Dr. Ahmed El-Shabasy

The inorganic colour layer based on iron oxide is affected by microorganisms (fungi) and leads to its deterioration due to feeding on the mineral elements through the chemical composition of the colour in the presence of a suitable environment (medium). Damage occurs as a result of heavy metal elements being removed from the colour, leading to a defect in the chemical composition and the fading of the colours. The current study showed the effect of the different types of the most common fungi on oil paintings (Aspergillus flavius, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger) after cultivating the different types of fungi and obtaining pure colonies for each fungus separately and conducting a fungal infection on experimental samples with preparing the old techniques, coloured with hematite red and goethite yellow. Each colour is mixed with different proportions of linseed oil (1, 2, 3). They were aged artificially and incubated at a temperature of 26 2+degrees and examined periodically until the fungi appeared on the surface in the form of colour spots ranging from very dark (severe infestation) to light (low infestation). The change in chemical composition was measured by Raman and EDX analyses of the samples before and after infection. Fungi showed the appearance of spoilage products from metal sulfides and metal carboxylates. The iron oxide ion decreased in both the red and the yellow colours, leading to a change after the fungal infection. Examination of the morphological surface using SEM, USB and measurement of colour change showed the change in the red colour more than the yellow and scattering of green and black colour dots on the surface of the sample. Correlation and Simple Linear Regression were applied for each colour before and after besides both colours together. It was found that these colours appeared around some of the fungal colonies as a result of the activities. Fungal species of some strains reduced Fe +3 to Fe +2. This provides new insights into the role of microorganisms in the deterioration of painted surfaces.

The inorganic colour layer based on iron oxide is affected by microorganisms (fungi) and leads to its deterioration due to feeding on the mineral elements through the chemical composition of the colour in the presence of a suitable environment (medium). Damage occurs as a result of heavy metal elements being removed from the colour, leading to a defect in the chemical composition and the fading of the colours. The current study showed the effect of the different types of the most common fungi on oil paintings (Aspergillus flavius, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger) after cultivating the different types of fungi and obtaining pure colonies for each fungus separately and conducting a fungal infection on experimental samples with preparing the old techniques, coloured with hematite red and goethite yellow. Each colour is mixed with different proportions of linseed oil (1, 2, 3). They were aged artificially and incubated at a temperature of 26 2+degrees and examined periodically until the fungi appeared on the surface in the form of colour spots ranging from very dark (severe infestation) to light (low infestation). The change in chemical composition was measured by Raman and EDX analyses of the samples before and after infection. Fungi showed the appearance of spoilage products from metal sulfides and metal carboxylates. The iron oxide ion decreased in both the red and the yellow colours, leading to a change after the fungal infection. Examination of the morphological surface using SEM, USB and measurement of colour change showed the change in the red colour more than the yellow and scattering of green and black colour dots on the surface of the sample. Correlation and Simple Linear Regression were applied for each colour before and after besides both colours together. It was found that these colours appeared around some of the fungal colonies as a result of the activities. Fungal species of some strains reduced Fe +3 to Fe +2. This provides new insights into the role of microorganisms in the deterioration of painted surfaces.

Background and objective: Perturbed neurological functions significantly affect the quality of life. Synthetic drugs may lead to improved neuronal function, however may seek to undesired effects. Hence, current study emphasized to determine the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Adiantum pedatum as well as to investigate the neuropharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Adiantum pedatum. In vitro anti-oxidant potential of A pedatum extract was investigated using DPPH assay, the phenolic contents were investigated. The results indicated that the maximum phytochemicals were present in both chloroform and ethanol extracts. Materials and Methods: To determine neuropharmacological potential, four groups of 20 Swiss albino male mice were selected and labelled as control, standard (caffeine 10 mg/kg), low dose (200 mg/kg) and high dose (400 mg/kg) treatment groups. Neuropharmacological activities of plant extract were evaluated by performing in open field, rearing, cage crossed, head dip, traction and forced swimming test. One-way ANOVA was able to analyze the results of all used tests. In vitro anti-oxidant potential of A pedatum extract was investigated using DPPH assay, the phenolic contents were investigated. Results: The results indicated that the maximum phytochemicals were present in both chloroform and ethanol extracts. Results suggested that ethanolic extracts of Adiantum pedatum possess anxiolytic and CNS stimulant effect as an increased locomotor activity was observed during tests and also suggested the possible use of Adiantum pedatum in drug industry. Conclusion:Current study provides the neuroactive capacities of A. pedatum extract possibly through anti-oxidant means.

