Papers by Andrej Ryčkov
Lietuvos istorijos metraštis. 2023/2, 2023
[LT] Straipsnyje analizuojamas ir publikuojamas XVII a. 5 dešimtmečio išrašas iš Vilniaus žemutin... more [LT] Straipsnyje analizuojamas ir publikuojamas XVII a. 5 dešimtmečio išrašas iš Vilniaus žemutinės pilies iždo archyvo. Atliktas tyrimas pateikia naujų duomenų apie dalies Vilniaus miesto ir jo Antakalnio priemiesčio sociotopografiją 1566 m., iždo archyvo sudėtį ir kai kurių dokumentų likimą po to, kai 1655 m. Rusijos caro pajėgoms užgrobus Vilnių, iždo archyvą nusiaubė gaisras.
[ENG] The paper focuses on an extract from the treasury archive of the Vilnius Lower Castle made for the Vilnius Cathedral Chapter in the 1640s. This extract provides new data both on the history of Vilnius and the history of the treasury archive, which was located in the Vilnius Lower Castle. The manuscript contains two parts of the register of the poll tax collect in Vilnius in 1566. The first part reflects the section of the city intra muros from the Orthodox cathedral of the Theotokos to the Lower Castle, whereas the second part represents the suburb of Antakalnis (Antokol), which extended from the north-western foot of the Hill of the Three Crosses to roughly the territory of the Sapieha palace (now 13 Leono Sapiegos Street). This territory contained at least 91 buildings, mostly houses, but also a water mill and a brickyard. The nine annotations of documents mentioned in the extract indicate that in the 1640s, the books of the Vilnius castle court, or at least the oldest of them, were kept in the treasury. Since these books were kept in the treasury at the time of the Muscovite occupation, it is possible that they perished in the fire of 1655 together with the oldest books of the Lithuanian Metrica and the treasury. However, the fire did not destroy all the documents that were kept in the treasury, and we know of at least four surviving parchments. Moreover, the annotations of documents mentioned in the extract, which is published for the first time in the appendix, allow to hypothesise that Book of Inscriptions 1 (1380–1584) of the Lithuanian Metrica should not be considered as the inventory book of the original documents kept in the treasury, because it contains documents that were returned to the treasury after the death of Queen Bona.
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Istorja, 2023
LT.: Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Livonijos 1529 m. sienos aprašas Anotacija. Straipsny... more LT.: Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Livonijos 1529 m. sienos aprašas Anotacija. Straipsnyje analizuojamas, pirmą kartą publikuojamas ir į lietuvių kalbą išverčiamas 1529 m. sausio 12 d. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Livonijos konfederacijos sienos aprašymas. Nustatyta dalies toponimų lokacijos, kurios iki šiol nebuvo žinomos. Aiškinamasi dokumento sudarymo ir archyvavimo aplinkybės. Keliama hipotezė, kad dokumento juodraštį sudarė Aleksandras (Alekna) Krivecas, vėliau jį perdavė saugoti kancleriui Albertui Goštautui.
ENG.: This article is the first to publish, translate to Lithuanian, and analyse the description of border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Confederation of Livonia dated on January 12th, 1529. This paper establishes previously unknown locations of some of the toponyms mentioned. It also investigates the circumstances of creating and archiving this document. A hypothesis is raised that the document had been drafted by Alexander (Olechno) Krivec and was later transferred to chancellor Albertas Goštautas (pol. Olbracht Gasztołd; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд)) for storage.
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International Journal of Paleopathology
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Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики, 2022
RUS.: Данное исследование подтвердило и расширило гипотезу Константинаса Яблонскиса об атрибуции ... more RUS.: Данное исследование подтвердило и расширило гипотезу Константинаса Яблонскиса об атрибуции будущему канцлеру Великого княжества Литовского и виленскому воеводе Ольбрахту (Альберту) Гаштольду (бел. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; лит. Albertas Goštautas; пол. Olbracht Gasztołd) составленных по-«руски» списка кириллических книг, а также перечней книг на чешском, польском и латыни, находящихся в книге Литовской метрики № 223. Кодикологический и палеографический анализ книги Литовской метрики № 223 показал, что О. Гаштольд был не только владельцем книг, упомянутых в списках (например, таких, как Киевская летопись), но также владел и другим имуществом, описанным его «руской» канцелярией в 1510–1511 гг. (оружием, доспехами, одеждой, сбруей, посудой, шпалерами, коврами, священными картинами, иконами и проч.). Время составления перечней имущества и описание арсенала позволили выдвинуть гипотезу о том, что часть имущества должна была храниться в вотчине рода Гаштольдов и в главной резиденции самого О. Гаштольда – Геранёнах (ныне Геранёны, Ивьевский район, Беларусь).
