Papers by Sofya Khlebnikova
For the 6th world Conference on Climate Change 2019 (September 9-11, 2019) BERLIN, GERMANY, 2019
Hazardous Households Waste presents a threat to the environment and to human health when the mixe... more Hazardous Households Waste presents a threat to the environment and to human health when the mixed garbage disposed of in landfills. In the case of Russia, researchers have reported that at present, federal law does not regulate the management of waste batteries generated by the population, in particular, does not establish the requirement for their collection. Therefore, thrown into the household trash, batteries corrode and the toxins from metals go to the ground, water and the atmosphere. The number of oncological sicknesses has almost doubled in Russia in 2010 since the active use of Lithium batteries. Being strict on regulations, In Europe, in total, at least 40 processing plants operate, which utilize up to 45% of all chemical power sources. Switzerland itself shows a good level of public awareness, but low collection rates. Japan requires batteries to have so far been stored in warehouses in compliance with safety requirements. In Australia, the highest percentage of recycling of batteries - the number of recycled batteries reaches 80%.
Methodology, Theoretical Orientation: Intersubjective studies have been conducted with in-depth research in the core damages from the used batteries as well as with collected primary research from the field professionals; moreover, with analysis of recent regulations on corporate and public levels and observation of public awareness and contribution to the recycling waste.
Findings: Awareness on the governmental level is high all over the world, as well as the regulations, applied overproduction and recycling by the industries give rise to corporate responsibility. However, the level of awareness in the population for the need for separation of waste as well as the toxic effect on the environment and human lives is different from country to country.
Conclusion & Significance: As each state differ, a Household Hazardous battery waste needs to be addressed and successfully regulated individually towards the nation’s approaches and needs.
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ABSTRACT
The global civil society constitutes of the active citizens of the world, who by raising... more ABSTRACT
The global civil society constitutes of the active citizens of the world, who by raising their voice through different transnational social movements, networks and non-governmental organizations influence decision-making and policy-making processes and contribute to the international politics to the benefit of societies. The power the global civil society gains make the government feel the pressure from the whole international community and even their own people who can seek justice outside their state. The state is the key actor indeed; however, the activist movements and non- governmental organizations, who speak for people, making the decision of the states be influenced and led by the voices of people more and more nowadays.
Ones of the strongest activists whose actions are seen sometimes controversial, but still considered as representatives of the voices of each and one of individual are the non-governmental organizations. The eagerness to observe the notion of global civil society in action made me look in-depth of the hard work that has been done and is going nowadays by one of the international non-governmental organizations called PLAN International. The PLAN International promote the faith in the youngsters and focus on rights for protection, health and education. Its beneficial contribution through active participation in civil society prosperity and campaigns for change, such as “Because I am not only constructed its authority on the international arena but makes us construct better governance and grow a stronger society overall.
THESIS
While the Global Civil Society is considered as mostly an idealistic notion, the international non- governmental organization called The PLAN International makes effective contributions to the fight for security of children’s in particular girls’ rights and equality through “Because I am a Girl” campaign and achieve successful changes through mutually beneficial partnership with the UN body (UN Women).
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Our main resources that make our lives possible on the Earth are vulnerable to over-exploitation ... more Our main resources that make our lives possible on the Earth are vulnerable to over-exploitation or over-pollution because they belong to no one. Therefore, while not seeing radical effects on our being we do not see the global environmental problems as emerging primary issues that have to be solved regarding statuses and self-interests. Due to the growing connectivity nowadays, each continent, each region, each state and even each person has its own big impact on the environment that is not visible to a naked eye.
In my work, I would like to analyse problems such as growing population and pollution, climate change and Ozone layer depletion, oceans and atmospheric commons, biodiversity loss. However, it is important to mention that there are more environmental problems that are not of less importance such as deforestation, desertification, littering and landfills, mining, genetic modification and so forth. Each of the environmental concerns affecting our life and while some of them have similarities between each other, they are amenable to the same types of political action.
Garrett Hardin in his work called “The Tragedy of the Commons” sees the danger of overusing scarce resources of our planet while there is a freedom of Commons, a freedom of breeding and a neutral conscience of each individual. His two solutions are privatization and centralization in a way that the law will play a major part of the deal, not the human factor. In his point of view, there is a need for recognizing emerging necessity of taking more radical actions as well as a need for “mutual coercion agreed upon”. Hardin’s one of the main concerns is overpopulation, where he sees the importance of conscience and agreement to coercion as the way to develop social responsibility on the individual level. The Tragedy of the Commons gives a perspective how to look at global environmental problems. Some of them I would like to discuss further in my work.
The aquaculture development is one of the spheres in which such global environmental concerns as Fisheries and aquaculture circular emerged. It is very interesting to see each state’s contribution towards the growth of the problem and towards finding a solution to it.
Moreover, I see the genetic modification as a bigger problem as it is stated nowadays. The concern over the genetic engineering of food creates the danger of the distribution of expanded poisons and sicknesses in between plants all over the world; therefore, can cause the distorted natural system of nature. This irritation of the natural cycles would cause instability in natural processes of the environment and defected future generation of every creature on the planet.
For the problem to be considered as sustainable for international intervention there is a need to meet certain criteria that can satisfy each state, which is very concerned about its own sovereign rights being not defiled. Moreover, the possibility of unpredictable rapid change in the conditions of our environment and the level of environmental degradation leave us in a situation where we keep trying to improve the environment and keep trying to find solutions for the global environmental problems but it keeps holding us back from solving the problem, because while we still trying to meet certain criteria that would suit each state and each state keep searching for deal that provides benefits for its own state.