The present study aims to focus on the harmful impact effect of wild climbing plants in Jazan region, KSA. There are different species belong to different families. The harmful impact effects includeimpacts on biodiversity, recreation,building and structures and service cabinet outdoor. The suggested control measures to solve the impact problem are discussed. They are mechanical, biological, chemical and natural control. The information provided in this study points to the need for broad monitoring for wild climbing plants and continuous control research should be given top priority.

Interest in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has increased in the last era by researchers. Nanoparticles have several applications in different fields like optoelectronics, magnetic devices, drug delivery, and sensors. Nanoparticle synthesis by green methods is safe for the environment and should be explored and encouraged popularly since various plants' have the high extent to form these nanoparticles. Worldwide, UV spectroscopy, Xray diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) besides Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are used in many ways for characterize nanoparticles. The most advantageous use of AgNPs is their great attribution to be used as antimicrobial agents. Finally, concept of AgNPs synthesis is deserved to be the modern technical and medical concern. The current review shows a complete comprehensive and analytical survey of the biosynthesis of AgNPs with a particular focus on their activities as antimicrobials and the possible theories of their effect on the microbial cell and all influenced secondary metabolites.

Interest in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has increased in the last era by researchers. Nanoparticles have
several applications in different fields like optoelectronics, magnetic devices, drug delivery, and sensors.
Nanoparticle synthesis by green methods is safe for the environment and should be explored and encouraged
popularly since various plants’ have the high extent to form these nanoparticles. Worldwide, UV spectroscopy, Xray
diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light
Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) besides Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are
used in many ways for characterize nanoparticles. The most advantageous use of AgNPs is their great attribution
to be used as antimicrobial agents. Finally, concept of AgNPs synthesis is deserved to be the modern technical
and medical concern. The current review shows a complete comprehensive and analytical survey of the
biosynthesis of AgNPs with a particular focus on their activities as antimicrobials and the possible theories of
their effect on the microbial cell and all influenced secondary metabolites.

In the current study, the biological effects of various solvents concentrations of Artemisia absinthium were assayed on different stages (larva, pupa and adult) of Aedes aegypti under controlled laboratory conditions. The life initiation and mortality for each insect stage were evaluated. Different lethal concentrations were measured. Aedes aegypti L. was susceptible to all plant extract solvents in different conc. ANOVA test, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were used to evaluate the significance. The results correlated with other comparative studies with different Artemisia sp. to put the studied species in the proper way in Asteraceae family. The study gave A. absinthium L. its bright position as a perfect natural insecticide especially as larvicidal due to the low Lc 50 degree. Scientists welcome to use natural insecticide at initial stages of insect not in later ones.

The present study evaluated the potential antibacterial activity ofArtemisia absinthiumL. andArtemisia herba-albaAsso. extracts through different organic and aqueous solvents. The tested bacteria were pathogenic types;Listeria monocytogenes,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica andStaphylococcus aureus. There were different affinities for the studied organic solvents besides aqueous one. The comparative study was accomplished with comparing to the morphological, anatomical and palynological characters. The similarity parameter is obtained. ANOVA test analyzed MIC values for both plant extracts. Pearson Correlation Coefficients were determined for all both plant traits. MIC and MBC values were confirmed on using butanol and diethyl ether extracts besides butanol and chloroform extracts forArtemisia absinthiumL. andArtemisia hera albaAsso against tested pathogenic bacteria respectively as an alternative natural antibacterial inhibitor agent.

In the current study, the biological effects of various solvents concentrations of Artemisia absinthium were assayed
on different stages (larva, pupa and adult) of Aedes aegypti under controlled laboratory conditions. The life
initiation and mortality for each insect stage were evaluated. Different lethal concentrations were measured.
Aedes aegypti L. was susceptible to all plant extract solvents in different conc. ANOVA test, correlation analysis
and simple linear regression were used to evaluate the significance. The results correlated with other comparative
studies with different Artemisia sp. to put the studied species in the proper way in Asteraceae family. The
study gave A. absinthium L. its bright position as a perfect natural insecticide especially as larvicidal due to the
low Lc50 degree. Scientists welcome to use natural insecticide at initial stages of insect not in later ones.