ENG.: The conducted study confirmed and extended the hypothesis developed by Konstantinas Jablonskis 60 years ago that the lists of books contained in Book No. 223 of the Lithuanian Metrica may be attributed to Albertas Goštautas (rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; pol. Olbracht Gasztołd). A codicological and paleographical analysis of Lithuanian Metrica Book No. 223 revealed that A. Goštautas did own not only the books but the rest of the listed property (weapons (cannons), armor, clothes, harnesses, tableware, tapestries, paintings of saints, etc.). The time when the lists were compiled and the arsenal described suggests that some part of the property must have been kept in the Goštautas family‘s homeland and principal residence of A. Goštautas himself – Geranainiai (now Geranainiai, Iwye District, Belarus).
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Lietuvos istorijos studijos, 2021
LT: Šiame straipsnyje publikuojamas ir analizuojamas Bogdano Sapiegos (apie †1512) žmonos Teodoro... more LT: Šiame straipsnyje publikuojamas ir analizuojamas Bogdano Sapiegos (apie †1512) žmonos Teodoros (apie †1520–1522) laiškas sūnui, valdovo raštininkui Jonui (Jonukui) Sapiegai (†1546). Laiškas datuojamas 1511 m. spalio viduriu – 1513 m. liepos pirma puse. Jis teikia duomenų ne tik apie Sapiegų giminės žemėvaldą, bet ir apie motinos ir jos vaikų santykius. Be to, tai yra vienas ankstyviausių rusėnų kalba parašytų laiškų, kurio „autorė“ buvo kilminga moteris, nepriklausiusi valdančiajai dinastijai.
ENG: This article publishes and analyzes the letter from Bohdan Sapieha’s (~ †1512) wife, Theodora Drucka-Sokolinska (~ †1520–1522), to his son, scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Iwan (Iwachno) Sapieha (†1546). The approximate date of this letter is mid-October 1511 – the first half of July 1513. The letter provides data not only on the land tenure of the Sapieha family, but also on the relationship between the mother and her children. Furthermore, it is one of the earliest letters written in the ruthenian language, the „author“ of which was a noble woman who did not belong to the ruling dynasty.
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Lietuvos istorijos studijos, 2020
Transportavimo, vykdyto 1760–1761 m. Nemuno upe, ataskaitos publikacija. Ataskaitą parengė ir sut... more Transportavimo, vykdyto 1760–1761 m. Nemuno upe, ataskaitos publikacija. Ataskaitą parengė ir sutuoktinių Masalskių įgaliotiniui Jurgiui Vrublevskiui (Jerzy Wróblewski) įteikė nenustatytas asmuo, atsakingas už jų prekių gabenimą vytinėmis iš Stolpcų (dab. Baltarusija) į Karaliaučių ir atgal Nemuno upe. Iš šios ataskaitos sužinome apie to meto mokesčių sistemą, kuri buvo susiklosčiusi Nemune – Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje ir Prūsijos karalystėje, taip pat susipažįstame su specifine vytinių (upinių laivų atmaina) inventoriaus, konstrukcijos ir detalių terminija. Be to, publikacija suteikia duomenų apie Ružanuose įsikūrusių Kristinos Rožės Sapiegaitės-Masalskienės ir jos vyro Kazimiero Adrijono Masalskio ekonominius pajėgumus ir ūkinius poreikius.
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Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики, 2020
Eng.: The communication practices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are examined in the article usi... more Eng.: The communication practices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are examined in the article using one draft letter as an example. This draft, which can be described as absolutely anti-Moscow by the meaning, was written in 1526 in the court of a Lithuanian nobleman Jerzy Radziwiłł († 1541) (Lithuanian: Jurgis Radvila; Belarusian: Юрый Радзівіл; Russian: Юрий Радзивилл). In the draft, Jerzy Radziwiłł expresses his opinion to Sigismund I the Old, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, regarding the reasons why the coronation of Grand Prince of Moscow by the hands of Pope Clement VII must be prevented. The research has revealed the contribution of the nobleman and his private scribes to the preparation and sending of the final version of the letter to the addressee.
