Tourism has added to a water crisis in the rapidly growing gateway town to Komodo National Park: ... more Tourism has added to a water crisis in the rapidly growing gateway town to Komodo National Park: Labuan Bajo. Residents are suffering from the scarcity and cost of water for basic human needs. Based on ethnographic research, over 100 people were consulted on the problems and potential solutions. Women are bearing the brunt of the burdens as they are responsible for the provision and management of water for domestic purposes. The present system is priced unfairly, is illegal, and unsustainable. Water supply is a significant factor in Labuan Bajo’s inability to attract the type of tourists it deserves and needs. The immediate needs are for regulation of the quality and price of the tanker water that supplies many people in the town. Longer term needs, but require starting as soon as possible, are for water catchment protection and water conservation education. Essential to the success of water management in Labuan Bajo is the total overhaul of the state run water supply company, PDAM,...
In our understanding of tourism as a tool for development, small-scale enterprises are considered... more In our understanding of tourism as a tool for development, small-scale enterprises are considered critical. From either the "trickle down" or "bottom up" perspective, small-scale entrepreneurs are considered central to the multiplier effect and economic development of communities in less economically developed countries. Whilst the potential exists for empowerment through entrepreneurship to be felt at an individual or community level, in many cases tourism does not lead to burgeoning entrepreneurial opportunities and the associated empowerment. This paper, based on long-term ethnographic research in Eastern Indonesia, examines the factors affecting entrepreneurial development. It assesses why, in some communities, tourism offers the hopes and dreams of development and the initial steps towards empowerment, but why the dreams rarely become realities. While the literature identifies both a lack of human capital and financial capital as barriers to entrepreneurial ...
This international literature review of the tourism–water nexus identifies a gender gap. Tourism ... more This international literature review of the tourism–water nexus identifies a gender gap. Tourism development can affect water supply both quantitatively and qualitatively. Many regions will face considerable problems of water availability and quality, affecting their tourism sector and increasing competition with local residents, and other industries especially agriculture. This international review of literature explores the tourism–water nexus, comparing and contrasting literature published in English, Chinese, and Spanish. Securing access to safe water for continued tourism development is a common theme and the vast majority of work has focused on hotels including water pricing, water‐saving practices and innovative management methods. In all continents, struggles are apparent, and the unsustainability of tourism is having impacts on water quantity and quality. This article identifies significant gaps in the literature including climate change, the energy‐water nexus, and the lin...
Billions of people globally, living with various degrees of water insecurity, obtain their househ... more Billions of people globally, living with various degrees of water insecurity, obtain their household and drinking water from diverse sources that can absorb a disproportionate amount of a household's income. In theory, there are income and expenditure thresholds associated with effective mitigation of household water insecurity, but there is little empirical research about these mechanisms and thresholds in low- and middle-income settings. This study used data from 3655 households from 23 water-insecure sites in 20 countries to explore the relationship between cash water expenditures (measured as a Z-score, percent of income, and Z-score of percent of income) and a household water insecurity score, and whether income moderated that relationship. We also assessed whether water expenditures moderated the relationships between water insecurity and both food insecurity and perceived stress. Using tobit mixed effects regression models, we observed a positive association between multiple measures of water expenditures and a household water insecurity score, controlling for demographic characteristics and accounting for clustering within neighborhoods and study sites. The positive relationships between water expenditures and water insecurity persisted even when adjusted for income, while income was independently negatively associated with water insecurity. Water expenditures were also positively associated with food insecurity and perceived stress. These results underscore the complex relationships between water insecurity, food insecurity, and perceived stress and suggest that water infrastructure interventions that increase water costs to households without anti-poverty and income generation interventions will likely exacerbate experiences of household water insecurity, especially for the lowest-income households.
... What is most important and meaningful is selected. This is a dis-criminatory process (Wickens... more ... What is most important and meaningful is selected. This is a dis-criminatory process (Wickens, unpublished). ... The area lies between East Indonesia's two renowned tourist attractions. To the east is Keli Mutu, a volcano with three different coloured lakes at its peak. ...
According to the UNWTO (2015) “tourism can empower women in multiple ways...and is a tool to unlo... more According to the UNWTO (2015) “tourism can empower women in multiple ways...and is a tool to unlock their potential.” But for which women and under what circumstances? This paper will explore the intersecting categories of identity—gender, ethnicity, life-stage—and ecology, and how they interplay and add complexity, in order to interrogate this version of tourism and gender relations. Furthermore, it explores the role of emotions in understanding tourism development. The unequal gendered power relations embedded in the tourism sector have been well rehearsed (Gentry, 2007; Schellhorn, 2010; Vandegrift, 2008; Ferguson, 2011; Tucker & Boonabaana, 2012; Duffy et al., 2015). However, inequalities in terms of access to resources, greater vulnerabilities, and disproportionate negative impacts have not yet been subject to systematic gender analysis. Communities have largely been considered homogeneous. This paper not only provides a gendered picture of inequalities but also unpacks which w...
