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    Ayşe Elif Ulusu

    Due to the increasing numbers this article focuses on the legal aspects of child marriages contracted by Syrians under “temporary protection” in Turkey. In this context, the legal issues regarding the determination of applicable law to... more
    Due to the increasing numbers this article focuses on the legal aspects of child marriages contracted by Syrians under “temporary protection” in Turkey. In this context, the legal issues regarding the determination of applicable law to the validity of child marriages conducted in Turkey or abroad by the Syrians will be investigated within the framework of Turkish Private International Law with a comparative law perspective. Among these legal issues, special emphasis will be put on the governing law of the personal status of Syrians in Turkey since they are granted “temporary protection status” and not recognized as “refugees” under Turkish law. Another special emphasis will be put on the public policy (ordre public) exception during the application of Syrian law and rules on marriage age and the role of “the protection of the best-interests-of-the-child” principle. Furthermore the impact of the non-recognition of child marriages will be explored in the context of “the right to respect for family life” of ECHR Art 8. In addition, the legislative measures recently adopted to combat and prevent the recognition of child marriages under Swiss, Dutch and German laws will be revealed. These legislative measures, especially those aimed at eliminating the public policy exception in determining the applicable law to the validity of child marriages contracted abroad will be analyzed. An evaluation will be reviewed to decipher whether they can be considered as the next steps to be adopted by Turkish law.
    1996 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-Operation In Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children” addresses a very wide range of international parental... more
    1996 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-Operation In Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children” addresses a very wide range of international parental responsibility and child protection issues. Aiming to improve the protection of children in international situations and seeking to avoid conflicts between legal systems in relation to measures taken for the protection of children, Convention provides rules on jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition and enforcement in respect of parental responsibility and protection measures of children. The Convention entered into force in Turkey on 01.02.2017 and since then it became applicable under Turkish law. In this study, the possible impacts of 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention on Turkish private international law will be revealed by analyzing the scope of application, jurisdiction, conflict of law and recognition and enforcement rules of the Convention.
    Öz Bu çalışmada; milletlerarası nitelikli medya ve internet yoluyla kişilik hakkı ihlallerinde, Türk hukukunda, Türk mahkemelerinin milletlerarası yetkisinin tayininde kullanılan "haksız fiilin işlendiği yer" ve "zarar yeri"nin... more
    Öz
    Bu çalışmada; milletlerarası nitelikli medya ve internet yoluyla kişilik hakkı ihlallerinde, Türk hukukunda, Türk mahkemelerinin milletlerarası yetkisinin tayininde kullanılan "haksız fiilin işlendiği yer" ve "zarar yeri"nin tespitinde kullanılan kriterler ve "davacının yerleşim yeri" irtibat noktası, AB hukuku ile karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda; medya ve internet yoluyla kişilik hakkı ihlali davalarında, tarafların, özel yaşamın korunması ile ifade özgürlüğünün korunmasına yönelik çatışan menfaatleri arasındaki adil dengenin kurulması anlayışı esas alınmıştır. Bunun yanında; özel yetki kurallarının, uyuşmazlık ile yetkili mahkeme arasında genel yetkili mahkeme olan "davalının yerleşim yeri" kuralından sapmayı haklı kılacak derecede bir sıkı irtibat kurması gerekliliği de gözetilmiştir. Bu esaslar çerçevesinde çalışmada; milletlerarası nitelikli medya ve internet yoluyla kişilik hakkı ihlallerinde Türk mahkemelerinin milletlerarası yetkisinin tayininde; 6100 sayılı HMK m. 16 ve 4721 sayılı TMK m. 25 ile düzenlenen "zarar görenin (davacının) yerleşim yeri" irtibat noktasının uygun bir irtibat noktası olmadığı; "zarar yeri"nin tespitinde, zarar görenin hukuken korunmaya değer itibarının bulunduğu yeri esas alan ve davalı yayıncının da yetkili mahkemeyi öngörebilmesini sağlayan bir kriter kullanılması gerektiği ve 5718 sayılı MÖHUK'ta bu yönde özel bir milletlerarası yetki kuralı düzenlenmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, yeni milletlerarası yetki kuralında; "zarar yeri" olarak, "medya veya internet içeriğinin Türkiye'de dağıtılması veya Türkiye'den erişilmesi şartıyla, zarar görenin Türkiye'de mutad meskeninin bulunduğu yer"; "haksız fiilin işlendiği yer" olarak ise, medyada, "yayıncının Türkiye'de yayın merkezinin bulunduğu yer" ve internette, "içerik sağlayıcı tarafından içeriğin internete yüklendiği yer" mahkemelerinin yetkili olması önerilmiştir.

    Anahtar kelimeler: Kişilik hakkı ihlali, medya, internet, milletlerarası yetki, haksız fiilin işlendiği yer, zarar yeri, Türk hukuku, AB hukuku.

    Abstract
    This study examines the criteria used in the determination of the "place of action" and "place of damage" and the jurisdiction rule of “the domicile of the victim" used under Turkish law in determination of the international jurisdiction of the Turkish courts in the cross-border violations of personality rights, such as reputation or privacy, through media and the Internet, in comparison with the EU law. In this context; this jurisdiction rules are analyzed on the basis of establishing a fair balance between the underlying conflicting interests of the parties for the protection of private life and the protection of freedom of expression. Besides; it is also observed that the special jurisdiction rules should establish a close link between the dispute and the court which justifies the deviation from the principle actor sequitir forum rei. Within this framework it has been concluded that; in the determination of the international jurisdiction of the Turkish courts in cross-border violations of personality rights through media and the Internet; the jurisdiction rule based on “the domicile of the victim” laid down by the Art. 16 of the Turkish Procedural Law Act No. 6100 and Art. 25 of  the Turkish Civil Law Act No. 4721 does not meet the requirements for establishing the fair balance between the conflicting interests of the parties and for establishing the close link between the dispute and the court; in the determination of “place of damage” a criterion which is based on the place where the victim has a legal reputation and which enables the defendant publisher to predict the competent court should be used and accordingly a special jurisdiction rule regarding the cross-border violations of personality rights through media and the Internet should be stipulated by the Turkish Private International Law Act No. 5718. In conclusion, a new special jurisdiction rule has been proposed which provides, “under the condition the media or internet content to be distributed or accessed in Turkey, the courts where the habitual residence of the victim (claimant) in Turkey” should be competent as the courts of “place of damage”; and in media “the courts where the center of the publication activities in Turkey” and in the Internet, “the courts where the content provider uploads the injurious content to the Internet in Turkey” should be competent as the courts of “place of action”.

    Keywords: Violation of personality rights, media, the Internet, international jurisdiction, place of action, place of damage, Turkish law, EU law.