Rus.: В статье рассматриваются практики коммуникации в Великом княжестве Литовском на примере черновика одного письма. Этот черновик был создан в 1526 г. в окружении литовского вельможи Юрия Радзивилла († 1541) и носил ярко выраженный антимосковский характер. В черновике Юрий Радзивилл изложил свое мнение литовскому господарю Сигизмунду Старому о том, почему нельзя позволить великому князю московскому быть коронованным руками папы римского Климента VII. Исследование выявило вклад вельможи и его личной канцелярии в подготовку письма и отправку его адресату.
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Lietuvos istorijos studijos, 2020
Straipsnyje analizuojamas rusėniškų laiškų vidinis ir išorinis (voko) formuliaras Lietuvos Didžio... more Straipsnyje analizuojamas rusėniškų laiškų vidinis ir išorinis (voko) formuliaras Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje ankstyvaisiais naujaisiais laikais. Remiantis maždaug 100 nepublikuotų ir apie 70 publikuotų Lietuvos kilmingųjų ir valdovo laiškų analize, buvo išskirtos trys laiškų grupės, kurios reprezentuoja žemesnio, aukštesnio ir lygiaverčio statuso asmenų korespondenciją.
[ENG.: A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter's internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only "partners" of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other's well-being.]
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Lietuvos istorijos metraštis, 2019
Ryčkov A., Accumulation of Power of the Scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jonas Bogdanaitis S... more Ryčkov A., Accumulation of Power of the Scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jonas Bogdanaitis Sapiega (†1546) at the Beginning of the 16th Century
The article raises the question about the way the officials of the Grand Duke’s Office accumulated power and used it to ascend the social and political ladder at the beginning of the 16th century. This question is answered based on the case study of the career of Jonas Bogdanaitis Sapiega (Иван Богданович Сапега), the Scribe of the Supreme Council of the Grand Duke. The analysis of the correspondence revealed that this position not only granted J. B. Sapiega the opportunity to be in the closest environment of the Grand Duke but also to influence his decisions related to the matters of the state or private affairs of the Lithuanian nobility. This enabled J. B. Sapiega to develop close and friendly (horizontal) relations with Lithuanian noblemen of the highest social ranking as well as to benefit from their protection and patronage.
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Ryčkov A., „Ни на кого надеи не маю, толко на милосердного Бога да на вашу милость“. The Letters ... more Ryčkov A., „Ни на кого надеи не маю, толко на милосердного Бога да на вашу милость“. The Letters from Lithuanian Nobility to the Scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jonas Bogdanaitis Sapiega, [1507]–[1515].
This article presents eight letters from the Lithuanian nobility addressed to one of the founders of the Sapiega family (scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jonas Bogdanaitis (Иван Богданович Сапега)) from the beginning of the 16th century. The material is currently stored in two archives: in the National Archives of Sweden and in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg Institute of History. The content of the letters helps to comprehend practices of political communication which allowed the scribes of the Grand Duke of Lithuania to accumulate power and employ it to propel themselves up the social ladder.
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The article dwells on the execution of the death penalty for those convicted of treason. Treason ... more The article dwells on the execution of the death penalty for those convicted of treason. Treason here is defined as a political offence perpetrated by a member (or several members) of a group sharing an identity and targeted at the leader (the sovereign) of this group or the structures that represent its public authority. Data represented in this article were gathered researching written and archaeological sources. Due to the fragmented character of the said sources, the description featuring the commitment of fratricide in 1515 was selected as an analogue and used as the main story line. This description was analysed and juxtaposed to the available data on the execution of traitors. The appendix lists the persons convicted of treason and sentenced to death.
In the period covered in this research there was no legal regulation as to the execution of traitors. Analysis of written sources revealed that offenders convicted of the offence in question were beheaded, hanged or even drowned. If the insights of H. Ivakin and O. Kozak concerning the remains found in the Dormition Cathedral of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra are correct, it can be stated that criminals were also quartered. An assumption can be made that before the execution traitors were allowed to make confession, receive the Eucharist and be buried as Christians.
