Papers by andreas sotiriou
πιμέλεια τόμου: Δώρα Φ. Μαρκάτου, Γενική Εποπτεία: Γεώργιος Ν. Μοσχόπουλος, ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ | ΙΑ ́ Διεθνές Πανιόνιο Συνέδριο PROCEEDINGS | XI International Panionian Conference, Τόμος V: Αρχαιολογία/ Vol.V Arcaeologia, 2020
ABSTRAcT
ANCEENT KRANE, URBAN PLANNING.
EARLIER AND LATER INTERVENTIONS
Andreas Sotiriou
Archa... more ABSTRAcT
ANCEENT KRANE, URBAN PLANNING.
EARLIER AND LATER INTERVENTIONS
Andreas Sotiriou
Archaeologist
Dr Aggeliki Andreatou
Rural and Surveying Engineer
Ancient Krane lies one kilometer north of Argostoli and it was one of the
four city-states of Kefallinia during the classical period.
In the frame of different works and activities, new evidences were revealed which are concerned different aspects of the town which can be summarized as follow:
The area was already occupied from the Prehistorical era until the beginningof the 20th centuries.
It has been discussed the three part of the city-wall while the forth one, thesouth one, has been recently located and studied.
More and new architectural details (about construction, gates and towers) are given about the enclosure wall near Razata.
The ancient city has been developed on a street planning reliable on a system of vertical and horizontal streets which separate city blocks squares or rectangles.
New areas of the town have been defined such as the harbor, the industrial
area, the possible place of agora, the cemeteries as well as a sort of a net road outside of the main town.
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Επιστημονική επιμέλεια Έλενα Κουντούρη - Αναστασία ΓκαδόλουΙ. ΤΑ ΝΕΚΡΟΤΑΦΕΙΑ ΧΩΡΟΤΑΞΙΚΗ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΣΗ ΤΑΦΙΚΑ ΕΘΙΜΑ ΤΕΛΕΤΟΥΡΓΙΕΣΤΑΜΕΙΟ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΠΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΑΛΛΟΤΡΙΩΣΕΩΝ, 2019
Funerary Architecture: Mazarakata and Lakithra Mycenaean Cemeteries
Andreas Sotiriou - Angelos Na... more Funerary Architecture: Mazarakata and Lakithra Mycenaean Cemeteries
Andreas Sotiriou - Angelos Nakasis. In the context of the Action “Valorisation and reconstruction of the Lakithra - Mazarakata Mycenaean cemeteries”, included in the Priority Axis “09 Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in the Ionian Islands” of the Regional Operational Programme “Western Greece - Peloponnese - Ionian Islands” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), extensive work was undertaken aiming at the valorisation of the two most significant Mycenaean cemeteries on cephalonia. This involved, among others, detailed topographical and architectural recording of the tombs that enabled us to conduct further comparative research and investigate
their special building elements. It is precisely the production of these detailed scaled drawings that encouraged the writers of this study to publish and make available to the scientific community the plans of the tombs through the special thematic volume of the General Directorate
of Antiquities and cultural heritage/Directorate of Prehistoric and classical Antiquities of the hellenic Ministry of culture and Sports. concurrently, rescue excavations conducted by the first author of the publication brought to light evidence that enriches our knowledge of the funerary architecture of the Mycenaean period on the island and, therefore, it was deemed necessary to include it in the present discourse even as mere reference.The main types of Mycenaean tombs found in cephalonia are tholos and chamber tombs. The latter consist of the dromos, the entrance, the stomion and the chamber. Their primary feature is the pits dug in the floor of the chamber either perpendicularly or parallel to the dromos.