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In this critical review, I would like to take a look at the Abstract from the Conclusion of the B... more In this critical review, I would like to take a look at the Abstract from the Conclusion of the Book "States and Markets" by Susan Strange. Susan Strange is a well-known researcher with an influential contribution in International Relations and her book "States and Markets" points out very interesting technicalities involved in the influence that each of two exercises over another. In this abstract, the main conclusions and the main foresights were underlined. First, the American hegemony is not gone just shifted from the old position towards structural power; however, there is a need to not simply project the national interest at home and abroad. Second, the power of the EU and Japan could give both of them the power to oppose the destructive hegemony. Third, believes that international organizations being able to enhance international cooperation and multilateralism (from American liberal point of view), or that Japan can overthrow the power of the US, or that everyone will follow the 'benign mercantilism' are very weak. Susan Strange highlights interesting and important position outside of the 'bubble of politics and economy' that American scholars share by explaining and supporting the position of post-soviet nations, Russia, Europe, Japan, and the Third World countries. Moreover, her critical overlook of the remedies of disasters from liberals and realists
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Postcolonialism is the opening of the eyes on the structure of the relations after the 'official'... more Postcolonialism is the opening of the eyes on the structure of the relations after the 'official' colonialism and imperialism period was over. The relations between states shows that the standard approach to the world history is based on Eurocentric point of view and the organization of the world history around Westphalian sovereignty leads us to questioning the nature of Security, as it expresses a knowledge constructed mainly on colonizer's point of view, which forces to discover strategies to change our perceptions and approaches to decolonize security studies. Moreover, by understanding how security is defined, by whom and to what extent, it is easier to see the need for advancing the context by including subaltern experiences and their connected histories to see two sides of the coin and enhance the understanding of the "the nature or legitimacy of the armed resistance of the weak" (Barkawi and Laffey 2006: 329). I would like to come up with clearer and properly structuralized picture of the postcolonialism theory by specifying the main leading studies done and main points of view taken. Moreover,
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Space activities started taking place not that long time ago and already have been of good use on... more Space activities started taking place not that long time ago and already have been of good use on the social, political, economic, and environmental levels. There are many developments have been made since the Cold War and competition of Grand Powers such as the U.S. and Soviet Union (at that time). Even though the industry was presented mainly driven by governments and oriented more towards military developments, there are growing interests in Commercial sector and with a broader participation such as involving private sector and international organizations into the picture creating the need for the Economic Diplomacy and the Modern Diplomacy.
The Space industry created a new sphere of competition. On one hand, exchanges between nations of resources, trade and other economic activities move towards being more politicized; therefore, restricted with different limitations and sanctions, which drives a bigger attention to such industry and create private sector increased participation. On another hand, the growing developments and no possibility to claiming the ownership of the outer space makes the regulatory protection and stricter rules to be mitigated and applied to be able to monitor and manage the satellite usage or access to information.
Overall, I am focusing on defining Space Industry and main trends of its growth and development with time. Moreover, I consider important to talk about the international community involvement in management of the sphere.
To organize the productive research and development the General Assembly set up the committee in 1959 to ensure the use of the space for the benefits of humanity. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) worked productively on the development of Principles as well as Treaties tackling the main 5 spheres: (1) Exploitation and use of outer space by states; (2) Rescue and Return of Astronauts and objects launched in the outer space; (3) Liability for damages caused by space objects; (4) Registration of objects launched in outer space; and (5) Activities on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies by states. While the UN established principles and treaties in order to be able to create controlled and peaceful environment, the research shows no official regulation established for the commercial feature of the space.
Moreover, the Exploration and Exploitation of the outer space neither extensively contradict with each other, nor extensively support. However, with the growth of industry one can see the need for growth of investments and other private individual or public-private collaboration in providing resources for the scientific research.
Moreover, by looking at what strategy is taken in Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance as well as in Sustainable Development, one can see the seriousness of the contribution as well the possible usage of such programs or spheres in commercial purposes.
Overall, the Space Industry is continuing to develop markets and grow in commercial sector for private and business usages, operating on the universal norms of commercial activities in the regular markets. However, such an approach is not proven being safe; therefore, to be able to determine the rules, the minimum set of rules or guidelines should be set up.
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Each organization is observed and judged by the communities nationally as well as globally nowada... more Each organization is observed and judged by the communities nationally as well as globally nowadays. One can say that especially after the rise of globalization as organizations grow and become more international, the constitution of the public they reach to and communities they operate in became multicultural as well as more demanding for the positive contribution into the community development. The level of influence on the decisions taken and goals each organization pursues does not only focus on the profit anymore but more on the corporate social responsibility, on expectations that are faced and how to foster a positive image as well as on how to serve diverse communities.
As can be seen already, we are becoming more technologically advanced and more interconnected; therefore, the 21st century is outstanding with the increase of public involvement in any within and beyond the state’s activities. Moreover, due to the technological advancements and the rise of media communication the private and public sectors become more sensitive to the voices of groups and individuals. It is possible to say that an approval, recognition, and reputation nowadays is more dependent on the international community and societies themselves than the states and policy-makers.
The Community relations is as never before in the priority list of each actor and it puts a bigger pressure on organizations to develop the stable reputation and constant contribution to the Community it operates in and to the global civil society overall. Therefore, each organization’s public relations professionals that deal with community relations have a critical role to play. In
Sofya Khlebnikova Course: Public Relations and Persuasion
addition, there are community relations’ responsibilities and objectives that each Public Relations Expert should be aware of. Moreover, there are challenges as well as rewards that a community relations expert faces.
Community relations is a complex and emotional sphere, where public relations professionals are faced with the need to make the organization’s image as community-friendly and caring as it required.
