International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2014
ABSTRACT The physicochemical and digestion properties of three wheat starches with different amyl... more ABSTRACT The physicochemical and digestion properties of three wheat starches with different amylose contents were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed they displayed a spherical disc-like form, a lenticular shape and an irregular morphology, respectively. Compared with waxy and normal wheat starches, high-amylose wheat starch (HAWS) was characterised by the presence of lower molecular weight amylose fraction, and its granules demonstrated the highest resistance to the cooking. The changes in the IR ratio 1022/999–1047/1022 cm−1 following the gel storage suggested the molecules of HAWS are more readily to re-associate and re-organise into a more organised status than other two starches. The determination of glucose release showed that HAWS had the lowest digestion kinetics (P < 0.001), and this difference in the digestion properties between HAWS and the other two starches might imply that starch molecular structure, in particular amylose structure is another key factor for manipulating starch digestion property rather than amylose content alone.
The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many ye... more The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. However, to the date, there is no detailed study for describing the effect of G. lucidum spores on oxidative stress, blood glucose level and lipid compositions in animal models of type 2 diabetic rats, in particular the effect on the gene expression profiles associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms. G. lucidum spores powder (GLSP) with a shell-broken rate >99.9 % was used. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group). Group 1: Normal control, normal rats with ordinary feed; Group 2: Model control, diabetic rats with ordinary feed without intervention; Group 3: GLSP, diabetic rats with ordinary feed, an intervention group utilizing GLSP of 1 g per day by oral gavages for 4 consecutive weeks. Type 2 diabetic rats were obtained by streptozocin (STZ) injection. The changes in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-...
ABSTRACT Resistant starch (RS) from uncooked and cooked high amylose starch (HAS) was used to inv... more ABSTRACT Resistant starch (RS) from uncooked and cooked high amylose starch (HAS) was used to investigate the effect of RS structure on the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) using a static anaerobic in vitro system. The pH value of culture correlated well to the production of total SCFA after the fermentation (R2 = 0.969). Most importantly, fermentation of RS from thermally treated starch under no moisture condition produced the highest concentration of SCFA and the greatest ratios of butyrate/acetate and butyrate/total SCFA, followed by the fermentation of RS from uncooked HAS. FTIR analysis suggests that all the RS exhibited a relatively higher organized structure compared to its corresponding original starch. The analysis of molecular structure by HPLC showed that the most pronounced difference in molecular composition of RS between the group favoring greater butyrate production and the group supporting a lower butyrate production was that larger molecules (amylopectin fraction) still existed in the former group but not in the latter group. Thus, it can be concluded that RS structure, in particular molecular structure is one of the key factors manipulating SCFA production in amount and proportion.
In this study, we investigated the genome-wide gene expression profiles in the liver tissue of di... more In this study, we investigated the genome-wide gene expression profiles in the liver tissue of diabetic rats before and after RS treatment. The microarray-based analysis revealed that a total of 173 genes were up-regulated and 197 genes were down-regulated in response to RS treatment. These genes were mainly related to glucose metabolism (e.g., hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphotransferase etc.), and lipid metabolism (e.g., carnitine palmitoyl transfer 1, fatty acid transporter, beta hydroxyl butyric dehydrogenase etc.). Cluster analysis results showed that the up/down-regulated genes were highly responsive to RS treatment, and were considered to be directly or indirectly associated with reducing plasma glucose and body fat. To interpret the mechanism of RS regulation at the molecular level, a novel gene network was constructed based on 370 up/down-regulated genes coupled with 718 known diabetes-related genes. The topology of the network showed the characteristics of small-worl...
International journal of biological macromolecules, Jan 4, 2015
The effect of resistant starch (RS) administration on biological parameters including blood gluco... more The effect of resistant starch (RS) administration on biological parameters including blood glucose, lipids composition and oxidative stress of type 2 diabetic rats was investigated. The results showed blood glucose level, total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was doubly increased in the rats of RS administration group compared to model control group (P<0.01). The analyses of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism pathways demonstrated that the expression levels of lipid oxidation gene Acox1, glycogen synthesis genes, GS2 and GYG1, and insulin-induced genes, Insig-1 and Insig-2, were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01). In contrast, fatty acids and triglycerides synthesis and metabolism-related gene SREBP-1, fatty acid synthesis gene Fads1 and gluconeogenesis gene G6PC1 were greatly down-regulated. The mechanism study shows that the lowering of blood glucose level in diabetic rat...