Their number ranges from 1 to 14 and their depth varies from a few centimetres to 2.80 m. chamber tombs are classified into two categories, I and II. Based on latest research the first category is subdivided into two smaller groups, Group IA with elliptical, oval or rectangular chambers, and Group IB (“tholoid chambers”), whose shape resembles a truncated cone
ending in an opening. category II is formed of the so-called “cave dormitories”, which are rectangular or trapezoidal in plan, characterized by the symmetrical arrangement of their pits dug on either side of a passageway. The features of this group include one new element that
was noticed during the production of the recent scaled drawings. The walls of the long sides of the burial pits widen downwards and, as a result, their widthwise cross-section forms an isosceles trapezoid. For ease of reference, this type of pit is referred to as Pit Type 1 (PT1) and establishes a terminus for any other similar case wherever else encountered, since it is directly associated with this category, which belongs to the last phase of the Late helladic period, according to Marinatos and Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood.To the new evidence concerning the Mazarakata cemetery the following are also added: a. a kind of passageway carved into the rock or dug into the natural red earth connecting the dromoi of nearly all tombs; b. two new burial pits excavated in the chambers of tombs M10 and Μ7. Based on our finding, chamber Μ7 should now be excluded from the small group IA as classified by Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood; c. the shape of the stomion and the dromoi was further elucidated. With regard to the dromoi, it has been observed that in their majority their walls converge upwards and their ground plan takes the form of an elongated triangle rather than a double axe, although this shape is not always clearly discernible. The dromoi are 4.50/5.00 m. in average length, characterized as short, whereas dromoi extending up to 10.00 m. are considered long, with the dromos of tomb M50 that exceeds this limit reaching 16.50 m. in length, being the longest on the island.
Sub-category IA of Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood involves elliptical, oval and rectangular tombs. As a result of the scaled drawings, the classification of the tombs can be further analysed always in relation to their ground-plan:
– IAa: small rectangular with gently rounded corners (M1, M2, M5, M20) (Figs. 10-13).
– IAb: small trapezoidal (M3, M10, M40, M70) (Figs. 14-17).
– IAc: ovoid (M7, L3) (Figs. 18, 19).
– IAd: elliptical - large rectangular (M30, M50, L4) (Figs. 20-22).
In addition, category II (“cave Dormitory”) is divided into:
– IIa: almost square (M9, L1, L2) (Figs. 23-25).
– IIb: trapezoidal (M4, M8, M60, M80) (Figs. 26-29).
During rescue excavation performed at the sites Kimaria and Skiniotiko Vouni at Skinea in Palliki, two new tombs were exposed, subsumed under category IB of the tholos tombs according to Souyoudzoglou-haywood. The tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni is particularly interesting due to the refined and expanded space before the entrance, the transverse groove that probably fixed a door, now lost, and the filling of the faces of the dromos with building material. Perhaps this work, namely the filling and arrangement using blocks of stone, was applied, by analogy, to the sealing of the hole, noticed in tombs of this category and provides a possible answer to a question that tantalizes researchers.
The tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni together with tombs B and c at Kontogenada form the separate subgroup IBa, due to the common features that involve the following:
A. The so-called antechamber or terrace formed before the entrance to the tombs. The picture
of the antechamber is completed by the anathyrosis and the step at the entrance, thereby en-
riching the features of this small group.
B. The horizontal dromos or the dromos slightly inclined outwards and not sloping towards
the entrance of the chamber.
c. The total lack of pits in the interior of the tombs. Even though ¼ of the burial layer inside the tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni was disturbed, it was rich in skeletal material and pottery, which leads to the assumption that its floor contained multiple burials.
The tombs of this category (IB) were invented in all probability in the geographical unit of Palliki.
The tumulus-ossuary found in the locality of Kontogenada, immediately adjacent to the structure recorded by Marinatos, of similar height, is referred to as the last attestation of the Mycenaean funerary architecture on the island. The half-preserved peribolos enclosed pits demarcated occasionally by a row of stones, lined in places with aggregate.
Ethnoarchaeological evidence
Corbelling has a long tradition on cephalonia, as evidenced by numerous stone installations,
such as limekilns, the circular outdoor structures made of stone used for agricultural purposes and bridges. The circular or ovoid pits either carved in bedrock or dug into the earth constitute an indispensable element of the agricultural productivity on the island.
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Sotiriou AD 69 (2014) B΄ 1 pp1791-1931 , 2020
Το Έργο της ΛΕ΄ Εφορείας Προιστορικών και Κλασικών Αρχαιοτήτων την περίοδο 2006-2014
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Pottery Technologies and Sociocultural Connections between the Aegean and Anatolia during the 3rd Millenium BC
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The 2010 campaign of the Zakynthos Archaeology Project took place on the peninsula of Vasilikos i... more The 2010 campaign of the Zakynthos Archaeology Project took place on the peninsula of Vasilikos in the south-east of the island, where we had surveyed also in 2006. In addition to covering more ground by archaeological survey, the return after four years also enabled us to evaluate survey methodologies and changes in the landscape. In the area near ‘Banana beach’, where the landscape is being changed to accommodate tourist facilities, spots with buried ceramics dating to the Early and/or Middle Bronze Ages were discovered. The same periods were represented at a newly discovered site in the hills of Vasilikos-Doretes. A rediscovered Mycenaean tomb, a Hellenistic-Roman defensive post and a number of find concentrations show that Vasilikos constitutes an important diachronic archaeological landscape from the Palaeolithic to the present day.