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Is the Tragedy of the Commons a useful metaphor to understand global environmental problems? A closer look on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), 2017
Our main resources that make our lives possible on the Earth are vulnerable to over-exploitation ... more Our main resources that make our lives possible on the Earth are vulnerable to over-exploitation or over-pollution because they belong to no one. Therefore, while not seeing radical effects on our being we do not see the global environmental problems as emerging primary issues that have to be solved regarding statuses and self-interests. Due to growing connectivity, each continent, each region, each state and even each person has its own big impact on the environment that is not visible to the naked eye.
In my work, I analysed problems such as increases in population and pollution, climate change and Ozone layer depletion, oceans and atmospheric commons, and biodiversity loss. However, it is important to mention that there are more environmental problems that are not of less importance such as deforestation, desertification, littering and landfills, mining, genetic modification and so forth. Each of the environmental concerns affecting our life have similarities between each other, and they are amenable to the same types of political action.
Garrett Hardin in his work called "The Tragedy of the Commons" sees the danger of overusing the scarce resources of our planet while there is freedom of the commons. His two solutions are privatization and centralization in a way that the law will play a major part of the deal, not the human factor. In his point of view, there is a need for recognizing the emerging necessity of taking more radical actions as well as a need for "mutual coercion." One of Hardin's main concerns is overpopulation, where he sees the importance of conscience and agreement to coercion as the way to develop social responsibility on the individual level. The Tragedy of the Commons gives a perspective on how to look at global environmental problems. Some of which I will discuss in more detail in the rest of my work.
For the problem to be considered as viable for international intervention there is a need to meet certain criteria that satisfies each involved state, without infringing its sovereignty. Moreover, the possibility of unpredictable rapid change in the conditions of our environment and the level of environmental degradation leave us in a situation where we keep trying to improve the environment and keep trying to find solutions for global environmental problems but the personal interests of states keep holding us back from solving the problem.
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International Relations is the sphere where the studying of complex cases in state development ta... more International Relations is the sphere where the studying of complex cases in state development takes place as well as the cause-effect relations by analyzing historical elements can be determined. It provides a prepared fundament for growing possible solutions to emerging issues. The question I search to answer in my work are:
- What are the reasons of distrust, suspicion, indifference and fear of responsibility in the Russian society?
My work is oriented towards finding understanding of the possible reason of the "distrust", "suspicion", "indifference" as a social anomie, "fear of responsibility" and "close-into-shells" mentality of the post-Soviet society. My interest in researching this question emerged long time ago and was always a subject of concern due to the cause-effect relationship between such attitudes and prosperity of the nation.
I would like to look at the development of such relationship as well as to show the effects the Post-soviet violent strategies, abusive power and oppression had on contemporary Russian society. Moreover, my analysis of the effect the collapse of USSR had on the mental state of the society shows what effects the State creation and the ignorance of the role of people can have and should be aware of.
My work overall states the idea of the relation between society and state. I raise a concern regarding connection between distrust, suspicion, ignorance and fear as well as their connection to the feeble voice of people when it comes to decision-making.
I realize, that the less people want to take actions and take responsibility the more they are passive; therefore, it is easier to persuade them to what to believe. Therefore, the attachment between people is not only a matter of the state concern, but peoples' awareness and desire to make responsible decisions as well. While mutely following and being passive actors still taking place in our life, the fate of the state will be unpredictable for people and society still can go in circle facing such demoralization effects the state power can has on them and would infinitely continue to justify themselves and the believes towards the State.
By discussing a particular case of Russian society, I came to several conclusions. First and the most important, this type of a problem can be considered as a global issue due to the fact that each state seeks to develop the ideal way for leading the country as well as it continues to have different views on what is considered the most suitable ideology for the nation. Therefore, it relates to each nation without exclusion, because every state went, goes or will go through such changes. Secondly, the State Creation itself and the period of radical revolutionary changes (when state changes its structure, ideology or morality) plays a key role in a development of mentality of a nation. Therefore, it is indeed important to make a further assumption that in state creation people matter and the social adoption to changes by society should be in a highest concern.
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Drafts by Sofya Khlebnikova
IUG3004B PROJECT MANAGEMENT REPORT - QUANTITATIVE METHODS RESEARCH PROJECT, 2020
Different strategies are used to gain the attention of users, while the interest in the user’s ti... more Different strategies are used to gain the attention of users, while the interest in the user’s time is of the highest demand; therefore, the trending growing demand for the “digital detox” can be another innovative approach (Stolzoff, 2020). As the social movement “Time well spent” that was started in 2018 illustrates, the concern was raised that at the root of it: “What began as a social movement has become a marketing strategy” (Stolzoff, 2020).
The study committed to discovering what factors affect the increasing screen time spent every day that can lead to smartphone compulsion. (Patel et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2014)
As there are many symptoms and consequences of the overuse of technology, there is little research committed to what are the factors leading to an increase in digital connectivity. The paper searches to specifically observe social behaviour and determine which factors affect the increase in screen-time. This study analyses demographics (age, location, education, employment, relationship status) and how they differ in life satisfaction, and psychological vulnerability (more specifically FOMO factor (fear of missing out) and in addition associated mental issues (Rosen et al., 2018)). After reviewing the theoretical background, they were chosen to be the factors that potentially influence the increase in screen-time spent.
When the data of Geneva inhabitants were analysed results show that the younger participants were closely associated with the higher FOMO results. It was found that the increased Smartphone Compulsion behaviour which leads to the increase in screen-time is slightly affected by FOMO results. More importantly, the questionnaire respondents were mainly students due to which factor, the result was not of a high significance. The results would have practical implications for the marketing department, social behaviour analysts and businesses for adjusting to the growing trend of “awareness “of digital influence.