Beneficial effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) extracts against obesity have been ... more Beneficial effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) extracts against obesity have been reported; however, the anti-obesity ability of the major components of green tea, polysaccharides, polyphenols and caffeine is not clear. Therefore, experiments with total green tea extracts, polyphenols, polysaccharides, caffeine, and a complex of polysaccharide and polyphenol at a dose of 400 or 800 mg kg(-1) were conducted on high-fat diet fed rats for 6 weeks to investigate their anti-obesity effects. The results indicated that polyphenols and polysaccharides were responsible for the suppressive effect of green tea extracts on body weight increase and fat accumulation. Moreover, polyphenols, polysaccharides, or caffeine can improve blood lipid and antioxidant levels, and effectively reduce rat serum leptin levels, inhibit the absorption of fatty acids, and markedly reduce the expression levels of the IL-6 and TNF-α gene. Furthermore, it was shown that polysaccharides and polyphenols ...
ABSTRACT Two rice cultivars with different pericarp colors were selected for investigating the ef... more ABSTRACT Two rice cultivars with different pericarp colors were selected for investigating the effect of storage on the concentration of rice phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AOA). The concentration of total phenolic compounds in the free fraction of the dark brown rice (DBR) was 355.4 mg GAE per 100 g rice, which was 9.3 times higher than light brown rice (LBR), and a similar trend was also found in AOA between the two cultivars (32.4 versus 4.0 mmol TE per g rice). The concentration of phenolic compounds present in the free fraction was higher than that in the bound fraction in DBR, whereas the proportion of phenolic compounds between the free and bound fractions was the reciprocal in LBR, indicating that the concentration and distribution of phenolic compounds in rice are phenotype-specific parameters. Phenolic compounds present in the free fraction showed significantly higher AOA compared to the phenolic compounds in the bound fraction based on the same mass, which implies that the structure and profile of phenolic compounds between the two fractions may differ. The ageing process induced changes in the amount of phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin extracted from both cultivars, with storage at 37 °C leading to a 15–20% reduction in the concentration of these compounds present in free and bound fractions. This suggests that phenolic compounds in the two fractions are both involved in the chemical reactions that occurred during the rice ageing process. There was also a significant reduction in AOA (P &lt; 0.001) when rice was stored at 37 °C for 6 months. The plausible mechanism for the reduction in AOA might be due to the decomposition of the antioxidant compounds during rice ageing.
A strain for producing rennet was screened from red kojic rice and identified as Quambalaria cyan... more A strain for producing rennet was screened from red kojic rice and identified as Quambalaria cyanescens. In the current work, various mutagenic treatments, such as UV, diethyl sulfate and their combinations were applied for improving the production of milk-clotting enzymes. The mutagenic conditions were optimized based on the fatality rate of the strain. A significant increasing in the productivity of the fungal rennet produced from the strain Quambalaria cyanescens was achieved and its milk-clotting activity (MCA) was increased from 57 to 117 (SU mL(-1)) through the mutagenic breeding. Further study showed that MCA was greatly inhibited (P < 0.0001) by pepstain A, indicating it belongs to an aspartic acid protease, but absence of serine protease, metalloproteinase and cysteine protease. The mutated strain with the highest activity of milk-clotting enzymes showed a stable capacity to produce rennet through the test of its heritability. This is the first report of the breeding stu...
Normal maize starch and high amylose maize starch (HAS) either in native or thermally treated for... more Normal maize starch and high amylose maize starch (HAS) either in native or thermally treated forms were used to investigate the effect of starch structure on the production of metabolites and gut microbiota profile using an anaerobic in vitro system. The changes in starch structure during fermentation were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The native normal starch showed a porous structure during fermentation, indicating it was quickly metabolized by gut bacteria, whereas the HAS showed a smooth structure, suggesting it was utilized gradually. HPLC chromatography showed that amylose fraction with low molecular weight (MW) had a higher resistance to be fermented by gut bacteria than other starch molecular fractions. Thermal treatment enhanced starch fermentation kinetics, especially for amylopectin and high MW amylose fractions. FTIR analysis suggests that the stru...