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Archaeological Activity and Research in North West Greece and the Ionian Islands, Ioannina, Greec... more Archaeological Activity and Research in North West Greece and the Ionian Islands, Ioannina, Greece, 23-26 November 2017
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Archaeology of the Ionian Sea, 2022
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Archaeology of the Ionian Sea
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Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 8, 2014
ABSTRACT The paper presents the engineering geological behaviour of a calcarenite on the stabilit... more ABSTRACT The paper presents the engineering geological behaviour of a calcarenite on the stability of Mycenaean tombs in the archaeological site of Mazarakata in Cephallonia Island. The geological setting of the site is characterized by the presence of faults, which delineate the fracture pattern. This along with the range of hardness of the sedimentary rock controls primarily the stability of the tombs. The geological conditions are described and the engineering geological behaviour of the calcarenite is investigated. It was assessed that the progressive weathering and deterioration of the calcarenite would lead to further instability and potential collapse of the tombs.
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Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
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Conference Presentations by andreas sotiriou
BCH Supplément 57, 2017
summary The coin circulation in Kephalonia during the Classical and Hellenistic times.The four ci... more summary The coin circulation in Kephalonia during the Classical and Hellenistic times.The four city-states of Kephalonia —Pale, Krane, Same and Pronoi— were important transit trade stations and considerable naval forces during the Classical and Hellenistic times. A brief presentation of coin circulation on the island is here attempted for the first time, through recent research and archaeological data. The coin production of the Kephalonia tetrapolis is known thus far. The coins of foreign issuing
authorities found on the island provide an important testimony on trade contacts with cities of South Italy (Metapontum, Naples), western Greek coast (Ambracia, Leucas) and the Corinthian gulf (Corinth, Sicyon) as well as on military conflicts (Achaean League, Elis, Argos, Rome) and political-military alliances (Aetolian League, Zacynthus).
Η νομισματική κυκλοφορία στην Κεφαλονιά κατά την κλασική και ελληνιστική περίοδο.
Οι τέσσερις πόλεις-κράτη της Κεφαλονιάς, Πάλη, Κράνη, Σάμη και Πρόννοι, κατά τους κλασικούς και ελληνιστικούς αιώνες υπήρξαν σημαντικοί σταθμοί διαμετακομιστικού εμπορίου και αξιόλογες
ναυτικές δυνάμεις. Μέσα από τις πρόσφατες έρευνες και τα αρχαιολογικά δεδομένα, επιχειρείται εδώ, για πρώτη φορά, η σύντομη παρουσίαση της νομισματικής κυκλοφορίας στο νησί. Η νομισματοκοπία
της κεφαλληνιακής τετράπολης είναι αυτή που ήδη γνωρίζαμε μέχρι σήμερα. Δια μέσου των νομισμάτων των ξένων εκδοτριών αρχών που εκτοπίσθηκαν στο νησί ανιχνεύονται εμπορικές επαφές με πόλεις της Κάτω Ιταλίας (Μεταπόντιο, Νεάπολη), των δυτικών ελλαδικών παραλίων (Αμβρακία, Λευκάδα, Ακαρνανικό Κοινό), καθώς και με πόλεις της περιοχής του Κορινθιακού κόλπου (Κόρινθος, Σικυώνα), ενώ ενισχύονται οι ιστορικές μαρτυρίες για πολεμικές συρράξεις (Αχαϊκή Συμπολιτεία, Ήλιδα, Άργος, Ρώμη) και για στρατιωτικές/πολιτικές συμμαχίες (Αιτωλικό Κοινό, Ζάκυνθος).
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Papers by andreas sotiriou
ANCEENT KRANE, URBAN PLANNING.