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Given the many varieties in which corruption appears in business environments around the world, w... more Given the many varieties in which corruption appears in business environments around the world, we can assume their individual effects on local business differ enormously when compared to occurrences in other areas. There are environments that are particularly vulnerable to of corruption: (1) whenever there are large sums of money, (2) very competitive environment or large amounts of products, (4) stressful environment or (5) unfairly strict regulations.
There are two competing views on how to describe organizational change, and subsequently tackle the issues posed by corruption: the "Calm Waters Metaphor" and the "White Water Rapids Metaphor". The former is characterized by a three step process known as freezing, changing, and finally refreezing- likening the organization to a vessel floating peacefully above the waves and emphasizing the importance of disrupting the status quo. The "White Water Rapids Metaphor" offers a different approach to describing, visualizing, and implementing organizational change. What differentiates the two metaphors is flexibility. In the former, there is a comparatively distinct, rigid structure. As for the latter metaphor, it on the other hand takes into account the nature of a dynamic environment and the need to "always be on one's toes" as change can come in many forms, often unannounced. So, when an organization is faced with corruption it has two options: it either takes example from the "White Water Rapids Metaphor" and adapts continually in order to survive, or will take example from the "Calm Waters Metaphor" and will move comparatively slower, respecting the three steps needed for change implementation.
It is important to make the distinction between these two vastly different lenses through which organizations perceive change. By acknowledging the different ways international organizations can handle and successfully overcome changes, we can assume that anti-corruption strategies vary in a business environment and depend on internal factors such as the level of corruption, complexity, and resistance to change. Externally, factors that will affect a company's' anticorruption strategy include competitors' social responsibility and their level of corruption. In order to assess how corruption is managed in we have chosen to focus on global companies and how such organizations have successfully tackled corruption.
What is particular to global companies is, their penchant for ethnocentric attitude toward organization and communication between international branches, operating in more than one country. Ethnocentricity in this context means the main headquarters operate under domestic law and all international branches of the company must then follow those same domestic laws. However, a Global Company is a Multinational Corporation which gives us an understanding that calling an organization a Global Company is about operating in multiple countries and having control over them from the home country. The Global Company faces some challenges operating 'clean', 'ethically' and with social responsibility while leading from the home country and creating most of the regulations to be implemented in its international branches. To evade the pressure and temptation of going beyond the law, a domestic headquarter has to have a global mindset with deep knowledge of cultural differences between branches and regional offices.
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Papers by Sofya Khlebnikova
Methodology, Theoretical Orientation: Intersubjective studies have been conducted with in-depth research in the core damages from the used batteries as well as with collected primary research from the field professionals; moreover, with analysis of recent regulations on corporate and public levels and observation of public awareness and contribution to the recycling waste.
Findings: Awareness on the governmental level is high all over the world, as well as the regulations, applied overproduction and recycling by the industries give rise to corporate responsibility. However, the level of awareness in the population for the need for separation of waste as well as the toxic effect on the environment and human lives is different from country to country.
Conclusion & Significance: As each state differ, a Household Hazardous battery waste needs to be addressed and successfully regulated individually towards the nation’s approaches and needs.
The global civil society constitutes of the active citizens of the world, who by raising their voice through different transnational social movements, networks and non-governmental organizations influence decision-making and policy-making processes and contribute to the international politics to the benefit of societies. The power the global civil society gains make the government feel the pressure from the whole international community and even their own people who can seek justice outside their state. The state is the key actor indeed; however, the activist movements and non- governmental organizations, who speak for people, making the decision of the states be influenced and led by the voices of people more and more nowadays.
Ones of the strongest activists whose actions are seen sometimes controversial, but still considered as representatives of the voices of each and one of individual are the non-governmental organizations. The eagerness to observe the notion of global civil society in action made me look in-depth of the hard work that has been done and is going nowadays by one of the international non-governmental organizations called PLAN International. The PLAN International promote the faith in the youngsters and focus on rights for protection, health and education. Its beneficial contribution through active participation in civil society prosperity and campaigns for change, such as “Because I am not only constructed its authority on the international arena but makes us construct better governance and grow a stronger society overall.
THESIS
While the Global Civil Society is considered as mostly an idealistic notion, the international non- governmental organization called The PLAN International makes effective contributions to the fight for security of children’s in particular girls’ rights and equality through “Because I am a Girl” campaign and achieve successful changes through mutually beneficial partnership with the UN body (UN Women).
In my work, I would like to analyse problems such as growing population and pollution, climate change and Ozone layer depletion, oceans and atmospheric commons, biodiversity loss. However, it is important to mention that there are more environmental problems that are not of less importance such as deforestation, desertification, littering and landfills, mining, genetic modification and so forth. Each of the environmental concerns affecting our life and while some of them have similarities between each other, they are amenable to the same types of political action.
Garrett Hardin in his work called “The Tragedy of the Commons” sees the danger of overusing scarce resources of our planet while there is a freedom of Commons, a freedom of breeding and a neutral conscience of each individual. His two solutions are privatization and centralization in a way that the law will play a major part of the deal, not the human factor. In his point of view, there is a need for recognizing emerging necessity of taking more radical actions as well as a need for “mutual coercion agreed upon”. Hardin’s one of the main concerns is overpopulation, where he sees the importance of conscience and agreement to coercion as the way to develop social responsibility on the individual level. The Tragedy of the Commons gives a perspective how to look at global environmental problems. Some of them I would like to discuss further in my work.
The aquaculture development is one of the spheres in which such global environmental concerns as Fisheries and aquaculture circular emerged. It is very interesting to see each state’s contribution towards the growth of the problem and towards finding a solution to it.