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
Household survey data from 27 sites in 22 countries were collected in 2017–2018 in order to const... more Household survey data from 27 sites in 22 countries were collected in 2017–2018 in order to construct and validate a cross-cultural household-level water insecurity scale. The resultant Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) scale presents a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating water interventions as a complement to traditional metrics used by the development community. It can also help track progress toward achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 ‘clean water and sanitation for all’. We present HWISE scale scores from 27 sites as comparative data for future studies using the HWISE scale in low- and middle-income contexts. Site-level mean scores for HWISE-12 (scored 0–36) ranged from 1.64 (SD 4.22) in Pune, India, to 20.90 (7.50) in Cartagena, Colombia, while site-level mean scores for HWISE-4 (scored 0–12) ranged from 0.51 (1.50) in Pune, India, to 8.21 (2.55) in Punjab, Pakistan. Scores tended to be higher in the dry season as expected. Data from this first impl...
This paper explores the interconnections between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and tou... more This paper explores the interconnections between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and tourism from a gender perspective. It is the first paper to take a critical analysis of how SDG 5 relates to tourism, and how tourism and gender equality interconnects with the other SDGs. First, we analyse the recent gender sensitive sustainable development agenda in order to set out the challenges – both past and present – that any sector involved in sustainable development faces. We then explore the links between the SDGs and tourism development from a gender perspective. In the third part of the paper, based on the field experiences of the authors, we use the examples of SDG 6 (“clean water and sanitation”) and SDG 8 (“sustainable economic growth and decent work”) to highlight the interconnections between gender equality and the other SDGs. Finally, we suggest some tools to help tourism businesses improve their performance with respect to gender equality thereby enhancing their capacity to contribute towards the achievement of the SDGs. We argue that, without tackling gender equality in a meaningful and substantive way, tourism’s potential to contribute to the SDGs will be reduced and sustainable tourism will remain an elusive “pot of gold”.
... Other Books in the Series Irish Tourism: Image, Culture and Identity Michael Cronin and Barba... more ... Other Books in the Series Irish Tourism: Image, Culture and Identity Michael Cronin and Barbara O'Connor (eds) Tourism, Globalization and Cultural Change: An Island Community Perspective Donald VL Macleod The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice ...
Tourism has added to a water crisis in the rapidly growing gateway town to Komodo National Park: ... more Tourism has added to a water crisis in the rapidly growing gateway town to Komodo National Park: Labuan Bajo. Residents are suffering from the scarcity and cost of water for basic human needs. Based on ethnographic research, over 100 people were consulted on the problems and potential solutions. Women are bearing the brunt of the burdens as they are responsible for the provision and management of water for domestic purposes. The present system is priced unfairly, is illegal, and unsustainable. Water supply is a significant factor in Labuan Bajo’s inability to attract the type of tourists it deserves and needs. The immediate needs are for regulation of the quality and price of the tanker water that supplies many people in the town. Longer term needs, but require starting as soon as possible, are for water catchment protection and water conservation education. Essential to the success of water management in Labuan Bajo is the total overhaul of the state run water supply company, PDAM,...
In our understanding of tourism as a tool for development, small-scale enterprises are considered... more In our understanding of tourism as a tool for development, small-scale enterprises are considered critical. From either the "trickle down" or "bottom up" perspective, small-scale entrepreneurs are considered central to the multiplier effect and economic development of communities in less economically developed countries. Whilst the potential exists for empowerment through entrepreneurship to be felt at an individual or community level, in many cases tourism does not lead to burgeoning entrepreneurial opportunities and the associated empowerment. This paper, based on long-term ethnographic research in Eastern Indonesia, examines the factors affecting entrepreneurial development. It assesses why, in some communities, tourism offers the hopes and dreams of development and the initial steps towards empowerment, but why the dreams rarely become realities. While the literature identifies both a lack of human capital and financial capital as barriers to entrepreneurial ...
This international literature review of the tourism–water nexus identifies a gender gap. Tourism ... more This international literature review of the tourism–water nexus identifies a gender gap. Tourism development can affect water supply both quantitatively and qualitatively. Many regions will face considerable problems of water availability and quality, affecting their tourism sector and increasing competition with local residents, and other industries especially agriculture. This international review of literature explores the tourism–water nexus, comparing and contrasting literature published in English, Chinese, and Spanish. Securing access to safe water for continued tourism development is a common theme and the vast majority of work has focused on hotels including water pricing, water‐saving practices and innovative management methods. In all continents, struggles are apparent, and the unsustainability of tourism is having impacts on water quantity and quality. This article identifies significant gaps in the literature including climate change, the energy‐water nexus, and the lin...
