This article analyzes the impact of the price control policy on fuels in Mozambique, in view of t... more This article analyzes the impact of the price control policy on fuels in Mozambique, in view of the successive increases in the price of crude in the international market from 2015 to 2019. The stabilization of the general price level is one of the biggest concerns of all States in the World and Mozambique is not an exception, as the opposite presupposes an increase in the cost of living and a consequent loss of purchasing power. The results of this research shows that in the referred period, the fuel price control policy adopted by the Government of Mozambique had a positive impact in this sector, since the inflation rate is decreasing, although in the same period, the price of crude in the international market has grown at an average of 80% per year, corresponding to 62$ and an increase of 31$ from 2015 to 2019. From 2017 to 2018 there was disinflation in the price of fuel in Mozambique with the exception of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. However, there was a high inflation from 2016 to 2017, mainly influenced by lighting oil and diesel, which registered 36% and 33% respectively. Therefore, for any of the results obtained in both 2016, 2018 and 2019, we see that they are consistent with the purposes of price stabilization. Therefore, the impact of the adopted policies is positive. While price control in Mozambique is effective, it is necessary to carry out further research on these matters, to assess the impact of this policy on national oil companies.
The accountant professional code of ethics contains the ethical principles applicable to his prof... more The accountant professional code of ethics contains the ethical principles applicable to his profession. The purpose of the code of ethics for the accountant is to enable the professional to adopt a personal attitude, according to the ethical principles known and accepted by society. Most financial scandals have called into question the ethical conduct of accounting professionals. The code of ethics in the accounting area aims to enable professionals to adopt a personal attitude in accordance with some ethical principles known and accepted by society, in order to maintain adequate social behavior in accordance with the requirements of society. To this end, a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive and inductive study was carried out of primary data collected from professionals registered with the Order of Accountants and Auditors of Mozambique, working in Maputo City in 2018, with the aim of analyzing the level compliance with the code of ethics for accounting professionals. Out of the 2600 professionals registered in the Order of Accountants and Auditors of Mozambique, 195 were submitted to the study, the majority of whom were female, young and with higher education. In this study, it was concluded that most professionals choose to observe the principles and rules of the code of ethics, despite an insignificant minority that needs more time on ethical issues.
Annals of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, 2019
Background: Bacterial infections are the main cause of hospitalization, with those associated wit... more Background: Bacterial infections are the main cause of hospitalization, with those associated with health care caused by gram-negative bacteria the most frequent. Many of the most serious and difficult infections to treat occur in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Units, not only because it is where patients with serious infections are hospitalized but also because of the intensive use of antibiotics. Objective: To describe the antibacterial resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae in adults and pediatric patients at Central Hospital of Maputo. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data in the Bacteriology sector of the HCM Microbiology Laboratory of samples analyzed in 2017. Results: In Pediatrics, Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 37.8% (48/127) of all infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae (43%) being the most prevalent. In adults, Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 51.9% (27/52) of all infections, with Klebsiella spp (26%), Escherichia coli (22%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (19%) being the most prevalent. In pediatrics, Enterobacter cloacae (87%) and Enterobacter agglomerans (76.5%) and Klebsiela spp. (69.2%) had high resistance proportions. In the Adults the highest percentage of resistance was recorded in Enterobacter spp. (71.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca (60.5%) and Escherichia coli (56.4%). The mean resistance rate between the two sectors was 59.4%, 64% in Pediatrics and 52.4% in Adults, and this difference is significant. Conclusion: Inadequate prescribing and impure treatment with cephalosporins may have been one of the factors that aided the emergence of third generation cephalosporin resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates, as well as the high prescription of carbapenems could be related to the expressive number of imipenem resistant Escherichia coli. Patients infected with strains of Enterobacter species should receive a differentiated treatment for the remaining patients, as the high resistance rates recorded show the exhaustion of the therapeutic treatment in a wide range of antibacterial agents
International Journal of Accounting Research, 2019
Abstract
Background: Sampling is an important tool considered viable and indispensable for the ex... more Abstract Background: Sampling is an important tool considered viable and indispensable for the execution of auditing procedures, since they provide scientific evidence about the universe as a whole and can be used in all types of auditing, becoming tools of great interest, which is why we chose this study. The present study aims to analyze the importance of the application of statistical sampling in increasing the confidence of the financial statements.
Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative bibliographic study of secondary data that has as a source of research filtering in the search sites Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, American Accounting Association and Google Scholar, using as descriptors: financial audit, statistical sampling, audit sampling, financial demonstrations and accounting.
Results: Of the 40 articles analyzed, 30% are from the Asian region, 28% from North America, 18% from Europe, 15% from Latin America and 10% from Africa. Convenience sampling was the most predominant with 57.5%. All articles published by African authors used sampling for convenience. Statistical sampling was more prevalent in North American and European articles. The Chi-Square test shows the lack of a provenance relationship between the preference for the type of sampling and the region.
Conclusions: The use of statistical sampling does not relegate the auditor’s judgment to the background but it allows the risk of sampling to be measured. Through statistical tools, the auditor can specify the audit risk he or she wants to run, and the sample size is a reflection of risk.
Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization ... more Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization (WHO). In order to optimize the use of antimicrobials and ensure sustainable investment in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, the WHO has updated the 19 th List of Essential Medicines (EML) with new recommendations on antibiotic use by 2017. Since the launch of the first Model of the WHO EML in 1977, many countries adopted the concept of essential medicines and developed their own lists. Mozambique published its first edition in May 2017. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyzing the antibacterial resistance pattern of the National List of Essential Medicines (EMNL) against bacteria isolated from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM) in 2017.
Objective: To describe the resistance pattern of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients ad... more Objective: To describe the resistance pattern of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients admitted to ICUs at Maputo Central Hospital (HCM) in 2017. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital Results: During the study, 179 cultures were found to be positive for bacteriological tests (127 Pediatrics ICU and 52 Adults ICU), of which 55 (30.7%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistance was highest in isolates of Staphylococcus spp (89.5%), Enterococcus spp (63.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (46.4%), Streptococcus spp (38.9%). MRSA was prevalent in 21.2% (7/33), with 85.7% the Pediatrics ICU and 14.3% in the Adults ICU, which are very significant in a hospital environment. Beta-lactams presented high resistance indices to all Gram-positive cocci, with a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus spp and Enterococcus spp. Glycoptides had an average resistance of 50%, with Vancomycin inhibiting the growth of all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. Conclusion: Resistance to antibiotics in Gram-positive cocci is a persistent problem, with infection control, selective antibiotic pressure and continuous resistance monitoring being the important factors in its spread.
Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobia... more Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is fundamental to direct the specific therapy, inform treatment guidelines, as well as the implementation of measures of surveillance and control of these infections. the present study describes the profile of bacteria most frequent implicated in infections in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Maputo Central Hospital (HCM) Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital. Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%). Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization ... more Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization (WHO). In order to optimize the use of antimicrobials and ensure sustainable investment in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, the WHO has updated the 19th List of Essential Medicines (EML) with new recommendations on antibiotic use by 2017. Since the launch of the first Model of the WHO EML in 1977, many countries adopted the concept of essential medicines and developed their own lists. Mozambique published its first edition in May 2017. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyzing the antibacterial resistance pattern of the National List of Essential Medicines (EMNL) against bacteria isolated from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM) in 2017. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital. Results: The mean resistance was 62.4%, 63.2% in the ICU-Pediatrics and 60.2% in the ICU-Adults. In ICU-Pediatric, the beta-lactams had a resistance of 69.3%, being higher in Gram-positive (75.8%) and Enterobacteriaceae (74.2%); In this class of antibiotics, the penicillins and cephalosporins presented high resistance rates with 80.6% and 78.6%, respectively; Carbapenems showed good antibiotic activity with a sensitivity of 73.6%. In-Adults, In ICU-Adults, the penicillins presented a good antibiotic activity against the isolated bacteria, with more prominence the cloxacillin with resistance ratio of 4.8%; in this sector, cephalosporins (70.0%), quinolones (81.8%), aminoglycosides (69.9%) and macrolides (69.6%) were the classes of antibiotics with high resistance rates. Conclusion: There is a need for EMNL to be updated with the introduction of new drugs considered as last resort options and used only under the most severe circumstances when all alternatives failed.
Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobia... more Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is fundamental to direct the specific therapy, inform treatment guidelines, as well as the implementation of measures of surveillance and control of these infections. the present study describes the profile of bacteria most frequent implicated in infections in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Maputo Central Hospital (HCM) Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital. Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%). Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Hospital infections are a public health problem. Recently there has been a significant increase i... more Hospital infections are a public health problem. Recently there has been a significant increase in bacteria resistant to antibiotics as a consequence of infections, thus arousing interest in checking which bacteria are resistant to antibacterial treatment in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU-Pediatrics) and Intermediate Care of Adults (IC-Adults), since patients hospitalized in this sector are more likely to contract infections. A descriptive cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative study was carried out with a retrospective analysis of secondary data in the Microbiology Laboratory of Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM), with the aim of analyzing the profile of antibacterial resistance in patients admitted to the ICU-Pediatrics and CI-Adult patients from the HCM in 2017. Seventy-one cultures from 131 patients were sampled, 127 of whom were 98 patients from ICU-Pediatrics and 52 from 33 IC-Adults. In pediatrics the mean age was 3.1 years, with a higher prevalence among infants, while in adults the mean age was 42.7. Of the bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were more prevalent. Most of the bacteria were isolated from blood (49.2%), pús (20.7%) and urine (19%). The antibiotic resistance of Gram-positive cocci was 50.4%, being higher in pediatric patients with 52.6% compared to 41.2% of adults. The Gram-positive bacteria with the highest resistance ratio were Staphylococcus haemolyticus (80.0%) and Enterococcus spp (53.2%). Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) had an antibiotic resistance of 48.1%, being higher in adult patients with 54.8% compared to 46.9% of pediatric patients. The NFGNB with the highest resistance ratio were Acinectobacter spp (60.8%) and Acinectobacter baumanni (60.5%). Enterobacteriaceaes had an antibacterial resistance of 59.4%, 64.0% in pediatrics and 52.4% in adults. Species of the genus Enterobacter presented high rates of antibiotic resistance to enterobacteria. Key words: Hospital infection, Antimicrobial resistance, Intensive Care
This article analyzes the impact of the price control policy on fuels in Mozambique, in view of t... more This article analyzes the impact of the price control policy on fuels in Mozambique, in view of the successive increases in the price of crude in the international market from 2015 to 2019. The stabilization of the general price level is one of the biggest concerns of all States in the World and Mozambique is not an exception, as the opposite presupposes an increase in the cost of living and a consequent loss of purchasing power. The results of this research shows that in the referred period, the fuel price control policy adopted by the Government of Mozambique had a positive impact in this sector, since the inflation rate is decreasing, although in the same period, the price of crude in the international market has grown at an average of 80% per year, corresponding to 62$ and an increase of 31$ from 2015 to 2019. From 2017 to 2018 there was disinflation in the price of fuel in Mozambique with the exception of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. However, there was a high inflation from 2016 to 2017, mainly influenced by lighting oil and diesel, which registered 36% and 33% respectively. Therefore, for any of the results obtained in both 2016, 2018 and 2019, we see that they are consistent with the purposes of price stabilization. Therefore, the impact of the adopted policies is positive. While price control in Mozambique is effective, it is necessary to carry out further research on these matters, to assess the impact of this policy on national oil companies.
The accountant professional code of ethics contains the ethical principles applicable to his prof... more The accountant professional code of ethics contains the ethical principles applicable to his profession. The purpose of the code of ethics for the accountant is to enable the professional to adopt a personal attitude, according to the ethical principles known and accepted by society. Most financial scandals have called into question the ethical conduct of accounting professionals. The code of ethics in the accounting area aims to enable professionals to adopt a personal attitude in accordance with some ethical principles known and accepted by society, in order to maintain adequate social behavior in accordance with the requirements of society. To this end, a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive and inductive study was carried out of primary data collected from professionals registered with the Order of Accountants and Auditors of Mozambique, working in Maputo City in 2018, with the aim of analyzing the level compliance with the code of ethics for accounting professionals. Out of the 2600 professionals registered in the Order of Accountants and Auditors of Mozambique, 195 were submitted to the study, the majority of whom were female, young and with higher education. In this study, it was concluded that most professionals choose to observe the principles and rules of the code of ethics, despite an insignificant minority that needs more time on ethical issues.