In the mid- and late 15th century those convicted of treason and sentenced to death were usually of the higher social standing (most often such offenders were dukes and other persons of higher social status), since the beginning of the 16th century, however, the situation changed. An increase in the number of ordinary noblemen sentenced to death for the offence in question was observed. The dissemination of written culture in the institutional model of rule is accountable for the fact, as the majority of such offenders were counterfeiters of documents and seals of the Grand Duke.
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The article presents an analysis of internal factors behind the emergence of treason as a crime i... more The article presents an analysis of internal factors behind the emergence of treason as a crime in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the mid-14th to mid-15th centuries. The research showed that the main social group in which this crime started to form in the early to mid-15th centuries were the grand duke’s adversaries and foes (Latin: adversarius, inimicus; Ruthenian: недруг, неприятель, враг; German: fynd). The appearance of terms for treason within the context of precisely this social group is evidence of the intensifying links between state structures, whereby closer bonds were established between the ruler and his officials/friends, primarily within the institutional milieu of the ruler’s court and the system of public offices. In this particular context, going beyond the boundaries of loyalty and allegiance was no longer understood just as a demonstration of hostility, but as the crime of treason.
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The Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library contains the documents of the Vilnius... more The Manuscript Department of the Vilnius University Library contains the documents of the Vilnius Public Library, the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities and other institutions that operated between 1855 and 1915 in the facilities of today's Vilnius University. These documents form the following collections: Inventories (f. 4), Mixed (f. 5), Academia et universitas Vilnensis (1579–1773) (f. 13), Land plans (f. 23), Vilnius Public Library and Museum of Antiquities (f. 46), Autographs (f. 48), Architectural plans and drawings (f. 78), Photographs (f. 82) and others. The largest number of items is in the collection of the Vilnius Public Library and the Museum of Antiquities (f. 46). It consists of 262 documents that reflect the establishment and activities of these institutions in the period from 1852 to 1915. The current article focuses on the most important collections of f. 4 and presents the Archive of Count Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814–1873) as its part. The content of the archival documents is briefly reviewed and the question when, why and by whom the archive was given the name of Count Tyszkiewicz is discussed.
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Podobnie jak i w krajach Europy Zachodniej w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim (WKL) w końcu XV w. - w ... more Podobnie jak i w krajach Europy Zachodniej w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim (WKL) w końcu XV w. - w połowie XVI w. pojęcie fałszestwa było wieloznaczne, najczęściej jednak kojarzone z przestępstwem, ściśle powiązanym z defraudacją i oszustwem. Nie tylko dokumenty czyli pieniądze mogły być uznane za sfałszowane, również - metale szlachetne, tkaniny, wosk, zeznanie w sądzie oraz inne przedmioty materialne i niematerialne. Chociaż odpowiedzialność za fałszerstwo dokumentów publicznych w WKL prawnie usankcjonował tylko Pierwszy Statut Litewski (1529 r.), jednak karę śmierci dla fałszerzy stosowano również i przedtem.
W historiografii utwalił się pogląd, że stosowanie kary śmierci w sądownictwie WKL było zjawiskiem niezwykle rzadkim. Wykonane przez nas badanie, które się opierało na opublikowanych materiałach Metryki Litewskiej ukazało, że około 20 procent spraw sądowych, w których występowały fałszywe dokumenty publiczne, zakończyło się wyrokiem śmierci. Wymierzanie kary śmierci było powiązane nie tylko z regulacją prawną, ale także z pozycją zajętą przez stronę powodową lub pozwaną, która domagała się takiej właśnie czy innej kary. To znaczy, że mogła ona być zastąpiona łagodniejszą formą, na przykład - kara śmierci mogła zostać zmieniona w niewolę osobistą.
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Other by Andrej Ryčkov
Maloniai kviečiame apsilankyti tarptautinėje mokslinėje konferencijoje, kuri vyks 2024 m. spalio ... more Maloniai kviečiame apsilankyti tarptautinėje mokslinėje konferencijoje, kuri vyks 2024 m. spalio 24–25 d. Vilniuje, Nacionaliniame muziejuje Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmuose. Konferencija rengiama siekiant aktualizuoti vieną galingiausių Jogailaičių epochos Lietuvos didikų – Mūrinių Geranainių grafą, Vilniaus vaivadą ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kanclerį Albertą Goštautą (†1539).
