nominal forms appear in typical grammatical, syntactic, and semantic arrangements, and what the impact of discourse perspective is.
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Papers by Gudrun (Eli) Lier
Acta Theologica, 2018
This study makes use of the Functionalist Translation approach in the translation of ברך in Job 2... more This study makes use of the Functionalist Translation approach in the translation of ברך in Job 2:9 in line with
Christiane Nord’s Model of Literary Communication to demonstrate how early translators’ cognisance of the language and culture of the source text may have influenced the way they translated ברך in Job 2:9. The premise of this
paper is that the translators began to render ברך in Job 2:9
conversely when they were no longer familiar with the culture of the Hebrew source text. The study aims to demonstrate that a functionalist approach in literary translation may assist with the translation of enigmatic texts in the Hebrew Scriptures to produce a target text that takes into account the source-culture inventory and appropriately communicates the translated text to the target-culture perspective.
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The d-particle is used both as conjunction and preposition in Aramaic. Common uses of ד as conj... more The d-particle is used both as conjunction and preposition in Aramaic. Common uses of ד as conjunction include its function as relative pronoun (who, which), as determinative pronoun (the one(s) who), to express a causative relation (because) or purpose (so that), before direct speech, in compound conjunctions, with correlatives and as complement to verbs (that). As preposition, it primarily occurs as genitive particle, in split genitive phrases, after numbers or as first element of lexemes. This article investigates the occurrence of the d-particle in Targum Jonathan Malachi where it is repeatedly used in conjunction with the pronoun and participle. In each instance it appears to mark an anticipated and ongoing action.
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Journal for Semitics, 2010
Heineman (1971) connected the early proem or sermon with the customary Torah reading in the ancie... more Heineman (1971) connected the early proem or sermon with the customary Torah reading in the ancient synagogue service during the age of formative Judaism. This paper follows Heinemann’s approach in the correlated reading of petichah א from Genesis Rabbah and Targum Neofiti’s rendering of Genesis 1 on the argument that Genesis Rabbah and Neofiti 1 are contemporary documents. The correlated reading demonstrates how an early sermon uses the techniques of rhetoric and midrash exegesis to link to Targum with the use of repetitive, fixed interpolations or rabbinic stock phrases. Furthermore, a note from the Masorah parva reveals how sages retained religious Hebrew idioms in Targum to transmit principles of rabbinic theology to their audience in the ancient synagogue service.
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Journal for Semitics, 2015
The study of Aramaic Bible translations (Targumim) continues to be a valuable source of informati... more The study of Aramaic Bible translations (Targumim) continues to be a valuable source of information, not only for uncovering the history of biblical interpretation but also for providing insights for the study of linguistics and translation techniques. In comparison with work done on the Pentateuchal
Targumim and Targum Former Prophets, research on the individual books of Targum Minor Prophets has been scant. By providing an overview of selected source material this review seeks (i) to provide incentives for more focused studies in the field of Targum Minor Prophets and (ii) to motivate new integrated research approaches which are now made possible with the assistance of highly developed software programmes.
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Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 41/1 (2015), pp. 51-70
This contribution comprehensively analyses how Targum Jonathan Malachi (TgJ Ma) renders the Hebre... more This contribution comprehensively analyses how Targum Jonathan Malachi (TgJ Ma) renders the Hebrew Text (HT) of the book of Malachi. The study shows that this Targum constitutes a mix of technical and exegetical translation techniques in a generally periphrastic rendering to make it theologically acceptable. It furthermore demonstrates how obscure ambiguous passages and idiomatic expressions are remodelled by contemporizing interpolations. Added prepositions bring clarity to imagery and scanty syntactical expressions. Anthropomorphism is rendered indirect to express obvious reverence before the deity. The relative pronoun ד is widely employed to express various relationships. Single words are extensively substituted to express the underlying meaning of the biblical text and there is evidence for the use of stock words.
1.