Billions of people globally, living with various degrees of water insecurity, obtain their househ... more Billions of people globally, living with various degrees of water insecurity, obtain their household and drinking water from diverse sources that can absorb a disproportionate amount of a household's income. In theory, there are income and expenditure thresholds associated with effective mitigation of household water insecurity, but there is little empirical research about these mechanisms and thresholds in low- and middle-income settings. This study used data from 3655 households from 23 water-insecure sites in 20 countries to explore the relationship between cash water expenditures (measured as a Z-score, percent of income, and Z-score of percent of income) and a household water insecurity score, and whether income moderated that relationship. We also assessed whether water expenditures moderated the relationships between water insecurity and both food insecurity and perceived stress. Using tobit mixed effects regression models, we observed a positive association between multiple measures of water expenditures and a household water insecurity score, controlling for demographic characteristics and accounting for clustering within neighborhoods and study sites. The positive relationships between water expenditures and water insecurity persisted even when adjusted for income, while income was independently negatively associated with water insecurity. Water expenditures were also positively associated with food insecurity and perceived stress. These results underscore the complex relationships between water insecurity, food insecurity, and perceived stress and suggest that water infrastructure interventions that increase water costs to households without anti-poverty and income generation interventions will likely exacerbate experiences of household water insecurity, especially for the lowest-income households.
... What is most important and meaningful is selected. This is a dis-criminatory process (Wickens... more ... What is most important and meaningful is selected. This is a dis-criminatory process (Wickens, unpublished). ... The area lies between East Indonesia's two renowned tourist attractions. To the east is Keli Mutu, a volcano with three different coloured lakes at its peak. ...
According to the UNWTO (2015) “tourism can empower women in multiple ways...and is a tool to unlo... more According to the UNWTO (2015) “tourism can empower women in multiple ways...and is a tool to unlock their potential.” But for which women and under what circumstances? This paper will explore the intersecting categories of identity—gender, ethnicity, life-stage—and ecology, and how they interplay and add complexity, in order to interrogate this version of tourism and gender relations. Furthermore, it explores the role of emotions in understanding tourism development. The unequal gendered power relations embedded in the tourism sector have been well rehearsed (Gentry, 2007; Schellhorn, 2010; Vandegrift, 2008; Ferguson, 2011; Tucker & Boonabaana, 2012; Duffy et al., 2015). However, inequalities in terms of access to resources, greater vulnerabilities, and disproportionate negative impacts have not yet been subject to systematic gender analysis. Communities have largely been considered homogeneous. This paper not only provides a gendered picture of inequalities but also unpacks which w...
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
Household survey data from 27 sites in 22 countries were collected in 2017–2018 in order to const... more Household survey data from 27 sites in 22 countries were collected in 2017–2018 in order to construct and validate a cross-cultural household-level water insecurity scale. The resultant Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) scale presents a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating water interventions as a complement to traditional metrics used by the development community. It can also help track progress toward achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6 ‘clean water and sanitation for all’. We present HWISE scale scores from 27 sites as comparative data for future studies using the HWISE scale in low- and middle-income contexts. Site-level mean scores for HWISE-12 (scored 0–36) ranged from 1.64 (SD 4.22) in Pune, India, to 20.90 (7.50) in Cartagena, Colombia, while site-level mean scores for HWISE-4 (scored 0–12) ranged from 0.51 (1.50) in Pune, India, to 8.21 (2.55) in Punjab, Pakistan. Scores tended to be higher in the dry season as expected. Data from this first impl...
This paper explores the interconnections between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and tou... more This paper explores the interconnections between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and tourism from a gender perspective. It is the first paper to take a critical analysis of how SDG 5 relates to tourism, and how tourism and gender equality interconnects with the other SDGs. First, we analyse the recent gender sensitive sustainable development agenda in order to set out the challenges – both past and present – that any sector involved in sustainable development faces. We then explore the links between the SDGs and tourism development from a gender perspective. In the third part of the paper, based on the field experiences of the authors, we use the examples of SDG 6 (“clean water and sanitation”) and SDG 8 (“sustainable economic growth and decent work”) to highlight the interconnections between gender equality and the other SDGs. Finally, we suggest some tools to help tourism businesses improve their performance with respect to gender equality thereby enhancing their capacity to contribute towards the achievement of the SDGs. We argue that, without tackling gender equality in a meaningful and substantive way, tourism’s potential to contribute to the SDGs will be reduced and sustainable tourism will remain an elusive “pot of gold”.
... Other Books in the Series Irish Tourism: Image, Culture and Identity Michael Cronin and Barba... more ... Other Books in the Series Irish Tourism: Image, Culture and Identity Michael Cronin and Barbara O'Connor (eds) Tourism, Globalization and Cultural Change: An Island Community Perspective Donald VL Macleod The Global Nomad: Backpacker Travel in Theory and Practice ...
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