The petroleum ether extractable lipids (PEE-L) and aqueous propan-1-ol extractable lipids (PWE-L)... more The petroleum ether extractable lipids (PEE-L) and aqueous propan-1-ol extractable lipids (PWE-L) of three varieties of rice were determined gravimetrically and characterised by fatty acid profiles. The content of PEE-L (22·5–28·2mgg−1) was higher than that of PWE-L (7·4–11·5mgg−1) in brown rice with the situation reversed in milled rice (3·0–4·5mgg−1vs. 7·2–8·7mgg−1). The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid
International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2014
ABSTRACT The physicochemical and digestion properties of three wheat starches with different amyl... more ABSTRACT The physicochemical and digestion properties of three wheat starches with different amylose contents were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed they displayed a spherical disc-like form, a lenticular shape and an irregular morphology, respectively. Compared with waxy and normal wheat starches, high-amylose wheat starch (HAWS) was characterised by the presence of lower molecular weight amylose fraction, and its granules demonstrated the highest resistance to the cooking. The changes in the IR ratio 1022/999–1047/1022 cm−1 following the gel storage suggested the molecules of HAWS are more readily to re-associate and re-organise into a more organised status than other two starches. The determination of glucose release showed that HAWS had the lowest digestion kinetics (P &lt; 0.001), and this difference in the digestion properties between HAWS and the other two starches might imply that starch molecular structure, in particular amylose structure is another key factor for manipulating starch digestion property rather than amylose content alone.
The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many ye... more The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. However, to the date, there is no detailed study for describing the effect of G. lucidum spores on oxidative stress, blood glucose level and lipid compositions in animal models of type 2 diabetic rats, in particular the effect on the gene expression profiles associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms. G. lucidum spores powder (GLSP) with a shell-broken rate >99.9 % was used. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group). Group 1: Normal control, normal rats with ordinary feed; Group 2: Model control, diabetic rats with ordinary feed without intervention; Group 3: GLSP, diabetic rats with ordinary feed, an intervention group utilizing GLSP of 1 g per day by oral gavages for 4 consecutive weeks. Type 2 diabetic rats were obtained by streptozocin (STZ) injection. The changes in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-...
ABSTRACT Resistant starch (RS) from uncooked and cooked high amylose starch (HAS) was used to inv... more ABSTRACT Resistant starch (RS) from uncooked and cooked high amylose starch (HAS) was used to investigate the effect of RS structure on the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) using a static anaerobic in vitro system. The pH value of culture correlated well to the production of total SCFA after the fermentation (R2 = 0.969). Most importantly, fermentation of RS from thermally treated starch under no moisture condition produced the highest concentration of SCFA and the greatest ratios of butyrate/acetate and butyrate/total SCFA, followed by the fermentation of RS from uncooked HAS. FTIR analysis suggests that all the RS exhibited a relatively higher organized structure compared to its corresponding original starch. The analysis of molecular structure by HPLC showed that the most pronounced difference in molecular composition of RS between the group favoring greater butyrate production and the group supporting a lower butyrate production was that larger molecules (amylopectin fraction) still existed in the former group but not in the latter group. Thus, it can be concluded that RS structure, in particular molecular structure is one of the key factors manipulating SCFA production in amount and proportion.
In this study, we investigated the genome-wide gene expression profiles in the liver tissue of di... more In this study, we investigated the genome-wide gene expression profiles in the liver tissue of diabetic rats before and after RS treatment. The microarray-based analysis revealed that a total of 173 genes were up-regulated and 197 genes were down-regulated in response to RS treatment. These genes were mainly related to glucose metabolism (e.g., hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphotransferase etc.), and lipid metabolism (e.g., carnitine palmitoyl transfer 1, fatty acid transporter, beta hydroxyl butyric dehydrogenase etc.). Cluster analysis results showed that the up/down-regulated genes were highly responsive to RS treatment, and were considered to be directly or indirectly associated with reducing plasma glucose and body fat. To interpret the mechanism of RS regulation at the molecular level, a novel gene network was constructed based on 370 up/down-regulated genes coupled with 718 known diabetes-related genes. The topology of the network showed the characteristics of small-worl...
International journal of biological macromolecules, Jan 4, 2015
The effect of resistant starch (RS) administration on biological parameters including blood gluco... more The effect of resistant starch (RS) administration on biological parameters including blood glucose, lipids composition and oxidative stress of type 2 diabetic rats was investigated. The results showed blood glucose level, total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was doubly increased in the rats of RS administration group compared to model control group (P<0.01). The analyses of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism pathways demonstrated that the expression levels of lipid oxidation gene Acox1, glycogen synthesis genes, GS2 and GYG1, and insulin-induced genes, Insig-1 and Insig-2, were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01). In contrast, fatty acids and triglycerides synthesis and metabolism-related gene SREBP-1, fatty acid synthesis gene Fads1 and gluconeogenesis gene G6PC1 were greatly down-regulated. The mechanism study shows that the lowering of blood glucose level in diabetic rat...