Moreover, I see the genetic modification as a bigger problem as it is stated nowadays. The concern over the genetic engineering of food creates the danger of the distribution of expanded poisons and sicknesses in between plants all over the world; therefore, can cause the distorted natural system of nature. This irritation of the natural cycles would cause instability in natural processes of the environment and defected future generation of every creature on the planet.
For the problem to be considered as sustainable for international intervention there is a need to meet certain criteria that can satisfy each state, which is very concerned about its own sovereign rights being not defiled. Moreover, the possibility of unpredictable rapid change in the conditions of our environment and the level of environmental degradation leave us in a situation where we keep trying to improve the environment and keep trying to find solutions for the global environmental problems but it keeps holding us back from solving the problem, because while we still trying to meet certain criteria that would suit each state and each state keep searching for deal that provides benefits for its own state.
The Space industry created a new sphere of competition. On one hand, exchanges between nations of resources, trade and other economic activities move towards being more politicized; therefore, restricted with different limitations and sanctions, which drives a bigger attention to such industry and create private sector increased participation. On another hand, the growing developments and no possibility to claiming the ownership of the outer space makes the regulatory protection and stricter rules to be mitigated and applied to be able to monitor and manage the satellite usage or access to information.
Overall, I am focusing on defining Space Industry and main trends of its growth and development with time. Moreover, I consider important to talk about the international community involvement in management of the sphere.
To organize the productive research and development the General Assembly set up the committee in 1959 to ensure the use of the space for the benefits of humanity. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) worked productively on the development of Principles as well as Treaties tackling the main 5 spheres: (1) Exploitation and use of outer space by states; (2) Rescue and Return of Astronauts and objects launched in the outer space; (3) Liability for damages caused by space objects; (4) Registration of objects launched in outer space; and (5) Activities on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies by states. While the UN established principles and treaties in order to be able to create controlled and peaceful environment, the research shows no official regulation established for the commercial feature of the space.
Moreover, the Exploration and Exploitation of the outer space neither extensively contradict with each other, nor extensively support. However, with the growth of industry one can see the need for growth of investments and other private individual or public-private collaboration in providing resources for the scientific research.
Moreover, by looking at what strategy is taken in Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance as well as in Sustainable Development, one can see the seriousness of the contribution as well the possible usage of such programs or spheres in commercial purposes.
Overall, the Space Industry is continuing to develop markets and grow in commercial sector for private and business usages, operating on the universal norms of commercial activities in the regular markets. However, such an approach is not proven being safe; therefore, to be able to determine the rules, the minimum set of rules or guidelines should be set up.
As can be seen already, we are becoming more technologically advanced and more interconnected; therefore, the 21st century is outstanding with the increase of public involvement in any within and beyond the state’s activities. Moreover, due to the technological advancements and the rise of media communication the private and public sectors become more sensitive to the voices of groups and individuals. It is possible to say that an approval, recognition, and reputation nowadays is more dependent on the international community and societies themselves than the states and policy-makers.
The Community relations is as never before in the priority list of each actor and it puts a bigger pressure on organizations to develop the stable reputation and constant contribution to the Community it operates in and to the global civil society overall. Therefore, each organization’s public relations professionals that deal with community relations have a critical role to play. In
Sofya Khlebnikova Course: Public Relations and Persuasion
addition, there are community relations’ responsibilities and objectives that each Public Relations Expert should be aware of. Moreover, there are challenges as well as rewards that a community relations expert faces.
Community relations is a complex and emotional sphere, where public relations professionals are faced with the need to make the organization’s image as community-friendly and caring as it required.
In my work, I analysed problems such as increases in population and pollution, climate change and Ozone layer depletion, oceans and atmospheric commons, and biodiversity loss. However, it is important to mention that there are more environmental problems that are not of less importance such as deforestation, desertification, littering and landfills, mining, genetic modification and so forth. Each of the environmental concerns affecting our life have similarities between each other, and they are amenable to the same types of political action.
Garrett Hardin in his work called "The Tragedy of the Commons" sees the danger of overusing the scarce resources of our planet while there is freedom of the commons. His two solutions are privatization and centralization in a way that the law will play a major part of the deal, not the human factor. In his point of view, there is a need for recognizing the emerging necessity of taking more radical actions as well as a need for "mutual coercion." One of Hardin's main concerns is overpopulation, where he sees the importance of conscience and agreement to coercion as the way to develop social responsibility on the individual level. The Tragedy of the Commons gives a perspective on how to look at global environmental problems. Some of which I will discuss in more detail in the rest of my work.
For the problem to be considered as viable for international intervention there is a need to meet certain criteria that satisfies each involved state, without infringing its sovereignty. Moreover, the possibility of unpredictable rapid change in the conditions of our environment and the level of environmental degradation leave us in a situation where we keep trying to improve the environment and keep trying to find solutions for global environmental problems but the personal interests of states keep holding us back from solving the problem.
- What are the reasons of distrust, suspicion, indifference and fear of responsibility in the Russian society?
My work is oriented towards finding understanding of the possible reason of the "distrust", "suspicion", "indifference" as a social anomie, "fear of responsibility" and "close-into-shells" mentality of the post-Soviet society. My interest in researching this question emerged long time ago and was always a subject of concern due to the cause-effect relationship between such attitudes and prosperity of the nation.
I would like to look at the development of such relationship as well as to show the effects the Post-soviet violent strategies, abusive power and oppression had on contemporary Russian society. Moreover, my analysis of the effect the collapse of USSR had on the mental state of the society shows what effects the State creation and the ignorance of the role of people can have and should be aware of.
My work overall states the idea of the relation between society and state. I raise a concern regarding connection between distrust, suspicion, ignorance and fear as well as their connection to the feeble voice of people when it comes to decision-making.