EARLIER AND LATER INTERVENTIONS
Andreas Sotiriou
Archaeologist
Dr Aggeliki Andreatou
Rural and Surveying Engineer
Ancient Krane lies one kilometer north of Argostoli and it was one of the
four city-states of Kefallinia during the classical period.
In the frame of different works and activities, new evidences were revealed which are concerned different aspects of the town which can be summarized as follow:
The area was already occupied from the Prehistorical era until the beginningof the 20th centuries.
It has been discussed the three part of the city-wall while the forth one, thesouth one, has been recently located and studied.
More and new architectural details (about construction, gates and towers) are given about the enclosure wall near Razata.
The ancient city has been developed on a street planning reliable on a system of vertical and horizontal streets which separate city blocks squares or rectangles.
New areas of the town have been defined such as the harbor, the industrial
area, the possible place of agora, the cemeteries as well as a sort of a net road outside of the main town.
Andreas Sotiriou - Angelos Nakasis. In the context of the Action “Valorisation and reconstruction of the Lakithra - Mazarakata Mycenaean cemeteries”, included in the Priority Axis “09 Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in the Ionian Islands” of the Regional Operational Programme “Western Greece - Peloponnese - Ionian Islands” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), extensive work was undertaken aiming at the valorisation of the two most significant Mycenaean cemeteries on cephalonia. This involved, among others, detailed topographical and architectural recording of the tombs that enabled us to conduct further comparative research and investigate
their special building elements. It is precisely the production of these detailed scaled drawings that encouraged the writers of this study to publish and make available to the scientific community the plans of the tombs through the special thematic volume of the General Directorate
of Antiquities and cultural heritage/Directorate of Prehistoric and classical Antiquities of the hellenic Ministry of culture and Sports. concurrently, rescue excavations conducted by the first author of the publication brought to light evidence that enriches our knowledge of the funerary architecture of the Mycenaean period on the island and, therefore, it was deemed necessary to include it in the present discourse even as mere reference.The main types of Mycenaean tombs found in cephalonia are tholos and chamber tombs. The latter consist of the dromos, the entrance, the stomion and the chamber. Their primary feature is the pits dug in the floor of the chamber either perpendicularly or parallel to the dromos.
Their number ranges from 1 to 14 and their depth varies from a few centimetres to 2.80 m. chamber tombs are classified into two categories, I and II. Based on latest research the first category is subdivided into two smaller groups, Group IA with elliptical, oval or rectangular chambers, and Group IB (“tholoid chambers”), whose shape resembles a truncated cone
ending in an opening. category II is formed of the so-called “cave dormitories”, which are rectangular or trapezoidal in plan, characterized by the symmetrical arrangement of their pits dug on either side of a passageway. The features of this group include one new element that
was noticed during the production of the recent scaled drawings. The walls of the long sides of the burial pits widen downwards and, as a result, their widthwise cross-section forms an isosceles trapezoid. For ease of reference, this type of pit is referred to as Pit Type 1 (PT1) and establishes a terminus for any other similar case wherever else encountered, since it is directly associated with this category, which belongs to the last phase of the Late helladic period, according to Marinatos and Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood.To the new evidence concerning the Mazarakata cemetery the following are also added: a. a kind of passageway carved into the rock or dug into the natural red earth connecting the dromoi of nearly all tombs; b. two new burial pits excavated in the chambers of tombs M10 and Μ7. Based on our finding, chamber Μ7 should now be excluded from the small group IA as classified by Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood; c. the shape of the stomion and the dromoi was further elucidated. With regard to the dromoi, it has been observed that in their majority their walls converge upwards and their ground plan takes the form of an elongated triangle rather than a double axe, although this shape is not always clearly discernible. The dromoi are 4.50/5.00 m. in average length, characterized as short, whereas dromoi extending up to 10.00 m. are considered long, with the dromos of tomb M50 that exceeds this limit reaching 16.50 m. in length, being the longest on the island.
Sub-category IA of Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood involves elliptical, oval and rectangular tombs. As a result of the scaled drawings, the classification of the tombs can be further analysed always in relation to their ground-plan:
– IAa: small rectangular with gently rounded corners (M1, M2, M5, M20) (Figs. 10-13).
– IAb: small trapezoidal (M3, M10, M40, M70) (Figs. 14-17).
– IAc: ovoid (M7, L3) (Figs. 18, 19).
– IAd: elliptical - large rectangular (M30, M50, L4) (Figs. 20-22).
