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The assessment of real-world effectiveness of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) is gaining importance as more and more systems enter the market. Many different approaches have been developed. Therefore, the automobile industry,... more
The assessment of real-world effectiveness of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) is gaining importance as more and more systems enter the market. Many different approaches have been developed. Therefore, the automobile industry, universities, and automotive research institutes in Europe have started an initiative for cooperative research. A ‘Harmonization Group’ was established in 2012 whose motivation is the development of a comprehensive, reliable, transparent, and thus accepted methodology for quantitative assessment of these systems by virtual simulation. The harmonization group focuses on prospective analysis, which has the objective to estimate the expected safety benefits of current and beyond-state-of-the-art applications. Commonly used methods for prospective analyses are FOT's, subject studies in driving simulators, on closed test tracks or on open roads, and virtual analyses by means of simulation. Currently, the basis for an assessment by virtual simulation ca...
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Up to now quite a few electronic safety functions have been developed in order to successfully increase the safety of passenger in vehicles. Among them are electronic stability control (ESC), brake assists (BAS), lane departure warning... more
Up to now quite a few electronic safety functions have been developed in order to successfully increase the safety of passenger in vehicles. Among them are electronic stability control (ESC), brake assists (BAS), lane departure warning systems (LDW) and so on. There exists a short literature on the quantification of the effectiveness of such safety systems on injury outcome or crash severity. As an example the ESC in several studies impressively has been shown to be efficient in avoiding a considerable amount of loss of control or skidding accidents. Nowadays many recently registered vehicles are equipped not only with one but instead with a number of safety functions (so- called safety equipment). The present paper proposes sound statistical methodology in order to investigate the safety benefit of such composite safety equipments (in contrast to a single safety function) in passenger vehicles. It seems obvious that the effectiveness of a specific safety equipment not simply is the...
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ABSTRACT Road Safety System development is complex task, which requires the collaboration between designers and accidentologists. However, designers and accidentologists do not share the same viewpoints, neither the same models to analyze... more
ABSTRACT Road Safety System development is complex task, which requires the collaboration between designers and accidentologists. However, designers and accidentologists do not share the same viewpoints, neither the same models to analyze an accident, nor the same technical language. This makes their communication a complex task in a design process. Accident Scenario is recognized as a powerful communication tool between designers and accidentologists. Nevertheless, an accident scenario has to be presented in a way that both designers and accidentologists can understand and use. To address this issue, we use the systemic approach (a complex system modeling approach) to develop a new methodology allowing constructing multi-view accident scenarios.
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This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of low speed autonomous emergency braking (AEB) technology in current model passenger vehicles, based on real-world crash experience. The validating vehicle safety through meta-analysis... more
This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of low speed autonomous emergency braking (AEB) technology in current model passenger vehicles, based on real-world crash experience. The validating vehicle safety through meta-analysis (VVSMA) group comprising a collaboration of government, industry consumer organisations and researchers, pooled data from a number of countries using a standard analysis format and the established MUND approach. Induced exposure methods were adopted to control for any extraneous effects. The findings showed a 38 percent overall reduction in rear-end crashes for vehicles fitted with AEB compared to a comparison sample of similar vehicles. There was no statistical evidence of any difference in effect between urban (≤60km/h) and rural (>60km/h) speed zones. Areas requiring further research were identified and widespread fitment through the vehicle fleet is recommended.
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This paper proposes to estimate and to compare the expected and the observed effectiveness of the Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) in terms of reduction in injury accidents in France. The evaluation of the expected effectiveness of EBA is... more
This paper proposes to estimate and to compare the expected and the observed effectiveness of the Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) in terms of reduction in injury accidents in France. The evaluation of the expected effectiveness of EBA is based on the simulation of the reduction in injuries in non-EBA cars which could result in lower collision speeds resulting themselves in higher mean deceleration, would EBA have been available and applied in those cars. A sample of fatal police reports, for which most of the vehicles involved in an accident, braking distance, collision speed and injuries outcome are available, is used for the simulation. The evaluation of the observed effectiveness of EBA follows a 3-steps process: (1) The identification, in the French National injury accident census, of accident-involved cars for which the determination of whether or not the car was fitted with EBA is possible. A sample of 917 cars involved in injury accidents that occurred from January 2000 to June ...