In the current study, the biological effects of various solvents concentrations of Artemisia absinthium were assayed on different stages (larva, pupa and adult) of Aedes aegypti under controlled laboratory conditions. The life initiation and mortality for each insect stage were evaluated. Different lethal concentrations were measured. Aedes aegypti L. was susceptible to all plant extract solvents in different conc. ANOVA test, correlation analysis and simple linear regression were used to evaluate the significance. The results correlated with other comparative studies with different Artemisia sp. to put the studied species in the proper way in Asteraceae family. The study gave A. absinthium L. its bright position as a perfect natural insecticide especially as larvicidal due to the low Lc 50 degree. Scientists welcome to use natural insecticide at initial stages of insect not in later ones.

The mechanical structure of plant tissues has recently attracted a lot of attention. The present study aims to evaluate the importance of collenchymatous and sclerenchymatous tissues in supporting plant species in their harsh environments like road and street plant habitats. Dicots and monocots are classified into different models according to the types of supporting mechanisms. Mass cell percentage and soil analysis are used in this investigation. The tissues are distributed with different percentage masses and arrangements to overcome various severe conditions. Statistical analyses enhance the role of these tissues and clarify their significant values. The gear support mechanism is claimed to be the perfect mechanical method used.
2023 The Author(

The mechanical structure of plant tissues has recently attracted a lot of attention. The present study aims
to evaluate the importance of collenchymatous and sclerenchymatous tissues in supporting plant species
in their harsh environments like road and street plant habitats. Dicots and monocots are classified into
different models according to the types of supporting mechanisms. Mass cell percentage and soil analysis
are used in this investigation. The tissues are distributed with different percentage masses and arrangements
to overcome various severe conditions. Statistical analyses enhance the role of these tissues and
clarify their significant values. The gear support mechanism is claimed to be the perfect mechanical
method used.

2023 The Author(

The chemical constituent pattern and morphological traits of six species of Indigofera; I. argentea, I. articulata, I. colutea, I. oblongifolia, I. hochstetteri and I. sessiliflora were surveyed and compared. The chemical characters revealed one series for all species using total estimation of secondary metabolites; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds by using TLC and HPLC analysis. 26 main morphological studies were distinguished as macro and micro-characters. The studied species showed different active phytochemical constituents and high number of morphological characters. Similarity matrix and cluster analysis were constructed based on all traits. The results illustrated that there were some related and distant species by using the tree display graph besides I. hochstetteri is regarded as the transitional species among the studied species. The study confirmed that more studies should be carried out to investigate about unknown phenolic compounds.

The present study illustrated the comparative studies among six taxa of Amaranthaceae based on antimicrobial effects and macromorphological traits. The antimicrobial effects data concluded by of their chloroform extracts and the macromorphological characters described were stem, lamina features, spike, flower and fruits. Using disk diffusion assay, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus pasteuri demonstrated a multiple resistance against 37% and 64% of the tested antibiotics, respectively. The selected six taxa were tested as antimicrobial agents against Brevibacterium lines, Staphylococcus pasteuri and Klebsiella pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae was sensitive to all extracts. The growth of Staphylococcus pasteuri was inhibited at a lower dose (1.5mg/well) using Amaranthus viridis and Digera muricata extracts. It had begun inhibition at 3mg/well against the others extracts and reached to the maximum inhibition at 6 mg/well using Amaranthus viridis.The lowest growth of Brevibacteri...

Abstract:  This study aims to compare five species of Heliotropium collected from Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This comparison was carried out on basis of morphology, pigments content, proteins, total phenolics, flavonoids as well as their antioxidant activity. According to similarity matrix and cluster analysis, H. longiflorum and H. zeylanicum were closely related while H. pterocarpum and H. zeylanicum were distantly related species. The variation in pigments content of the five studied species of Heliotropium was obvious. H. zeylanicum recorded the highest content of pigments while H. bacciferum was the lowest. Moreover, H. jizanense and H. pterocarpum had almost similar pigments content. Proteins, phenolics and flavonoids showed noticeable variation among the tested species. In other words, H. zeylanicum and H. bacciferum had the highest contents of proteins, phenolics and flavonoids and H. jizanense had lowest and the difference was significant. Meanwhile, the total a...

The chemical constituent pattern and morphological traits of six species of Indigofera; I. argentea, I. articulata, I. colutea, I. oblongifolia, I. hochstetteri and I. sessiliflora were surveyed and compared. The chemical characters revealed one series for all species using total estimation of secondary metabolites; alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds by using TLC and HPLC analysis. 26 main morphological studies were distinguished as macro and micro-characters. The studied species showed different active phytochemical constituents and high number of morphological characters. Similarity matrix and cluster analysis were constructed based on all traits. The results illustrated that there were some related and distant species by using the tree display graph besides I. hochstetteri is regarded as the transitional species among the studied species. The study confirmed that more studies should be carried out to investigate about unknown phenolic compounds.