I realize, that the less people want to take actions and take responsibility the more they are passive; therefore, it is easier to persuade them to what to believe. Therefore, the attachment between people is not only a matter of the state concern, but peoples' awareness and desire to make responsible decisions as well. While mutely following and being passive actors still taking place in our life, the fate of the state will be unpredictable for people and society still can go in circle facing such demoralization effects the state power can has on them and would infinitely continue to justify themselves and the believes towards the State.
By discussing a particular case of Russian society, I came to several conclusions. First and the most important, this type of a problem can be considered as a global issue due to the fact that each state seeks to develop the ideal way for leading the country as well as it continues to have different views on what is considered the most suitable ideology for the nation. Therefore, it relates to each nation without exclusion, because every state went, goes or will go through such changes. Secondly, the State Creation itself and the period of radical revolutionary changes (when state changes its structure, ideology or morality) plays a key role in a development of mentality of a nation. Therefore, it is indeed important to make a further assumption that in state creation people matter and the social adoption to changes by society should be in a highest concern.
Drafts by Sofya Khlebnikova
The study committed to discovering what factors affect the increasing screen time spent every day that can lead to smartphone compulsion. (Patel et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2014)
As there are many symptoms and consequences of the overuse of technology, there is little research committed to what are the factors leading to an increase in digital connectivity. The paper searches to specifically observe social behaviour and determine which factors affect the increase in screen-time. This study analyses demographics (age, location, education, employment, relationship status) and how they differ in life satisfaction, and psychological vulnerability (more specifically FOMO factor (fear of missing out) and in addition associated mental issues (Rosen et al., 2018)). After reviewing the theoretical background, they were chosen to be the factors that potentially influence the increase in screen-time spent.
When the data of Geneva inhabitants were analysed results show that the younger participants were closely associated with the higher FOMO results. It was found that the increased Smartphone Compulsion behaviour which leads to the increase in screen-time is slightly affected by FOMO results. More importantly, the questionnaire respondents were mainly students due to which factor, the result was not of a high significance. The results would have practical implications for the marketing department, social behaviour analysts and businesses for adjusting to the growing trend of “awareness “of digital influence.
There are two competing views on how to describe organizational change, and subsequently tackle the issues posed by corruption: the "Calm Waters Metaphor" and the "White Water Rapids Metaphor". The former is characterized by a three step process known as freezing, changing, and finally refreezing- likening the organization to a vessel floating peacefully above the waves and emphasizing the importance of disrupting the status quo. The "White Water Rapids Metaphor" offers a different approach to describing, visualizing, and implementing organizational change. What differentiates the two metaphors is flexibility. In the former, there is a comparatively distinct, rigid structure. As for the latter metaphor, it on the other hand takes into account the nature of a dynamic environment and the need to "always be on one's toes" as change can come in many forms, often unannounced. So, when an organization is faced with corruption it has two options: it either takes example from the "White Water Rapids Metaphor" and adapts continually in order to survive, or will take example from the "Calm Waters Metaphor" and will move comparatively slower, respecting the three steps needed for change implementation.
It is important to make the distinction between these two vastly different lenses through which organizations perceive change. By acknowledging the different ways international organizations can handle and successfully overcome changes, we can assume that anti-corruption strategies vary in a business environment and depend on internal factors such as the level of corruption, complexity, and resistance to change. Externally, factors that will affect a company's' anticorruption strategy include competitors' social responsibility and their level of corruption. In order to assess how corruption is managed in we have chosen to focus on global companies and how such organizations have successfully tackled corruption.
What is particular to global companies is, their penchant for ethnocentric attitude toward organization and communication between international branches, operating in more than one country. Ethnocentricity in this context means the main headquarters operate under domestic law and all international branches of the company must then follow those same domestic laws. However, a Global Company is a Multinational Corporation which gives us an understanding that calling an organization a Global Company is about operating in multiple countries and having control over them from the home country. The Global Company faces some challenges operating 'clean', 'ethically' and with social responsibility while leading from the home country and creating most of the regulations to be implemented in its international branches. To evade the pressure and temptation of going beyond the law, a domestic headquarter has to have a global mindset with deep knowledge of cultural differences between branches and regional offices.
Methodology, Theoretical Orientation: Intersubjective studies have been conducted with in-depth research in the core damages from the used batteries as well as with collected primary research from the field professionals; moreover, with analysis of recent regulations on corporate and public levels and observation of public awareness and contribution to the recycling waste.
Findings: Awareness on the governmental level is high all over the world, as well as the regulations, applied overproduction and recycling by the industries give rise to corporate responsibility. However, the level of awareness in the population for the need for separation of waste as well as the toxic effect on the environment and human lives is different from country to country.
Conclusion & Significance: As each state differ, a Household Hazardous battery waste needs to be addressed and successfully regulated individually towards the nation’s approaches and needs.
The global civil society constitutes of the active citizens of the world, who by raising their voice through different transnational social movements, networks and non-governmental organizations influence decision-making and policy-making processes and contribute to the international politics to the benefit of societies. The power the global civil society gains make the government feel the pressure from the whole international community and even their own people who can seek justice outside their state. The state is the key actor indeed; however, the activist movements and non- governmental organizations, who speak for people, making the decision of the states be influenced and led by the voices of people more and more nowadays.
Ones of the strongest activists whose actions are seen sometimes controversial, but still considered as representatives of the voices of each and one of individual are the non-governmental organizations. The eagerness to observe the notion of global civil society in action made me look in-depth of the hard work that has been done and is going nowadays by one of the international non-governmental organizations called PLAN International. The PLAN International promote the faith in the youngsters and focus on rights for protection, health and education. Its beneficial contribution through active participation in civil society prosperity and campaigns for change, such as “Because I am not only constructed its authority on the international arena but makes us construct better governance and grow a stronger society overall.