Serdecznie zapraszamy do odwiedzenia w międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, która odbędzie się w dniach 24–25 października 2024 r. w Wilnie, w Muzeum Narodowym – Pałacu Wielkich Książąt Litewskich. Konferencja jest organizowana w celu aktualizacji jednego z najpotężniejszych litewskich magnatów epoki Jagiellonów – hrabiego na Murowanych Gieranonach, wojewody wileńskiego i kanclerza Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego Olbrachta Gasztołda (†1539).
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The thesis analyzes the treason of Grand Duke of Lithuanian as a political crime. It reconstructs... more The thesis analyzes the treason of Grand Duke of Lithuanian as a political crime. It reconstructs the history of treason in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) from 13th till the middle of 16th century and reveals the daily and exceptional phenomena of legal culture with regard to this crime.
Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.
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Book Reviews by Andrej Ryčkov
Lithuanian Historical Studies, 2020
Book review: «Mesta pamiati» Rusi kontsa XV – serediny XVIII v., ed. A.V. Doronin, Moscow: Politi... more Book review: «Mesta pamiati» Rusi kontsa XV – serediny XVIII v., ed. A.V. Doronin, Moscow: Politicheskaia entsiklopediia, 2019. 518 p. (Post Drevniaia Rus’: u istokov natsii Novogo vremeni). ISBN 978-5-8243-2351-1.
Рецензия книги: «Места памяти» руси конца XV – середины XVIII в., ответственный составитель, ответственный редактор серии А. В. Доронин, Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2019. – 518 с.: (Post-Древняя Русь: у истоков наций Нового времени). ISBN 978-5-8243-2351-1.
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Papers by Andrej Ryčkov
[ENG] The paper focuses on an extract from the treasury archive of the Vilnius Lower Castle made for the Vilnius Cathedral Chapter in the 1640s. This extract provides new data both on the history of Vilnius and the history of the treasury archive, which was located in the Vilnius Lower Castle. The manuscript contains two parts of the register of the poll tax collect in Vilnius in 1566. The first part reflects the section of the city intra muros from the Orthodox cathedral of the Theotokos to the Lower Castle, whereas the second part represents the suburb of Antakalnis (Antokol), which extended from the north-western foot of the Hill of the Three Crosses to roughly the territory of the Sapieha palace (now 13 Leono Sapiegos Street). This territory contained at least 91 buildings, mostly houses, but also a water mill and a brickyard. The nine annotations of documents mentioned in the extract indicate that in the 1640s, the books of the Vilnius castle court, or at least the oldest of them, were kept in the treasury. Since these books were kept in the treasury at the time of the Muscovite occupation, it is possible that they perished in the fire of 1655 together with the oldest books of the Lithuanian Metrica and the treasury. However, the fire did not destroy all the documents that were kept in the treasury, and we know of at least four surviving parchments. Moreover, the annotations of documents mentioned in the extract, which is published for the first time in the appendix, allow to hypothesise that Book of Inscriptions 1 (1380–1584) of the Lithuanian Metrica should not be considered as the inventory book of the original documents kept in the treasury, because it contains documents that were returned to the treasury after the death of Queen Bona.
ENG.: This article is the first to publish, translate to Lithuanian, and analyse the description of border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Confederation of Livonia dated on January 12th, 1529. This paper establishes previously unknown locations of some of the toponyms mentioned. It also investigates the circumstances of creating and archiving this document. A hypothesis is raised that the document had been drafted by Alexander (Olechno) Krivec and was later transferred to chancellor Albertas Goštautas (pol. Olbracht Gasztołd; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд)) for storage.
ENG.: The conducted study confirmed and extended the hypothesis developed by Konstantinas Jablonskis 60 years ago that the lists of books contained in Book No. 223 of the Lithuanian Metrica may be attributed to Albertas Goštautas (rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; pol. Olbracht Gasztołd). A codicological and paleographical analysis of Lithuanian Metrica Book No. 223 revealed that A. Goštautas did own not only the books but the rest of the listed property (weapons (cannons), armor, clothes, harnesses, tableware, tapestries, paintings of saints, etc.). The time when the lists were compiled and the arsenal described suggests that some part of the property must have been kept in the Goštautas family‘s homeland and principal residence of A. Goštautas himself – Geranainiai (now Geranainiai, Iwye District, Belarus).