Beneficial effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) extracts against obesity have been ... more Beneficial effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) extracts against obesity have been reported; however, the anti-obesity ability of the major components of green tea, polysaccharides, polyphenols and caffeine is not clear. Therefore, experiments with total green tea extracts, polyphenols, polysaccharides, caffeine, and a complex of polysaccharide and polyphenol at a dose of 400 or 800 mg kg(-1) were conducted on high-fat diet fed rats for 6 weeks to investigate their anti-obesity effects. The results indicated that polyphenols and polysaccharides were responsible for the suppressive effect of green tea extracts on body weight increase and fat accumulation. Moreover, polyphenols, polysaccharides, or caffeine can improve blood lipid and antioxidant levels, and effectively reduce rat serum leptin levels, inhibit the absorption of fatty acids, and markedly reduce the expression levels of the IL-6 and TNF-α gene. Furthermore, it was shown that polysaccharides and polyphenols ...
ABSTRACT Two rice cultivars with different pericarp colors were selected for investigating the ef... more ABSTRACT Two rice cultivars with different pericarp colors were selected for investigating the effect of storage on the concentration of rice phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AOA). The concentration of total phenolic compounds in the free fraction of the dark brown rice (DBR) was 355.4 mg GAE per 100 g rice, which was 9.3 times higher than light brown rice (LBR), and a similar trend was also found in AOA between the two cultivars (32.4 versus 4.0 mmol TE per g rice). The concentration of phenolic compounds present in the free fraction was higher than that in the bound fraction in DBR, whereas the proportion of phenolic compounds between the free and bound fractions was the reciprocal in LBR, indicating that the concentration and distribution of phenolic compounds in rice are phenotype-specific parameters. Phenolic compounds present in the free fraction showed significantly higher AOA compared to the phenolic compounds in the bound fraction based on the same mass, which implies that the structure and profile of phenolic compounds between the two fractions may differ. The ageing process induced changes in the amount of phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin extracted from both cultivars, with storage at 37 °C leading to a 15–20% reduction in the concentration of these compounds present in free and bound fractions. This suggests that phenolic compounds in the two fractions are both involved in the chemical reactions that occurred during the rice ageing process. There was also a significant reduction in AOA (P &lt; 0.001) when rice was stored at 37 °C for 6 months. The plausible mechanism for the reduction in AOA might be due to the decomposition of the antioxidant compounds during rice ageing.
A strain for producing rennet was screened from red kojic rice and identified as Quambalaria cyan... more A strain for producing rennet was screened from red kojic rice and identified as Quambalaria cyanescens. In the current work, various mutagenic treatments, such as UV, diethyl sulfate and their combinations were applied for improving the production of milk-clotting enzymes. The mutagenic conditions were optimized based on the fatality rate of the strain. A significant increasing in the productivity of the fungal rennet produced from the strain Quambalaria cyanescens was achieved and its milk-clotting activity (MCA) was increased from 57 to 117 (SU mL(-1)) through the mutagenic breeding. Further study showed that MCA was greatly inhibited (P < 0.0001) by pepstain A, indicating it belongs to an aspartic acid protease, but absence of serine protease, metalloproteinase and cysteine protease. The mutated strain with the highest activity of milk-clotting enzymes showed a stable capacity to produce rennet through the test of its heritability. This is the first report of the breeding stu...
Normal maize starch and high amylose maize starch (HAS) either in native or thermally treated for... more Normal maize starch and high amylose maize starch (HAS) either in native or thermally treated forms were used to investigate the effect of starch structure on the production of metabolites and gut microbiota profile using an anaerobic in vitro system. The changes in starch structure during fermentation were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The native normal starch showed a porous structure during fermentation, indicating it was quickly metabolized by gut bacteria, whereas the HAS showed a smooth structure, suggesting it was utilized gradually. HPLC chromatography showed that amylose fraction with low molecular weight (MW) had a higher resistance to be fermented by gut bacteria than other starch molecular fractions. Thermal treatment enhanced starch fermentation kinetics, especially for amylopectin and high MW amylose fractions. FTIR analysis suggests that the stru...
The petroleum ether extractable lipids (PEE-L) and aqueous propan-1-ol extractable lipids (PWE-L)... more The petroleum ether extractable lipids (PEE-L) and aqueous propan-1-ol extractable lipids (PWE-L) of three varieties of rice were determined gravimetrically and characterised by fatty acid profiles. The content of PEE-L (22·5–28·2mgg−1) was higher than that of PWE-L (7·4–11·5mgg−1) in brown rice with the situation reversed in milled rice (3·0–4·5mgg−1vs. 7·2–8·7mgg−1). The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid
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