The study indicated the allelopathy of Prosopis juliflora on Acacia ehrenbergiana through mineral analysis of both leaf extract and rhizoshere soil for both species. It was observed that all mineral content decreased in combined soil. Certain elements increased only in leaf extract of Prosopis as Fe+2 and Na+. Other elements decreased in leaf extract for two species as Mg+2 and Mn+2. This study reported that macro and microelements might be responsible for dominance of Prosopis juliflora and establish successfully in invaded areas.

The present study aims to assess medicinal plants in Jizan region comparing with total medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia Kingdom. The result revealed that there are 306 species present in the Kingdom with 11 endemic species on the other hand, there are 141 species in Jizan region which constitute about (46.08%) of total medicinal plants in the Kingdom with 5 endemic species with (45.45%). This study confirms on importance of medicinal plants protection because almost of them are rare or endangered species.

This present study illustrated the effect of heavy metals in cement dust pollution on Cenchrus ciliaris L. This wild plant species spread surrounding and within the contaminated area. The induced soil by cement dust was changed physically and chemically. There were alterations in morphological characters like chlorotic spot, stem shortening and leaf curling. Similarly, anatomical alterations appeared obviously like rupturing and thickening of cells. The data of control and induced plant species were analyzed statistically separately and combined respectively. The regression equations represented the interaction between control and induced plant species graphically. Cenchrus ciliaris L. can be regarded as a standard heavy metal tolerant plant species.

OLLEN morphology and pattern of Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) ……. Asch. were studied and compared against eight selected taxa of Zygophyllaceae viz. Fagonia arabica, F. cretica, Peganum harmala, Tribulus terrestis, Zygophyllum album, Z. coccenium, Z. decumbens and Z. simplex using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and sodium dodecyle sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE). A wide range of measurements were obtained from digitized SEM images of whole pollen grains and exine pattern. Twenty nine protein bands were obtained with 100% polymorphism among the species examined. F. arabica and T. terrestis were characterized by one positive unique band with a molecular weight 56.8 and 24 kDa respectively. P. harmula was characterized by two positive unique bands with a molecular weight 62 and 42 kDa. N. retusa was characterized by three positive unique bands with amolecular weigh 64.6, 60.7 and 36 kDa. A dendrogram was constructed based on the similarity data matrix by unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages cluster analysis. SEM and protein pattern analysis recommended the separation of Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. besides Fagonia sp. into a distinct family.

This study aims to compare five species of Heliotropium collected from Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This comparison was carried out on basis of morphology, pigments content, proteins, total phenolics, flavonoids as well as their antioxidant activity. According to similarity matrix and cluster analysis, H. longiflorum and H. zeylanicum were closely related while H. pterocarpum and H. zeylanicum were distantly related species. The variation in pigments content of the five studied species of Heliotropium was obvious. H. zeylanicum recorded the highest content of pigments while H. bacciferum was the lowest. Moreover, H. jizanense and H. pterocarpum had almost similar pigments content. Proteins, phenolics and flavonoids showed noticeable variation among the tested species. In other words, H. zeylanicum and H. bacciferum had the highest contents of proteins, phenolics and flavonoids and H. jizanense had lowest and the difference was significant. Meanwhile, the total antioxidant activity was variable among species. Higher antioxidant activity was detected in H. zeylanicum (93%) and H. bacciferum (84%) while H. pterocarpum (34.5%).

Comparative morphological and anatomical studies between a native species (Prosopis cineraria (l.) Druce) and an introduced species (Prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc.) in south west region of Arabian Peninsula Abstract This study shows the similarity and differentiation features between Prosopis cineraria and Prosopis juliflora based on morphological and anatomical characters. Prosopis cineraria is a native species while Prosopis juliflora is an introduced one. The data includes qualitative and quantitative characters. It assures on the importance of plant morphology and anatomy in determining the identification, classification and phylogeny between species.

The present study examined the anatomical features of the stem and petiole besides measurements of the leaf epidermal cells and stomata of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. belonging to Asteraceae family which is regarded as a newly recorded genera in Jazan region, KSA. The stem had a primary structure. It has 11 closed collateral vascular bundles. The petiole is un-stratified with glabrous papillomatous cells with a laminar collenchyma composed of 2 cell layers. There are multiseriate non-glandular trichomes on the epidermis. Stomata are anisocytic which are surrounded by a girdle of three subsidiary cells. Stomata frequency was 20-24 and stomata index was 26.82.In general anatomical charecteristics are very important and could be used in diagnostic key of taxa at all taxonomic levels.