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In this article some of the previous considerations on the meaning and function of מַשָּׂא in th... more In this article some of the previous considerations on the meaning and function of מַשָּׂא in the prophetic literature of the Hebrew Scriptures are critically considered. The function of מַשָּׂא is then reviewed by systematically analysing its use in various textual contexts throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, to identify how this term was applied in popular speech, literature, and translation. An attempt is made to categorize מַשָּׂא into specific semantic domains in order to determine how the various ways in which מַשָּׂא is used in prophetic literature compare with each other. It is suggested that the מַשָּׂא-label not only came to be used as an emphatic marker but also functioned as a literary device to bind maśśā’-prophesies together intertextually to form a virtual corpus.
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The dᵊ− particle is used both as conjunction and preposition in Aramaic. Common uses of ד as con... more The dᵊ− particle is used both as conjunction and preposition in Aramaic. Common uses of ד as conjunction include its function as relative pronoun (who, which), as determinative pronoun (the one(s) who), to express a causative relation (because) or purpose (so that), before direct speech, in compound conjunctions, with correlatives and as complement to verbs (that). As preposition, it primarily occurs as genitive particle, in split genitive phrases, after numbers or as first element of lexemes. This article first investigates the function of the dᵊ− particle as deictic marker and then proceeds to demonstrate its pragmatic function as discourse marker from examples of complement clauses in Targum Malachi following the ד + personal pronoun + participle sequence.
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Journal for Semitics 22/2 (2013) 523-537; ISSN 1013-8471
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Journal of Semitics, 2011, Vol 21/1, pp. 28-51.
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Targum and Midrash compilations are mostly still dealt with in distinction from each other. Howev... more Targum and Midrash compilations are mostly still dealt with in distinction from each other. However, on the basis of Heineman’s notion (1971) that the early proem or sermon was connected with the customary Torah reading in the ancient synagogue service during the age of formative Judaism, this paper correlates Genesis Rabbah, petichah א and Targum Neofiti’s rendering of Genesis 1:1-31 on the argument that Genesis Rabbah and Neofiti 1 are contemporary documents. The process verifies Heinemann’s theory by demonstrating how an early sermon in Genesis Rabbah makes use of the techniques of rhetoric and Midrash exegesis to link to Targum Neofiti 1 by way of repetitive, fixed interpolations or rabbinic stock phrases. Sages appear to have employed this technique with the aim of transmitting principles of rabbinic theology to their audience in the ancient synagogue service.
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Journal for Semitics, 2009, Vol 18/1, pp. 57-81 ; ISSN 1013-8471
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JSEM
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JSEM
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Lier, G.E. (2007). Torah Events for the Jewish Child. Journal for Semitics 16/2, pp. 333-350.
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Books by Gudrun (Eli) Lier
Papers by Gudrun (Eli) Lier
Christiane Nord’s Model of Literary Communication to demonstrate how early translators’ cognisance of the language and culture of the source text may have influenced the way they translated ברך in Job 2:9. The premise of this
paper is that the translators began to render ברך in Job 2:9
conversely when they were no longer familiar with the culture of the Hebrew source text. The study aims to demonstrate that a functionalist approach in literary translation may assist with the translation of enigmatic texts in the Hebrew Scriptures to produce a target text that takes into account the source-culture inventory and appropriately communicates the translated text to the target-culture perspective.
Targumim and Targum Former Prophets, research on the individual books of Targum Minor Prophets has been scant. By providing an overview of selected source material this review seeks (i) to provide incentives for more focused studies in the field of Targum Minor Prophets and (ii) to motivate new integrated research approaches which are now made possible with the assistance of highly developed software programmes.
1.
Christiane Nord’s Model of Literary Communication to demonstrate how early translators’ cognisance of the language and culture of the source text may have influenced the way they translated ברך in Job 2:9. The premise of this
paper is that the translators began to render ברך in Job 2:9
conversely when they were no longer familiar with the culture of the Hebrew source text. The study aims to demonstrate that a functionalist approach in literary translation may assist with the translation of enigmatic texts in the Hebrew Scriptures to produce a target text that takes into account the source-culture inventory and appropriately communicates the translated text to the target-culture perspective.
Targumim and Targum Former Prophets, research on the individual books of Targum Minor Prophets has been scant. By providing an overview of selected source material this review seeks (i) to provide incentives for more focused studies in the field of Targum Minor Prophets and (ii) to motivate new integrated research approaches which are now made possible with the assistance of highly developed software programmes.
1.