Annals of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, 2019
Background: Bacterial infections are the main cause of hospitalization, with those associated wit... more Background: Bacterial infections are the main cause of hospitalization, with those associated with health care caused by gram-negative bacteria the most frequent. Many of the most serious and difficult infections to treat occur in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Units, not only because it is where patients with serious infections are hospitalized but also because of the intensive use of antibiotics. Objective: To describe the antibacterial resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae in adults and pediatric patients at Central Hospital of Maputo. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data in the Bacteriology sector of the HCM Microbiology Laboratory of samples analyzed in 2017. Results: In Pediatrics, Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 37.8% (48/127) of all infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae (43%) being the most prevalent. In adults, Enterobacteriaceae accounted for 51.9% (27/52) of all infections, with Klebsiella spp (26%), Escherichia coli (22%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (19%) being the most prevalent. In pediatrics, Enterobacter cloacae (87%) and Enterobacter agglomerans (76.5%) and Klebsiela spp. (69.2%) had high resistance proportions. In the Adults the highest percentage of resistance was recorded in Enterobacter spp. (71.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca (60.5%) and Escherichia coli (56.4%). The mean resistance rate between the two sectors was 59.4%, 64% in Pediatrics and 52.4% in Adults, and this difference is significant. Conclusion: Inadequate prescribing and impure treatment with cephalosporins may have been one of the factors that aided the emergence of third generation cephalosporin resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates, as well as the high prescription of carbapenems could be related to the expressive number of imipenem resistant Escherichia coli. Patients infected with strains of Enterobacter species should receive a differentiated treatment for the remaining patients, as the high resistance rates recorded show the exhaustion of the therapeutic treatment in a wide range of antibacterial agents
International Journal of Accounting Research, 2019
Abstract
Background: Sampling is an important tool considered viable and indispensable for the ex... more Abstract Background: Sampling is an important tool considered viable and indispensable for the execution of auditing procedures, since they provide scientific evidence about the universe as a whole and can be used in all types of auditing, becoming tools of great interest, which is why we chose this study. The present study aims to analyze the importance of the application of statistical sampling in increasing the confidence of the financial statements.
Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative bibliographic study of secondary data that has as a source of research filtering in the search sites Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, American Accounting Association and Google Scholar, using as descriptors: financial audit, statistical sampling, audit sampling, financial demonstrations and accounting.
Results: Of the 40 articles analyzed, 30% are from the Asian region, 28% from North America, 18% from Europe, 15% from Latin America and 10% from Africa. Convenience sampling was the most predominant with 57.5%. All articles published by African authors used sampling for convenience. Statistical sampling was more prevalent in North American and European articles. The Chi-Square test shows the lack of a provenance relationship between the preference for the type of sampling and the region.
Conclusions: The use of statistical sampling does not relegate the auditor’s judgment to the background but it allows the risk of sampling to be measured. Through statistical tools, the auditor can specify the audit risk he or she wants to run, and the sample size is a reflection of risk.
Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization ... more Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization (WHO). In order to optimize the use of antimicrobials and ensure sustainable investment in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, the WHO has updated the 19 th List of Essential Medicines (EML) with new recommendations on antibiotic use by 2017. Since the launch of the first Model of the WHO EML in 1977, many countries adopted the concept of essential medicines and developed their own lists. Mozambique published its first edition in May 2017. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyzing the antibacterial resistance pattern of the National List of Essential Medicines (EMNL) against bacteria isolated from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM) in 2017.
Objective: To describe the resistance pattern of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients ad... more Objective: To describe the resistance pattern of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients admitted to ICUs at Maputo Central Hospital (HCM) in 2017. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital Results: During the study, 179 cultures were found to be positive for bacteriological tests (127 Pediatrics ICU and 52 Adults ICU), of which 55 (30.7%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistance was highest in isolates of Staphylococcus spp (89.5%), Enterococcus spp (63.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (46.4%), Streptococcus spp (38.9%). MRSA was prevalent in 21.2% (7/33), with 85.7% the Pediatrics ICU and 14.3% in the Adults ICU, which are very significant in a hospital environment. Beta-lactams presented high resistance indices to all Gram-positive cocci, with a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus spp and Enterococcus spp. Glycoptides had an average resistance of 50%, with Vancomycin inhibiting the growth of all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. Conclusion: Resistance to antibiotics in Gram-positive cocci is a persistent problem, with infection control, selective antibiotic pressure and continuous resistance monitoring being the important factors in its spread.
Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobia... more Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is fundamental to direct the specific therapy, inform treatment guidelines, as well as the implementation of measures of surveillance and control of these infections. the present study describes the profile of bacteria most frequent implicated in infections in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Maputo Central Hospital (HCM) Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital. Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%). Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization ... more Background: Combating antibiotic resistance is a high priority for the World Health Organization (WHO). In order to optimize the use of antimicrobials and ensure sustainable investment in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, the WHO has updated the 19th List of Essential Medicines (EML) with new recommendations on antibiotic use by 2017. Since the launch of the first Model of the WHO EML in 1977, many countries adopted the concept of essential medicines and developed their own lists. Mozambique published its first edition in May 2017. To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyzing the antibacterial resistance pattern of the National List of Essential Medicines (EMNL) against bacteria isolated from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM) in 2017. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital. Results: The mean resistance was 62.4%, 63.2% in the ICU-Pediatrics and 60.2% in the ICU-Adults. In ICU-Pediatric, the beta-lactams had a resistance of 69.3%, being higher in Gram-positive (75.8%) and Enterobacteriaceae (74.2%); In this class of antibiotics, the penicillins and cephalosporins presented high resistance rates with 80.6% and 78.6%, respectively; Carbapenems showed good antibiotic activity with a sensitivity of 73.6%. In-Adults, In ICU-Adults, the penicillins presented a good antibiotic activity against the isolated bacteria, with more prominence the cloxacillin with resistance ratio of 4.8%; in this sector, cephalosporins (70.0%), quinolones (81.8%), aminoglycosides (69.9%) and macrolides (69.6%) were the classes of antibiotics with high resistance rates. Conclusion: There is a need for EMNL to be updated with the introduction of new drugs considered as last resort options and used only under the most severe circumstances when all alternatives failed.
Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobia... more Background: The knowledge of the etiological agents of hospital infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is fundamental to direct the specific therapy, inform treatment guidelines, as well as the implementation of measures of surveillance and control of these infections. the present study describes the profile of bacteria most frequent implicated in infections in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Maputo Central Hospital (HCM) Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital. Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%). Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Hospital infections are a public health problem. Recently there has been a significant increase i... more Hospital infections are a public health problem. Recently there has been a significant increase in bacteria resistant to antibiotics as a consequence of infections, thus arousing interest in checking which bacteria are resistant to antibacterial treatment in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU-Pediatrics) and Intermediate Care of Adults (IC-Adults), since patients hospitalized in this sector are more likely to contract infections. A descriptive cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative study was carried out with a retrospective analysis of secondary data in the Microbiology Laboratory of Central Hospital of Maputo (HCM), with the aim of analyzing the profile of antibacterial resistance in patients admitted to the ICU-Pediatrics and CI-Adult patients from the HCM in 2017. Seventy-one cultures from 131 patients were sampled, 127 of whom were 98 patients from ICU-Pediatrics and 52 from 33 IC-Adults. In pediatrics the mean age was 3.1 years, with a higher prevalence among infants, while in adults the mean age was 42.7. Of the bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were more prevalent. Most of the bacteria were isolated from blood (49.2%), pús (20.7%) and urine (19%). The antibiotic resistance of Gram-positive cocci was 50.4%, being higher in pediatric patients with 52.6% compared to 41.2% of adults. The Gram-positive bacteria with the highest resistance ratio were Staphylococcus haemolyticus (80.0%) and Enterococcus spp (53.2%). Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) had an antibiotic resistance of 48.1%, being higher in adult patients with 54.8% compared to 46.9% of pediatric patients. The NFGNB with the highest resistance ratio were Acinectobacter spp (60.8%) and Acinectobacter baumanni (60.5%). Enterobacteriaceaes had an antibacterial resistance of 59.4%, 64.0% in pediatrics and 52.4% in adults. Species of the genus Enterobacter presented high rates of antibiotic resistance to enterobacteria. Key words: Hospital infection, Antimicrobial resistance, Intensive Care
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market from 2015 to 2019.
The stabilization of the general price level is one of the biggest concerns of all States in the World and Mozambique is not an exception, as the opposite
presupposes an increase in the cost of living and a consequent loss of purchasing power.
The results of this research shows that in the referred period, the fuel price control policy adopted by the Government of Mozambique had a positive impact
in this sector, since the inflation rate is decreasing, although in the same period, the price of crude in the international market has grown at an average of
80% per year, corresponding to 62$ and an increase of 31$ from 2015 to 2019.