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During the last 5 years, the number of cars fitted with side airbags has dramatically increased. They are now standard equipment, even on many smaller cars or less luxurious vehicles. While some side airbags offer thoracic protection... more
During the last 5 years, the number of cars fitted with side airbags has dramatically increased. They are now standard equipment, even on many smaller cars or less luxurious vehicles. While some side airbags offer thoracic protection alone, there are those that combine thoracic and head protection (of which most deploy from the seat). Other systems employ separate airbags for head and thorax protection, which are designed to be effective noticeably in a crash against a pole. This paper proposes an evaluation of the effectiveness of side airbags in preventing thoracic injuries to passenger car occupants involved in side crashes. First, the target population (who can take benefit of side airbag deployment and in what circumstances) is defined. Side airbags can be especially effective in cases of impacts on the door with intrusion at a certain impact speed. Then, an example case of a side impact with side airbag deployment is given were side airbag deployment is thought to have had a p...
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The evaluation of the road safety actions' effectiveness is one of the main activities carried out in road safety research departments. Safety actions refer to security measures such as regulations and recommendations for the policy... more
The evaluation of the road safety actions' effectiveness is one of the main activities carried out in road safety research departments. Safety actions refer to security measures such as regulations and recommendations for the policy level, security system for car manufacturers. Each safety action follows a detailed set of functional specifications. The evaluation is the process of assessing the designed actions against these specifications. By its ability to create new knowledge, the evaluation is also used to improve these actions to better anticipate new needs. Given the complexity of the evaluation activity and its context, the existing knowledge is insufficient. This situation reflects the lack of a theoretical framework. In particular, there is no way to identify emerging assessment issues due to the insertion of new security systems and the emergence of new users' behaviors. This paper deals with the construction of a theoretical framework that to be used as a guide fo...
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In this paper, the authors discuss the potential influence that non- driving tasks have on driver performance and on the increased potential for accidents. They first look at the concepts of a driving function model, driver secondary... more
In this paper, the authors discuss the potential influence that non- driving tasks have on driver performance and on the increased potential for accidents. They first look at the concepts of a driving function model, driver secondary task, driver use of cellular phones and methods for enhancing driver communication systems. They then discuss results from real crash analyses and accident simulations in France. Conclusions are made regarding critical task and driver functional failures, car driver inactivation, and secondary non- driving tasks related to car equipment.
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One of the main objectives of the European TRACE project (Traffic Accident Causation in Europe, January 2006 – June 2008) was the development of methodology for the evaluation of the safety benefit of existing on-board safety applications... more
One of the main objectives of the European TRACE project (Traffic Accident Causation in Europe, January 2006 – June 2008) was the development of methodology for the evaluation of the safety benefit of existing on-board safety applications in passenger cars with the use of mass accident data-bases only. The challenge was to evaluate passive safety applications as well as active applications and especially combinations of the two within a single investigation. In order to do so the well known concept of odds-ratio has been generalized for jointly evaluating injury mitigating effectiveness as well as accident avoiding effectiveness at once. This paper describes statistical sound methodology that is able to evaluate the safety benefit of either a single on-board safety function or the additional gain of specific safety feature(s) (i.e. a selection of various passive safety functions and active safety functions), given that some other safety applications already are on board. In particul...