ENG: This article publishes and analyzes the letter from Bohdan Sapieha’s (~ †1512) wife, Theodora Drucka-Sokolinska (~ †1520–1522), to his son, scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Iwan (Iwachno) Sapieha (†1546). The approximate date of this letter is mid-October 1511 – the first half of July 1513. The letter provides data not only on the land tenure of the Sapieha family, but also on the relationship between the mother and her children. Furthermore, it is one of the earliest letters written in the ruthenian language, the „author“ of which was a noble woman who did not belong to the ruling dynasty.
Rus.: В статье рассматриваются практики коммуникации в Великом княжестве Литовском на примере черновика одного письма. Этот черновик был создан в 1526 г. в окружении литовского вельможи Юрия Радзивилла († 1541) и носил ярко выраженный антимосковский характер. В черновике Юрий Радзивилл изложил свое мнение литовскому господарю Сигизмунду Старому о том, почему нельзя позволить великому князю московскому быть коронованным руками папы римского Климента VII. Исследование выявило вклад вельможи и его личной канцелярии в подготовку письма и отправку его адресату.
[ENG.: A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter's internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only "partners" of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other's well-being.]
The article raises the question about the way the officials of the Grand Duke’s Office accumulated power and used it to ascend the social and political ladder at the beginning of the 16th century. This question is answered based on the case study of the career of Jonas Bogdanaitis Sapiega (Иван Богданович Сапега), the Scribe of the Supreme Council of the Grand Duke. The analysis of the correspondence revealed that this position not only granted J. B. Sapiega the opportunity to be in the closest environment of the Grand Duke but also to influence his decisions related to the matters of the state or private affairs of the Lithuanian nobility. This enabled J. B. Sapiega to develop close and friendly (horizontal) relations with Lithuanian noblemen of the highest social ranking as well as to benefit from their protection and patronage.
This article presents eight letters from the Lithuanian nobility addressed to one of the founders of the Sapiega family (scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jonas Bogdanaitis (Иван Богданович Сапега)) from the beginning of the 16th century. The material is currently stored in two archives: in the National Archives of Sweden and in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg Institute of History. The content of the letters helps to comprehend practices of political communication which allowed the scribes of the Grand Duke of Lithuania to accumulate power and employ it to propel themselves up the social ladder.
In the period covered in this research there was no legal regulation as to the execution of traitors. Analysis of written sources revealed that offenders convicted of the offence in question were beheaded, hanged or even drowned. If the insights of H. Ivakin and O. Kozak concerning the remains found in the Dormition Cathedral of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra are correct, it can be stated that criminals were also quartered. An assumption can be made that before the execution traitors were allowed to make confession, receive the Eucharist and be buried as Christians.
In the mid- and late 15th century those convicted of treason and sentenced to death were usually of the higher social standing (most often such offenders were dukes and other persons of higher social status), since the beginning of the 16th century, however, the situation changed. An increase in the number of ordinary noblemen sentenced to death for the offence in question was observed. The dissemination of written culture in the institutional model of rule is accountable for the fact, as the majority of such offenders were counterfeiters of documents and seals of the Grand Duke.
W historiografii utwalił się pogląd, że stosowanie kary śmierci w sądownictwie WKL było zjawiskiem niezwykle rzadkim. Wykonane przez nas badanie, które się opierało na opublikowanych materiałach Metryki Litewskiej ukazało, że około 20 procent spraw sądowych, w których występowały fałszywe dokumenty publiczne, zakończyło się wyrokiem śmierci. Wymierzanie kary śmierci było powiązane nie tylko z regulacją prawną, ale także z pozycją zajętą przez stronę powodową lub pozwaną, która domagała się takiej właśnie czy innej kary. To znaczy, że mogła ona być zastąpiona łagodniejszą formą, na przykład - kara śmierci mogła zostać zmieniona w niewolę osobistą.
Other by Andrej Ryčkov
Serdecznie zapraszamy do odwiedzenia w międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, która odbędzie się w dniach 24–25 października 2024 r. w Wilnie, w Muzeum Narodowym – Pałacu Wielkich Książąt Litewskich. Konferencja jest organizowana w celu aktualizacji jednego z najpotężniejszych litewskich magnatów epoki Jagiellonów – hrabiego na Murowanych Gieranonach, wojewody wileńskiego i kanclerza Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego Olbrachta Gasztołda (†1539).
Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.
Book Reviews by Andrej Ryčkov
Рецензия книги: «Места памяти» руси конца XV – середины XVIII в., ответственный составитель, ответственный редактор серии А. В. Доронин, Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2019. – 518 с.: (Post-Древняя Русь: у истоков наций Нового времени). ISBN 978-5-8243-2351-1.
[ENG] The paper focuses on an extract from the treasury archive of the Vilnius Lower Castle made for the Vilnius Cathedral Chapter in the 1640s. This extract provides new data both on the history of Vilnius and the history of the treasury archive, which was located in the Vilnius Lower Castle. The manuscript contains two parts of the register of the poll tax collect in Vilnius in 1566. The first part reflects the section of the city intra muros from the Orthodox cathedral of the Theotokos to the Lower Castle, whereas the second part represents the suburb of Antakalnis (Antokol), which extended from the north-western foot of the Hill of the Three Crosses to roughly the territory of the Sapieha palace (now 13 Leono Sapiegos Street). This territory contained at least 91 buildings, mostly houses, but also a water mill and a brickyard. The nine annotations of documents mentioned in the extract indicate that in the 1640s, the books of the Vilnius castle court, or at least the oldest of them, were kept in the treasury. Since these books were kept in the treasury at the time of the Muscovite occupation, it is possible that they perished in the fire of 1655 together with the oldest books of the Lithuanian Metrica and the treasury. However, the fire did not destroy all the documents that were kept in the treasury, and we know of at least four surviving parchments. Moreover, the annotations of documents mentioned in the extract, which is published for the first time in the appendix, allow to hypothesise that Book of Inscriptions 1 (1380–1584) of the Lithuanian Metrica should not be considered as the inventory book of the original documents kept in the treasury, because it contains documents that were returned to the treasury after the death of Queen Bona.
ENG.: This article is the first to publish, translate to Lithuanian, and analyse the description of border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Confederation of Livonia dated on January 12th, 1529. This paper establishes previously unknown locations of some of the toponyms mentioned. It also investigates the circumstances of creating and archiving this document. A hypothesis is raised that the document had been drafted by Alexander (Olechno) Krivec and was later transferred to chancellor Albertas Goštautas (pol. Olbracht Gasztołd; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд)) for storage.
ENG.: The conducted study confirmed and extended the hypothesis developed by Konstantinas Jablonskis 60 years ago that the lists of books contained in Book No. 223 of the Lithuanian Metrica may be attributed to Albertas Goštautas (rus. Ольбрахт (Альберт) Гаштольд; bel. Альбрэхт Гаштольд; pol. Olbracht Gasztołd). A codicological and paleographical analysis of Lithuanian Metrica Book No. 223 revealed that A. Goštautas did own not only the books but the rest of the listed property (weapons (cannons), armor, clothes, harnesses, tableware, tapestries, paintings of saints, etc.). The time when the lists were compiled and the arsenal described suggests that some part of the property must have been kept in the Goštautas family‘s homeland and principal residence of A. Goštautas himself – Geranainiai (now Geranainiai, Iwye District, Belarus).
ENG: This article publishes and analyzes the letter from Bohdan Sapieha’s (~ †1512) wife, Theodora Drucka-Sokolinska (~ †1520–1522), to his son, scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Iwan (Iwachno) Sapieha (†1546). The approximate date of this letter is mid-October 1511 – the first half of July 1513. The letter provides data not only on the land tenure of the Sapieha family, but also on the relationship between the mother and her children. Furthermore, it is one of the earliest letters written in the ruthenian language, the „author“ of which was a noble woman who did not belong to the ruling dynasty.
Rus.: В статье рассматриваются практики коммуникации в Великом княжестве Литовском на примере черновика одного письма. Этот черновик был создан в 1526 г. в окружении литовского вельможи Юрия Радзивилла († 1541) и носил ярко выраженный антимосковский характер. В черновике Юрий Радзивилл изложил свое мнение литовскому господарю Сигизмунду Старому о том, почему нельзя позволить великому князю московскому быть коронованным руками папы римского Климента VII. Исследование выявило вклад вельможи и его личной канцелярии в подготовку письма и отправку его адресату.
[ENG.: A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter's internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only "partners" of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other's well-being.]