From 2017 to 2018 there was disinflation in the price of fuel in Mozambique with the exception of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. However, there was a high
inflation from 2016 to 2017, mainly influenced by lighting oil and diesel, which registered 36% and 33% respectively.
Therefore, for any of the results obtained in both 2016, 2018 and 2019, we see that they are consistent with the purposes of price stabilization. Therefore,
the impact of the adopted policies is positive. While price control in Mozambique is effective, it is necessary to carry out further research on these matters,
to assess the impact of this policy on national oil companies.
Background: Sampling is an important tool considered viable and indispensable for the execution of auditing procedures, since they provide scientific evidence about the universe as a whole and can be used in all types of auditing, becoming tools of great interest, which is why we chose this study. The present study aims to analyze the importance of the application of statistical sampling in increasing the confidence of the financial statements.
Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative bibliographic study of secondary data that has as a source of research filtering in the search sites Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, American Accounting Association and Google Scholar, using as descriptors: financial audit, statistical sampling, audit sampling, financial demonstrations and accounting.
Results: Of the 40 articles analyzed, 30% are from the Asian region, 28% from North America, 18% from Europe, 15% from Latin America and 10% from Africa. Convenience sampling was the most predominant with 57.5%. All articles published by African authors used sampling for convenience. Statistical sampling was more prevalent in North American and European articles. The Chi-Square test shows the lack of a provenance relationship between the preference for the type of sampling and the region.
Conclusions: The use of statistical sampling does not relegate the auditor’s judgment to the background but it allows the risk of sampling to be measured. Through statistical tools, the auditor can specify the audit risk he or she wants to run, and the sample size is a reflection of risk.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital
Results: During the study, 179 cultures were found to be positive for bacteriological tests (127 Pediatrics ICU and 52 Adults ICU), of which 55 (30.7%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistance was highest in isolates of Staphylococcus spp (89.5%), Enterococcus spp (63.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (46.4%), Streptococcus spp (38.9%). MRSA was prevalent in 21.2% (7/33), with 85.7% the Pediatrics ICU and 14.3% in the Adults ICU, which are very significant in a hospital environment. Beta-lactams presented high resistance indices to all Gram-positive cocci, with a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus spp and Enterococcus spp. Glycoptides had an average resistance of 50%, with Vancomycin inhibiting the growth of all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.
Conclusion: Resistance to antibiotics in Gram-positive cocci is a persistent problem, with infection control, selective antibiotic pressure and continuous resistance monitoring being the important factors in its spread.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital.
Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%).
Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital.
Results: The mean resistance was 62.4%, 63.2% in the ICU-Pediatrics and 60.2% in the ICU-Adults. In ICU-Pediatric, the beta-lactams had a resistance of 69.3%, being higher in Gram-positive (75.8%) and Enterobacteriaceae (74.2%); In this class of antibiotics, the penicillins and cephalosporins presented high resistance rates with 80.6% and 78.6%, respectively; Carbapenems showed good antibiotic activity with a sensitivity of 73.6%. In-Adults, In ICU-Adults, the penicillins presented a good antibiotic activity against the isolated bacteria, with more prominence the cloxacillin with resistance ratio of 4.8%; in this sector, cephalosporins (70.0%), quinolones (81.8%), aminoglycosides (69.9%) and macrolides (69.6%) were the classes of antibiotics with high resistance rates.
Conclusion: There is a need for EMNL to be updated with the introduction of new drugs considered as last resort options and used only under the most severe circumstances when all alternatives failed.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital.
Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%).
Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Thesis Chapters
Key words: Hospital infection, Antimicrobial resistance, Intensive Care
Books
market from 2015 to 2019.
The stabilization of the general price level is one of the biggest concerns of all States in the World and Mozambique is not an exception, as the opposite
presupposes an increase in the cost of living and a consequent loss of purchasing power.
The results of this research shows that in the referred period, the fuel price control policy adopted by the Government of Mozambique had a positive impact
in this sector, since the inflation rate is decreasing, although in the same period, the price of crude in the international market has grown at an average of
80% per year, corresponding to 62$ and an increase of 31$ from 2015 to 2019.
From 2017 to 2018 there was disinflation in the price of fuel in Mozambique with the exception of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. However, there was a high
inflation from 2016 to 2017, mainly influenced by lighting oil and diesel, which registered 36% and 33% respectively.