The present study illustrated the comparative studies among six taxa of Amaranthaceae based on antimicrobial effects and macromorphological traits. The antimicrobial effects data concluded by of their chloroform extracts and the macromorphological characters described were stem, lamina features, spike, flower and fruits. Using disk diffusion assay , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus pasteuri demonstrated a multiple resistance against 37% and 64% of the tested antibiotics, respectively. The selected six taxa were tested as antimicrobi al agents against Brevibacterium lines, Staphylococcus pasteuri and Klebsiella pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae was sensitive to all extracts. The growth of Staphylococcus pasteuri was inhibited at a lower dose (1.5 mg/well) using Amaranthus viridis and cata Digera muri extracts. It had begun inhibition at 3 mg/well against the others extracts and reached to the maximum inhibition at 6 mg/well using Amaranthus viridis. The lowest growth of Brevibacterium linens inhibition was at 1.5 mg/well using Amaranthus viridis, a muricata Diger , Aerva javanica, and Amaranthus hybridus. However, the lower inhibition using both of Amaranthus graecizans and Aerva lanata was at 3 mg/well and gave the highest inhibition with Digera muricata at 6 mg/well. Both A. hybridus and A. viridis were recorded as closely species while Aerva javanica and A. viridis were distantly related species. Similarity index (SI) and cluster analysis were constructed and the phenogram was generated among them based on 34 characters (22 morphological characters and 12 antimicrobal assay).

Abstract The present study aims to focus on the harmful impact effect of wild climbing plants in Jazan region, KSA. There are different species belong to different families. The harmful impact effects include impacts on biodiversity, recreation, building and structures and service cabinet outdoor. The suggested control measures to solve the impact problem are discussed. They are mechanical, biological, chemical and natural control. The information provided in this study points to the need for broad monitoring for wild climbing plants and continuous control research should be given top priority.

The present study classifies medicinal plants in the flora of Jazan region according to species threatened into rare, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered and extinct. It focuses on the reasons of species decline as habitat loss (agriculture, harvesting practices, over-grazing, urban development, shore activities and tourist torsion), introduction of exotic species, diseases, pollution and drought. The solutions for conservation of species including and education are discussed. The information provided in this study points to the need for broader monitoring for existing species and continuous conservation research should be given top priority.

The present study aims to assess medicinal plants in Jizan region comparing with total medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia Kingdom. The result revealed that there are 306 species present in the Kingdom with 11 endemic species on the other hand, there are 141 species in Jizan region which constitute about (46.08%) of total medicinal plants in the Kingdom with 5 endemic species with (45.45%). This study confirms on importance of medicinal plants protection because almost of them are rare or endangered species.

The study indicated the allelopathy of Prosopis juliflora on Acacia ehrenbergiana through mineral analysis of both leaf extract and rhizoshere soil for both species. It was observed that all mineral content decreased in combined soil. Certain elements increased only in leaf extract of Prosopis as Fe +2 and Na +. Other elements decreased in leaf extract for two species as Mg +2 and Mn +2. This study reported that macro and microelements might be responsible for dominance of Prosopis juliflora and establish successfully in invaded areas.

Wadi Tashar the border regions Near Yemen frontier, it is more favorable for plant growth The present studies concerned with analysis of floristic composition in addition to the vegetation analysis. A total of 89 species belonging to 68 genera and 27 families were recorded from various sample plots and attached areas. Biological spectrum showedthe most highly represented families were Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Amaranthaceae. where therophytes constituted 42% 31 species (35%) of the total species. Phanerophytes in this area represented by 11 species (12%), Only 10 species (11%) constituted cryptophytes. The highest species richness values are recorded in the wadi bed. The lowest species richness value are recorded in the wadi plateau. Chronological analysis revealed bi regional elements of Saharo-Arabian together Sudano-Zambezian have the highest share of species, representing 29 species followed by the Saharo-Arabian region elements at 21 taxa (23%), flowed tropical plants only by 9 species (10%), 8 cosmopolitan species (7%) present in the study. Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean are represented by five species representing 4%. Pluriregional elements that belong to the Saharo-Arabian and Mediterranean and Sudano-Zambezian representing 2% has only one species.