In addition, category II (“cave Dormitory”) is divided into:
– IIa: almost square (M9, L1, L2) (Figs. 23-25).
– IIb: trapezoidal (M4, M8, M60, M80) (Figs. 26-29).
During rescue excavation performed at the sites Kimaria and Skiniotiko Vouni at Skinea in Palliki, two new tombs were exposed, subsumed under category IB of the tholos tombs according to Souyoudzoglou-haywood. The tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni is particularly interesting due to the refined and expanded space before the entrance, the transverse groove that probably fixed a door, now lost, and the filling of the faces of the dromos with building material. Perhaps this work, namely the filling and arrangement using blocks of stone, was applied, by analogy, to the sealing of the hole, noticed in tombs of this category and provides a possible answer to a question that tantalizes researchers.
The tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni together with tombs B and c at Kontogenada form the separate subgroup IBa, due to the common features that involve the following:
A. The so-called antechamber or terrace formed before the entrance to the tombs. The picture
of the antechamber is completed by the anathyrosis and the step at the entrance, thereby en-
riching the features of this small group.
B. The horizontal dromos or the dromos slightly inclined outwards and not sloping towards
the entrance of the chamber.
c. The total lack of pits in the interior of the tombs. Even though ¼ of the burial layer inside the tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni was disturbed, it was rich in skeletal material and pottery, which leads to the assumption that its floor contained multiple burials.
The tombs of this category (IB) were invented in all probability in the geographical unit of Palliki.
The tumulus-ossuary found in the locality of Kontogenada, immediately adjacent to the structure recorded by Marinatos, of similar height, is referred to as the last attestation of the Mycenaean funerary architecture on the island. The half-preserved peribolos enclosed pits demarcated occasionally by a row of stones, lined in places with aggregate.
Ethnoarchaeological evidence
Corbelling has a long tradition on cephalonia, as evidenced by numerous stone installations,
such as limekilns, the circular outdoor structures made of stone used for agricultural purposes and bridges. The circular or ovoid pits either carved in bedrock or dug into the earth constitute an indispensable element of the agricultural productivity on the island.
Conference Presentations by andreas sotiriou
authorities found on the island provide an important testimony on trade contacts with cities of South Italy (Metapontum, Naples), western Greek coast (Ambracia, Leucas) and the Corinthian gulf (Corinth, Sicyon) as well as on military conflicts (Achaean League, Elis, Argos, Rome) and political-military alliances (Aetolian League, Zacynthus).
Η νομισματική κυκλοφορία στην Κεφαλονιά κατά την κλασική και ελληνιστική περίοδο.
Οι τέσσερις πόλεις-κράτη της Κεφαλονιάς, Πάλη, Κράνη, Σάμη και Πρόννοι, κατά τους κλασικούς και ελληνιστικούς αιώνες υπήρξαν σημαντικοί σταθμοί διαμετακομιστικού εμπορίου και αξιόλογες
ναυτικές δυνάμεις. Μέσα από τις πρόσφατες έρευνες και τα αρχαιολογικά δεδομένα, επιχειρείται εδώ, για πρώτη φορά, η σύντομη παρουσίαση της νομισματικής κυκλοφορίας στο νησί. Η νομισματοκοπία
της κεφαλληνιακής τετράπολης είναι αυτή που ήδη γνωρίζαμε μέχρι σήμερα. Δια μέσου των νομισμάτων των ξένων εκδοτριών αρχών που εκτοπίσθηκαν στο νησί ανιχνεύονται εμπορικές επαφές με πόλεις της Κάτω Ιταλίας (Μεταπόντιο, Νεάπολη), των δυτικών ελλαδικών παραλίων (Αμβρακία, Λευκάδα, Ακαρνανικό Κοινό), καθώς και με πόλεις της περιοχής του Κορινθιακού κόλπου (Κόρινθος, Σικυώνα), ενώ ενισχύονται οι ιστορικές μαρτυρίες για πολεμικές συρράξεις (Αχαϊκή Συμπολιτεία, Ήλιδα, Άργος, Ρώμη) και για στρατιωτικές/πολιτικές συμμαχίες (Αιτωλικό Κοινό, Ζάκυνθος).
ANCEENT KRANE, URBAN PLANNING.