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The Integrated Safety programme and the eSafety initiative stress that the development of Intelligent Transport Systems in vehicles or on roads (and especially in the safety field) must be preceded and accompanied by a scientific accident... more
The Integrated Safety programme and the eSafety initiative stress that the development of Intelligent Transport Systems in vehicles or on roads (and especially in the safety field) must be preceded and accompanied by a scientific accident analysis encompassing two main issues: (1) The determination and the continuous up-dating of the etiology, i.e. causes, of road accidents (as well as the causes of injuries) and the assessment of whether the existing technologies or the technologies under current development address the real needs of road users inferred from accident and driver behavior analyses. (2) The identification and the assessment (in terms of lives saved, injuries mitigation and accidents avoided), among possible safety technologies, of the most promising solutions that can assist the driver or any other road users in a normal road situation or in an emergency situation or, as a last resort, mitigate the violence of crashes and protect vehicle occupants, pedestrians, and tw...
According to international and French national accident statistics, lane departures represent a high proportion of road crashes and casualties (potentially in excess of 40% of injury crashes and 70% of fatalities in France). It is... more
According to international and French national accident statistics, lane departures represent a high proportion of road crashes and casualties (potentially in excess of 40% of injury crashes and 70% of fatalities in France). It is therefore highly interesting to look at this type of accident in order to infer suitable countermeasures. This research examined non-voluntary lane departures in order to devise effective countermeasures for instances when they occur.
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European official data from the European Road Safety Observatory (ERSO, www.erso.com) shows that Road traffic accidents in 2004 in the Member States of the European Union lead to about 47.000 fatalities and more than 1.8 million people... more
European official data from the European Road Safety Observatory (ERSO, www.erso.com) shows that Road traffic accidents in 2004 in the Member States of the European Union lead to about 47.000 fatalities and more than 1.8 million people injured. Coming back to the data in France provided by ONISR (Observatoire National Interministeriel de la Securite Routiere) in 2004, 5232 fatalities and 17435 seriously injured people have been observed. 3186 persons died in passenger cars. Frontal impacts represent 47% of killed and 69% of seriously injured people in passenger cars. The distribution is 1290 fatalities in front seats and 143 fatalities in rear seats. Recent progress in passive safety, coming from both regulation enforcement and consumers ratings allowed to solve most of the lethal issues in frontal impact which were: (1) Intrusion (steering wheel, firewall, footwell,…), which decreased with well-designed absorbing structure; (2) Head contact with steering wheel, avoided with frontal...
Working Group 21, Accident Studies, has been formed to bring together analysis of existing accident data in support of the work programme of the EEVC. Its members represent all of the major in-depth accident databases in Europe and have... more
Working Group 21, Accident Studies, has been formed to bring together analysis of existing accident data in support of the work programme of the EEVC. Its members represent all of the major in-depth accident databases in Europe and have access to a large number of others. This paper presents some of its early work. A major task has been to conduct an audit of the available accident databases and to record their key characteristics. A total of 45 accident databases from 8 countries are identified and the paper lists factors including proprietary, data content, selection criteria, vehicles studied and purpose of investigation. In general larger quantities of accident data are more likely to give statistically significant results and a second objective of the group has been to evaluate the feasibility and analysis potential of combining data from several countries. A pilot study was conducted to combine data from France, Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) to estimate the effectiveness...
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In the course of the European Project TRACE (Traffic Accident Causation in Europe) an attempt was made to analyse the cause of road traffic accidents from a factors' point of view. By literature review the most important independent... more
In the course of the European Project TRACE (Traffic Accident Causation in Europe) an attempt was made to analyse the cause of road traffic accidents from a factors' point of view. By literature review the most important independent risk factors for traffic accidents were identified to be speed, alcohol intake, male gender, young age, cell phone use, and fatigue. However, the impact of an accident related factor also depends on its prevalence in traffic and accidents, respectively. Available to the partners in the TRACE Project were different accident databases. Causally contributing factors found by accident investigations that are most often coded in accident databases are connected to unadapted speed and inattention. Taking into account the risk increase and the frequency of contribution to accidents the conclusion can be drawn that the most relevant factors for accident causation are: "alcohol", "speed", and "inattention and distraction.