The article raises the question about the way the officials of the Grand Duke’s Office accumulated power and used it to ascend the social and political ladder at the beginning of the 16th century. This question is answered based on the case study of the career of Jonas Bogdanaitis Sapiega (Иван Богданович Сапега), the Scribe of the Supreme Council of the Grand Duke. The analysis of the correspondence revealed that this position not only granted J. B. Sapiega the opportunity to be in the closest environment of the Grand Duke but also to influence his decisions related to the matters of the state or private affairs of the Lithuanian nobility. This enabled J. B. Sapiega to develop close and friendly (horizontal) relations with Lithuanian noblemen of the highest social ranking as well as to benefit from their protection and patronage.
This article presents eight letters from the Lithuanian nobility addressed to one of the founders of the Sapiega family (scribe of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jonas Bogdanaitis (Иван Богданович Сапега)) from the beginning of the 16th century. The material is currently stored in two archives: in the National Archives of Sweden and in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg Institute of History. The content of the letters helps to comprehend practices of political communication which allowed the scribes of the Grand Duke of Lithuania to accumulate power and employ it to propel themselves up the social ladder.
In the period covered in this research there was no legal regulation as to the execution of traitors. Analysis of written sources revealed that offenders convicted of the offence in question were beheaded, hanged or even drowned. If the insights of H. Ivakin and O. Kozak concerning the remains found in the Dormition Cathedral of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra are correct, it can be stated that criminals were also quartered. An assumption can be made that before the execution traitors were allowed to make confession, receive the Eucharist and be buried as Christians.
In the mid- and late 15th century those convicted of treason and sentenced to death were usually of the higher social standing (most often such offenders were dukes and other persons of higher social status), since the beginning of the 16th century, however, the situation changed. An increase in the number of ordinary noblemen sentenced to death for the offence in question was observed. The dissemination of written culture in the institutional model of rule is accountable for the fact, as the majority of such offenders were counterfeiters of documents and seals of the Grand Duke.
W historiografii utwalił się pogląd, że stosowanie kary śmierci w sądownictwie WKL było zjawiskiem niezwykle rzadkim. Wykonane przez nas badanie, które się opierało na opublikowanych materiałach Metryki Litewskiej ukazało, że około 20 procent spraw sądowych, w których występowały fałszywe dokumenty publiczne, zakończyło się wyrokiem śmierci. Wymierzanie kary śmierci było powiązane nie tylko z regulacją prawną, ale także z pozycją zajętą przez stronę powodową lub pozwaną, która domagała się takiej właśnie czy innej kary. To znaczy, że mogła ona być zastąpiona łagodniejszą formą, na przykład - kara śmierci mogła zostać zmieniona w niewolę osobistą.
Serdecznie zapraszamy do odwiedzenia w międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, która odbędzie się w dniach 24–25 października 2024 r. w Wilnie, w Muzeum Narodowym – Pałacu Wielkich Książąt Litewskich. Konferencja jest organizowana w celu aktualizacji jednego z najpotężniejszych litewskich magnatów epoki Jagiellonów – hrabiego na Murowanych Gieranonach, wojewody wileńskiego i kanclerza Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego Olbrachta Gasztołda (†1539).
Analyzing how the concept of treason developed in GDL the local (used in the GDL) terminology associated with treason is discussed. In order to capture the circumstances in which the crime of treason emerged, the thesis presents an analysis of the phenomenon of deserting the country, as well as internal and external factors that led to the emergence crime of treason. The legal definition of the concept of treason is studied in two ways. First, analysis of the concept up to the First Statute of Lithuania (FSL) is presented. Second, the sources of norms for treason defined by the FSL are revealed. The second part of the thesis presents the daily and exceptional phenomena of the crime of treason: accusations of treason as a mechanism for political control, court proceedings for those on trial for treason, the ritual of execution and the process of exculpation and rehabilitation.
Рецензия книги: «Места памяти» руси конца XV – середины XVIII в., ответственный составитель, ответственный редактор серии А. В. Доронин, Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2019. – 518 с.: (Post-Древняя Русь: у истоков наций Нового времени). ISBN 978-5-8243-2351-1.
economic activities. In addition to other more context-specific conclusions, the research reveals how even a small corpus of data can allow us to analyze the phenomenon of smuggling from a qualitative perspective.