EARLIER AND LATER INTERVENTIONS
Andreas Sotiriou
Archaeologist
Dr Aggeliki Andreatou
Rural and Surveying Engineer
Ancient Krane lies one kilometer north of Argostoli and it was one of the
four city-states of Kefallinia during the classical period.
In the frame of different works and activities, new evidences were revealed which are concerned different aspects of the town which can be summarized as follow:
The area was already occupied from the Prehistorical era until the beginningof the 20th centuries.
It has been discussed the three part of the city-wall while the forth one, thesouth one, has been recently located and studied.
More and new architectural details (about construction, gates and towers) are given about the enclosure wall near Razata.
The ancient city has been developed on a street planning reliable on a system of vertical and horizontal streets which separate city blocks squares or rectangles.
New areas of the town have been defined such as the harbor, the industrial
area, the possible place of agora, the cemeteries as well as a sort of a net road outside of the main town.
Andreas Sotiriou - Angelos Nakasis. In the context of the Action “Valorisation and reconstruction of the Lakithra - Mazarakata Mycenaean cemeteries”, included in the Priority Axis “09 Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in the Ionian Islands” of the Regional Operational Programme “Western Greece - Peloponnese - Ionian Islands” of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), extensive work was undertaken aiming at the valorisation of the two most significant Mycenaean cemeteries on cephalonia. This involved, among others, detailed topographical and architectural recording of the tombs that enabled us to conduct further comparative research and investigate
their special building elements. It is precisely the production of these detailed scaled drawings that encouraged the writers of this study to publish and make available to the scientific community the plans of the tombs through the special thematic volume of the General Directorate
of Antiquities and cultural heritage/Directorate of Prehistoric and classical Antiquities of the hellenic Ministry of culture and Sports. concurrently, rescue excavations conducted by the first author of the publication brought to light evidence that enriches our knowledge of the funerary architecture of the Mycenaean period on the island and, therefore, it was deemed necessary to include it in the present discourse even as mere reference.The main types of Mycenaean tombs found in cephalonia are tholos and chamber tombs. The latter consist of the dromos, the entrance, the stomion and the chamber. Their primary feature is the pits dug in the floor of the chamber either perpendicularly or parallel to the dromos.
Their number ranges from 1 to 14 and their depth varies from a few centimetres to 2.80 m. chamber tombs are classified into two categories, I and II. Based on latest research the first category is subdivided into two smaller groups, Group IA with elliptical, oval or rectangular chambers, and Group IB (“tholoid chambers”), whose shape resembles a truncated cone
ending in an opening. category II is formed of the so-called “cave dormitories”, which are rectangular or trapezoidal in plan, characterized by the symmetrical arrangement of their pits dug on either side of a passageway. The features of this group include one new element that
was noticed during the production of the recent scaled drawings. The walls of the long sides of the burial pits widen downwards and, as a result, their widthwise cross-section forms an isosceles trapezoid. For ease of reference, this type of pit is referred to as Pit Type 1 (PT1) and establishes a terminus for any other similar case wherever else encountered, since it is directly associated with this category, which belongs to the last phase of the Late helladic period, according to Marinatos and Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood.To the new evidence concerning the Mazarakata cemetery the following are also added: a. a kind of passageway carved into the rock or dug into the natural red earth connecting the dromoi of nearly all tombs; b. two new burial pits excavated in the chambers of tombs M10 and Μ7. Based on our finding, chamber Μ7 should now be excluded from the small group IA as classified by Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood; c. the shape of the stomion and the dromoi was further elucidated. With regard to the dromoi, it has been observed that in their majority their walls converge upwards and their ground plan takes the form of an elongated triangle rather than a double axe, although this shape is not always clearly discernible. The dromoi are 4.50/5.00 m. in average length, characterized as short, whereas dromoi extending up to 10.00 m. are considered long, with the dromos of tomb M50 that exceeds this limit reaching 16.50 m. in length, being the longest on the island.
Sub-category IA of Dr Souyoudzoglou-haywood involves elliptical, oval and rectangular tombs. As a result of the scaled drawings, the classification of the tombs can be further analysed always in relation to their ground-plan:
– IAa: small rectangular with gently rounded corners (M1, M2, M5, M20) (Figs. 10-13).
– IAb: small trapezoidal (M3, M10, M40, M70) (Figs. 14-17).