In recent years, throughout Europe, truck manufacturers have developed and installed occupant restraint systems similar to those that have been available in passenger vehicles for a long time. The development of truck seatbelts and... more
In recent years, throughout Europe, truck manufacturers have developed and installed occupant restraint systems similar to those that have been available in passenger vehicles for a long time. The development of truck seatbelts and steering-wheel mounted airbags is based on occupant safety research, and the need to meet European safety regulations which will come into effect in the near future. This paper aims to evaluate the potential efficiency of a seat belt coupled to an airbag. The study is based on the CEESAR truck accidents database. The sample includes 403 accidents which involved 479 unbelted occupants (all injury level). The injury causation mechanism according to the type and the severity of the crash enable us an effectiveness evaluation based on a supposed 100% seat belt (and air bag) use rate. The use of seat belts with 3 anchoring points mounted on the seat of trucks (with an airbag) would be effective for 37% of fatalities, 36% of seriously injured and 22% of slightl...
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L'analyse de donnees detaillees recueillies sur la scene des accidents de la route (EDA) est un outil qui permet de definir finement les difficultes accidentogenes rencontrees par les conducteurs, les parametres internes et externes... more
L'analyse de donnees detaillees recueillies sur la scene des accidents de la route (EDA) est un outil qui permet de definir finement les difficultes accidentogenes rencontrees par les conducteurs, les parametres internes et externes qui les determinent, ainsi que les besoins securitaires qui en decoulent. Le present projet s'est propose, a partir d'une analyse approfondie de ces donnees d'accidents de mettre en evidence : 1) Les differents parametres qui conditionnent les dysfonctionnements vigiles et attentionnels dans les accidents de la route, 2) leur degre d'incidence sur le mode de fonctionnement du conducteur, 3) les principaux types de defaillances fonctionnelles que ces problemes engendrent dans l'activite des conducteurs, 4) les scenarios-types d'accidents dans lesquels ces defaillances interviennent specifiquement
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In France, in 2001, 31 660 road injury accidents out of 116 745 occurred at night. They count for 27% of injury accidents (for 18% public lighting is on, 1% public lighting is off and for 9% there is no public lighting) and 40% of fatal... more
In France, in 2001, 31 660 road injury accidents out of 116 745 occurred at night. They count for 27% of injury accidents (for 18% public lighting is on, 1% public lighting is off and for 9% there is no public lighting) and 40% of fatal accidents (13% when public lighting is on, 1% when public lighting is off and 26% when there is no public lighting). Dawn accidents count for 6% (both injury and fatal). Accident severity is higher in the night (8% of accidents are fatal) than in the daytime (5%). Accidents rates is higher at night, the proportion of single vehicle is very high (50% for n ight accidents without lighting), young drivers are over represented, vulnerable road users are over represented, accident risk is higher between 0 and 4 hours in the morning, etc. (OECD, 1979; SETRA-CETUR, 1992).
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The objective of the paper is to give an overview of the road injuries issues in France in the 2010's by determining the frequency and the severity of injuries sustained by car occupants, and to infer the implications in terms of... more
The objective of the paper is to give an overview of the road injuries issues in France in the 2010's by determining the frequency and the severity of injuries sustained by car occupants, and to infer the implications in terms of vehicule safety. Three types of analysis are conducted. First, we present a time series analysis at a macro statistical level showing a dramatic decrease of injured and fatally injured occupants in passenger cars compared to other modes of road transport. Secondly, we propose a descriptive statistical analysis of the injuries (frequency and severity) sustained by car occupants, by body regions, using the AIS. Finally we propose some insights into the effectiveness of some safety features. French National crash census (BAAC) is used for a general overview of injury frequencies and raw severity scores (fatal, hospitalized, slighty injured) in car crashes. In-depth crash investigations data are used to specify the body regions and the severity of the injur...