THESIS
While the Global Civil Society is considered as mostly an idealistic notion, the international non- governmental organization called The PLAN International makes effective contributions to the fight for security of children’s in particular girls’ rights and equality through “Because I am a Girl” campaign and achieve successful changes through mutually beneficial partnership with the UN body (UN Women).
In my work, I would like to analyse problems such as growing population and pollution, climate change and Ozone layer depletion, oceans and atmospheric commons, biodiversity loss. However, it is important to mention that there are more environmental problems that are not of less importance such as deforestation, desertification, littering and landfills, mining, genetic modification and so forth. Each of the environmental concerns affecting our life and while some of them have similarities between each other, they are amenable to the same types of political action.
Garrett Hardin in his work called “The Tragedy of the Commons” sees the danger of overusing scarce resources of our planet while there is a freedom of Commons, a freedom of breeding and a neutral conscience of each individual. His two solutions are privatization and centralization in a way that the law will play a major part of the deal, not the human factor. In his point of view, there is a need for recognizing emerging necessity of taking more radical actions as well as a need for “mutual coercion agreed upon”. Hardin’s one of the main concerns is overpopulation, where he sees the importance of conscience and agreement to coercion as the way to develop social responsibility on the individual level. The Tragedy of the Commons gives a perspective how to look at global environmental problems. Some of them I would like to discuss further in my work.
The aquaculture development is one of the spheres in which such global environmental concerns as Fisheries and aquaculture circular emerged. It is very interesting to see each state’s contribution towards the growth of the problem and towards finding a solution to it.
Moreover, I see the genetic modification as a bigger problem as it is stated nowadays. The concern over the genetic engineering of food creates the danger of the distribution of expanded poisons and sicknesses in between plants all over the world; therefore, can cause the distorted natural system of nature. This irritation of the natural cycles would cause instability in natural processes of the environment and defected future generation of every creature on the planet.
For the problem to be considered as sustainable for international intervention there is a need to meet certain criteria that can satisfy each state, which is very concerned about its own sovereign rights being not defiled. Moreover, the possibility of unpredictable rapid change in the conditions of our environment and the level of environmental degradation leave us in a situation where we keep trying to improve the environment and keep trying to find solutions for the global environmental problems but it keeps holding us back from solving the problem, because while we still trying to meet certain criteria that would suit each state and each state keep searching for deal that provides benefits for its own state.
The Space industry created a new sphere of competition. On one hand, exchanges between nations of resources, trade and other economic activities move towards being more politicized; therefore, restricted with different limitations and sanctions, which drives a bigger attention to such industry and create private sector increased participation. On another hand, the growing developments and no possibility to claiming the ownership of the outer space makes the regulatory protection and stricter rules to be mitigated and applied to be able to monitor and manage the satellite usage or access to information.
Overall, I am focusing on defining Space Industry and main trends of its growth and development with time. Moreover, I consider important to talk about the international community involvement in management of the sphere.
To organize the productive research and development the General Assembly set up the committee in 1959 to ensure the use of the space for the benefits of humanity. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) worked productively on the development of Principles as well as Treaties tackling the main 5 spheres: (1) Exploitation and use of outer space by states; (2) Rescue and Return of Astronauts and objects launched in the outer space; (3) Liability for damages caused by space objects; (4) Registration of objects launched in outer space; and (5) Activities on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies by states. While the UN established principles and treaties in order to be able to create controlled and peaceful environment, the research shows no official regulation established for the commercial feature of the space.
Moreover, the Exploration and Exploitation of the outer space neither extensively contradict with each other, nor extensively support. However, with the growth of industry one can see the need for growth of investments and other private individual or public-private collaboration in providing resources for the scientific research.
Moreover, by looking at what strategy is taken in Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance as well as in Sustainable Development, one can see the seriousness of the contribution as well the possible usage of such programs or spheres in commercial purposes.
Overall, the Space Industry is continuing to develop markets and grow in commercial sector for private and business usages, operating on the universal norms of commercial activities in the regular markets. However, such an approach is not proven being safe; therefore, to be able to determine the rules, the minimum set of rules or guidelines should be set up.
As can be seen already, we are becoming more technologically advanced and more interconnected; therefore, the 21st century is outstanding with the increase of public involvement in any within and beyond the state’s activities. Moreover, due to the technological advancements and the rise of media communication the private and public sectors become more sensitive to the voices of groups and individuals. It is possible to say that an approval, recognition, and reputation nowadays is more dependent on the international community and societies themselves than the states and policy-makers.
The Community relations is as never before in the priority list of each actor and it puts a bigger pressure on organizations to develop the stable reputation and constant contribution to the Community it operates in and to the global civil society overall. Therefore, each organization’s public relations professionals that deal with community relations have a critical role to play. In
Sofya Khlebnikova Course: Public Relations and Persuasion
addition, there are community relations’ responsibilities and objectives that each Public Relations Expert should be aware of. Moreover, there are challenges as well as rewards that a community relations expert faces.
Community relations is a complex and emotional sphere, where public relations professionals are faced with the need to make the organization’s image as community-friendly and caring as it required.
In my work, I analysed problems such as increases in population and pollution, climate change and Ozone layer depletion, oceans and atmospheric commons, and biodiversity loss. However, it is important to mention that there are more environmental problems that are not of less importance such as deforestation, desertification, littering and landfills, mining, genetic modification and so forth. Each of the environmental concerns affecting our life have similarities between each other, and they are amenable to the same types of political action.