– IAc: ovoid (M7, L3) (Figs. 18, 19).
– IAd: elliptical - large rectangular (M30, M50, L4) (Figs. 20-22).
In addition, category II (“cave Dormitory”) is divided into:
– IIa: almost square (M9, L1, L2) (Figs. 23-25).
– IIb: trapezoidal (M4, M8, M60, M80) (Figs. 26-29).
During rescue excavation performed at the sites Kimaria and Skiniotiko Vouni at Skinea in Palliki, two new tombs were exposed, subsumed under category IB of the tholos tombs according to Souyoudzoglou-haywood. The tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni is particularly interesting due to the refined and expanded space before the entrance, the transverse groove that probably fixed a door, now lost, and the filling of the faces of the dromos with building material. Perhaps this work, namely the filling and arrangement using blocks of stone, was applied, by analogy, to the sealing of the hole, noticed in tombs of this category and provides a possible answer to a question that tantalizes researchers.
The tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni together with tombs B and c at Kontogenada form the separate subgroup IBa, due to the common features that involve the following:
A. The so-called antechamber or terrace formed before the entrance to the tombs. The picture
of the antechamber is completed by the anathyrosis and the step at the entrance, thereby en-
riching the features of this small group.
B. The horizontal dromos or the dromos slightly inclined outwards and not sloping towards
the entrance of the chamber.
c. The total lack of pits in the interior of the tombs. Even though ¼ of the burial layer inside the tomb at Skiniotiko Vouni was disturbed, it was rich in skeletal material and pottery, which leads to the assumption that its floor contained multiple burials.
The tombs of this category (IB) were invented in all probability in the geographical unit of Palliki.
The tumulus-ossuary found in the locality of Kontogenada, immediately adjacent to the structure recorded by Marinatos, of similar height, is referred to as the last attestation of the Mycenaean funerary architecture on the island. The half-preserved peribolos enclosed pits demarcated occasionally by a row of stones, lined in places with aggregate.
Ethnoarchaeological evidence
Corbelling has a long tradition on cephalonia, as evidenced by numerous stone installations,
such as limekilns, the circular outdoor structures made of stone used for agricultural purposes and bridges. The circular or ovoid pits either carved in bedrock or dug into the earth constitute an indispensable element of the agricultural productivity on the island.
authorities found on the island provide an important testimony on trade contacts with cities of South Italy (Metapontum, Naples), western Greek coast (Ambracia, Leucas) and the Corinthian gulf (Corinth, Sicyon) as well as on military conflicts (Achaean League, Elis, Argos, Rome) and political-military alliances (Aetolian League, Zacynthus).
Η νομισματική κυκλοφορία στην Κεφαλονιά κατά την κλασική και ελληνιστική περίοδο.
Οι τέσσερις πόλεις-κράτη της Κεφαλονιάς, Πάλη, Κράνη, Σάμη και Πρόννοι, κατά τους κλασικούς και ελληνιστικούς αιώνες υπήρξαν σημαντικοί σταθμοί διαμετακομιστικού εμπορίου και αξιόλογες
ναυτικές δυνάμεις. Μέσα από τις πρόσφατες έρευνες και τα αρχαιολογικά δεδομένα, επιχειρείται εδώ, για πρώτη φορά, η σύντομη παρουσίαση της νομισματικής κυκλοφορίας στο νησί. Η νομισματοκοπία
της κεφαλληνιακής τετράπολης είναι αυτή που ήδη γνωρίζαμε μέχρι σήμερα. Δια μέσου των νομισμάτων των ξένων εκδοτριών αρχών που εκτοπίσθηκαν στο νησί ανιχνεύονται εμπορικές επαφές με πόλεις της Κάτω Ιταλίας (Μεταπόντιο, Νεάπολη), των δυτικών ελλαδικών παραλίων (Αμβρακία, Λευκάδα, Ακαρνανικό Κοινό), καθώς και με πόλεις της περιοχής του Κορινθιακού κόλπου (Κόρινθος, Σικυώνα), ενώ ενισχύονται οι ιστορικές μαρτυρίες για πολεμικές συρράξεις (Αχαϊκή Συμπολιτεία, Ήλιδα, Άργος, Ρώμη) και για στρατιωτικές/πολιτικές συμμαχίες (Αιτωλικό Κοινό, Ζάκυνθος).