Therefore, for any of the results obtained in both 2016, 2018 and 2019, we see that they are consistent with the purposes of price stabilization. Therefore,
the impact of the adopted policies is positive. While price control in Mozambique is effective, it is necessary to carry out further research on these matters,
to assess the impact of this policy on national oil companies.
Background: Sampling is an important tool considered viable and indispensable for the execution of auditing procedures, since they provide scientific evidence about the universe as a whole and can be used in all types of auditing, becoming tools of great interest, which is why we chose this study. The present study aims to analyze the importance of the application of statistical sampling in increasing the confidence of the financial statements.
Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative bibliographic study of secondary data that has as a source of research filtering in the search sites Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, American Accounting Association and Google Scholar, using as descriptors: financial audit, statistical sampling, audit sampling, financial demonstrations and accounting.
Results: Of the 40 articles analyzed, 30% are from the Asian region, 28% from North America, 18% from Europe, 15% from Latin America and 10% from Africa. Convenience sampling was the most predominant with 57.5%. All articles published by African authors used sampling for convenience. Statistical sampling was more prevalent in North American and European articles. The Chi-Square test shows the lack of a provenance relationship between the preference for the type of sampling and the region.
Conclusions: The use of statistical sampling does not relegate the auditor’s judgment to the background but it allows the risk of sampling to be measured. Through statistical tools, the auditor can specify the audit risk he or she wants to run, and the sample size is a reflection of risk.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital
Results: During the study, 179 cultures were found to be positive for bacteriological tests (127 Pediatrics ICU and 52 Adults ICU), of which 55 (30.7%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistance was highest in isolates of Staphylococcus spp (89.5%), Enterococcus spp (63.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (46.4%), Streptococcus spp (38.9%). MRSA was prevalent in 21.2% (7/33), with 85.7% the Pediatrics ICU and 14.3% in the Adults ICU, which are very significant in a hospital environment. Beta-lactams presented high resistance indices to all Gram-positive cocci, with a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus spp and Enterococcus spp. Glycoptides had an average resistance of 50%, with Vancomycin inhibiting the growth of all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.
Conclusion: Resistance to antibiotics in Gram-positive cocci is a persistent problem, with infection control, selective antibiotic pressure and continuous resistance monitoring being the important factors in its spread.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital.
Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%).
Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital.
Results: The mean resistance was 62.4%, 63.2% in the ICU-Pediatrics and 60.2% in the ICU-Adults. In ICU-Pediatric, the beta-lactams had a resistance of 69.3%, being higher in Gram-positive (75.8%) and Enterobacteriaceae (74.2%); In this class of antibiotics, the penicillins and cephalosporins presented high resistance rates with 80.6% and 78.6%, respectively; Carbapenems showed good antibiotic activity with a sensitivity of 73.6%. In-Adults, In ICU-Adults, the penicillins presented a good antibiotic activity against the isolated bacteria, with more prominence the cloxacillin with resistance ratio of 4.8%; in this sector, cephalosporins (70.0%), quinolones (81.8%), aminoglycosides (69.9%) and macrolides (69.6%) were the classes of antibiotics with high resistance rates.
Conclusion: There is a need for EMNL to be updated with the introduction of new drugs considered as last resort options and used only under the most severe circumstances when all alternatives failed.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional, epidemiological, quantitative approach, with a retrospective analysis of secondary data, performed at the ICUs in Maputo Central Hospital.
Resulted: Most of the bacteria identified in this study were Gram-negative with 79.3% (142) versus the 20.7% (37) Gram-positive. The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus aureus with 16.8% (30), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 13.4% (24), Enterococcus Spp 10.1% (18), Klebsiela Spp 9.5% (17), Acinetobacter Spp 8.9% (16 ), Enterobacter Spp 8.4% (15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.8% (14), Escherichia coli 7.3% (13), Acinetobacter baumanni 4.5% (8) and Pseudomonas Spp 3.9% (7). Most etiologic agents were isolated in blood (49.2%), pus (20.7%) and urine samples (19.0%).
Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance, standard precautions, isolation measures, adequate materials and equipment, hygiene of the environment, training of the multi-professional team, implementation of control measures are important and determinant factors that may interfere in the results with a reduction in the prevalence rates of hospital infection
Key words: Hospital infection, Antimicrobial resistance, Intensive Care