Garrett Hardin in his work called "The Tragedy of the Commons" sees the danger of overusing the scarce resources of our planet while there is freedom of the commons. His two solutions are privatization and centralization in a way that the law will play a major part of the deal, not the human factor. In his point of view, there is a need for recognizing the emerging necessity of taking more radical actions as well as a need for "mutual coercion." One of Hardin's main concerns is overpopulation, where he sees the importance of conscience and agreement to coercion as the way to develop social responsibility on the individual level. The Tragedy of the Commons gives a perspective on how to look at global environmental problems. Some of which I will discuss in more detail in the rest of my work.
For the problem to be considered as viable for international intervention there is a need to meet certain criteria that satisfies each involved state, without infringing its sovereignty. Moreover, the possibility of unpredictable rapid change in the conditions of our environment and the level of environmental degradation leave us in a situation where we keep trying to improve the environment and keep trying to find solutions for global environmental problems but the personal interests of states keep holding us back from solving the problem.
- What are the reasons of distrust, suspicion, indifference and fear of responsibility in the Russian society?
My work is oriented towards finding understanding of the possible reason of the "distrust", "suspicion", "indifference" as a social anomie, "fear of responsibility" and "close-into-shells" mentality of the post-Soviet society. My interest in researching this question emerged long time ago and was always a subject of concern due to the cause-effect relationship between such attitudes and prosperity of the nation.
I would like to look at the development of such relationship as well as to show the effects the Post-soviet violent strategies, abusive power and oppression had on contemporary Russian society. Moreover, my analysis of the effect the collapse of USSR had on the mental state of the society shows what effects the State creation and the ignorance of the role of people can have and should be aware of.
My work overall states the idea of the relation between society and state. I raise a concern regarding connection between distrust, suspicion, ignorance and fear as well as their connection to the feeble voice of people when it comes to decision-making.
I realize, that the less people want to take actions and take responsibility the more they are passive; therefore, it is easier to persuade them to what to believe. Therefore, the attachment between people is not only a matter of the state concern, but peoples' awareness and desire to make responsible decisions as well. While mutely following and being passive actors still taking place in our life, the fate of the state will be unpredictable for people and society still can go in circle facing such demoralization effects the state power can has on them and would infinitely continue to justify themselves and the believes towards the State.
By discussing a particular case of Russian society, I came to several conclusions. First and the most important, this type of a problem can be considered as a global issue due to the fact that each state seeks to develop the ideal way for leading the country as well as it continues to have different views on what is considered the most suitable ideology for the nation. Therefore, it relates to each nation without exclusion, because every state went, goes or will go through such changes. Secondly, the State Creation itself and the period of radical revolutionary changes (when state changes its structure, ideology or morality) plays a key role in a development of mentality of a nation. Therefore, it is indeed important to make a further assumption that in state creation people matter and the social adoption to changes by society should be in a highest concern.
The study committed to discovering what factors affect the increasing screen time spent every day that can lead to smartphone compulsion. (Patel et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2014)
As there are many symptoms and consequences of the overuse of technology, there is little research committed to what are the factors leading to an increase in digital connectivity. The paper searches to specifically observe social behaviour and determine which factors affect the increase in screen-time. This study analyses demographics (age, location, education, employment, relationship status) and how they differ in life satisfaction, and psychological vulnerability (more specifically FOMO factor (fear of missing out) and in addition associated mental issues (Rosen et al., 2018)). After reviewing the theoretical background, they were chosen to be the factors that potentially influence the increase in screen-time spent.
When the data of Geneva inhabitants were analysed results show that the younger participants were closely associated with the higher FOMO results. It was found that the increased Smartphone Compulsion behaviour which leads to the increase in screen-time is slightly affected by FOMO results. More importantly, the questionnaire respondents were mainly students due to which factor, the result was not of a high significance. The results would have practical implications for the marketing department, social behaviour analysts and businesses for adjusting to the growing trend of “awareness “of digital influence.
There are two competing views on how to describe organizational change, and subsequently tackle the issues posed by corruption: the "Calm Waters Metaphor" and the "White Water Rapids Metaphor". The former is characterized by a three step process known as freezing, changing, and finally refreezing- likening the organization to a vessel floating peacefully above the waves and emphasizing the importance of disrupting the status quo. The "White Water Rapids Metaphor" offers a different approach to describing, visualizing, and implementing organizational change. What differentiates the two metaphors is flexibility. In the former, there is a comparatively distinct, rigid structure. As for the latter metaphor, it on the other hand takes into account the nature of a dynamic environment and the need to "always be on one's toes" as change can come in many forms, often unannounced. So, when an organization is faced with corruption it has two options: it either takes example from the "White Water Rapids Metaphor" and adapts continually in order to survive, or will take example from the "Calm Waters Metaphor" and will move comparatively slower, respecting the three steps needed for change implementation.
It is important to make the distinction between these two vastly different lenses through which organizations perceive change. By acknowledging the different ways international organizations can handle and successfully overcome changes, we can assume that anti-corruption strategies vary in a business environment and depend on internal factors such as the level of corruption, complexity, and resistance to change. Externally, factors that will affect a company's' anticorruption strategy include competitors' social responsibility and their level of corruption. In order to assess how corruption is managed in we have chosen to focus on global companies and how such organizations have successfully tackled corruption.
What is particular to global companies is, their penchant for ethnocentric attitude toward organization and communication between international branches, operating in more than one country. Ethnocentricity in this context means the main headquarters operate under domestic law and all international branches of the company must then follow those same domestic laws. However, a Global Company is a Multinational Corporation which gives us an understanding that calling an organization a Global Company is about operating in multiple countries and having control over them from the home country. The Global Company faces some challenges operating 'clean', 'ethically' and with social responsibility while leading from the home country and creating most of the regulations to be implemented in its international branches. To evade the pressure and temptation of going beyond the law, a domestic headquarter has to have a global mindset with deep knowledge of cultural differences between branches and regional offices.