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In France, over the last 10 years, road fatalities have decreased dramatically by 48%. This reduction is somewhat close to the target fixed by the European Commision in 2001 for the whole of Europe (-50 %). According to the French... more
In France, over the last 10 years, road fatalities have decreased dramatically by 48%. This reduction is somewhat close to the target fixed by the European Commision in 2001 for the whole of Europe (-50 %). According to the French govnerment, 75% of this reduction was due to the implementation of automatic speed cameras on the roadsides from 2003 onwards. Yet, during this period, there was also a significantly increase in safety technology, new regulations in front and side impacts, and developments in Euro NCAP to improve passive safety in the vehicles. This paper set out to estimate the extent that vehicle safety technologies contributed to the road safety benefits over this decade. Using a combination of databases and fitment rates, the number of fatalities and hospitalized injuries saved in passenger car crashes was estimated for a number of safety technologies, individually and as a package including a 5 star EuroNCAP rating. The additional benefits from other public safety mea...
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This predictive study investigated the effectiveness of Automatic Crash Notification (ACN) systems in reducing road fatalities, due to enabling faster emergency medical services (EMS) notification times, and therefore, the earlier... more
This predictive study investigated the effectiveness of Automatic Crash Notification (ACN) systems in reducing road fatalities, due to enabling faster emergency medical services (EMS) notification times, and therefore, the earlier provision of treatment. The cost-effectiveness associated with fleet installation of ACN systems in Australia was also evaluated. A range of data sources were used to identify the range of road fatalities that ACN systems could potentially mitigate, with urban and rural crashes analyzed separately, due to the average EMS notification time being slower for rural areas. It was established that ACN would provide an average crash-to-EMS notification time of one minute, which represented a three minute reduction in the total crash-to-hospital time for urban areas, with the corresponding reduction for rural areas being six minutes. Calculations revealed that these reductions would save an estimated 104 fatalities on Australian roads per annum (41 urban and 63 ru...
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This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of the French Apprentissage Anticipé de la Conduite (AAC), which is an optional initial driver training that seeks to reduce accident risk by novice drivers. The effectiveness of the... more
This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of the French Apprentissage Anticipé de la Conduite (AAC), which is an optional initial driver training that seeks to reduce accident risk by novice drivers. The effectiveness of the AAC is estimated using a Case-Control study (521 Cases and 624 Controls) and the adjusted Odds ratio (AAC versus regular) from a multivariate logistic regression. Thirteen risk factors are retained as explanatory variables in the regression. An Odds ratio of 0.9 indicates a non-significant reduction in accident involvement of AAC participants in the two years following the acquisition of their driver's license. The discussion addresses the possible reasons underlying the lack of result, e.g. an absence of varied experience during the AAC period and possible undesirable effects under supervision such as a partial delegation of responsibility for driving tasks by the young driver to the supervisor. Our recommendations include that AAC be integrate...
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According to international and French national accident statistics, lane departures represent a high proportion of road crashes and casualties (potentially in excess of 40% of injury crashes and 70% of fatalities in France). It is... more
According to international and French national accident statistics, lane departures represent a high proportion of road crashes and casualties (potentially in excess of 40% of injury crashes and 70% of fatalities in France). It is therefore highly interesting to look at this type of accident in order to infer suitable countermeasures. This research examined non-voluntary lane departures in order to devise effective countermeasures for instances when they occur.
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ABSTRACT
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The development of on-board car safety systems requires an accidentology knowledge base for the development of new functionalities as well as their improvement and evaluation. The Knowledge Discovery in accident Database (KDD) is one of... more
The development of on-board car safety systems requires an accidentology knowledge base for the development of new functionalities as well as their improvement and evaluation. The Knowledge Discovery in accident Database (KDD) is one of the approaches allowing the construction of this knowledge base. However, considering the complexity of the accident data and the variety of their sources (biomechanics, psychology, mechanics, ergonomics, etc.), the analytical methods of the KDD (clustering, classification, association rules etc.) should be combined with expert approaches. Indeed, there is background knowledge in accidentology which exists in the minds of accidentologist experts and which is not formalized in the accident database. The aim of this paper is to develop a Knowledge Representation Model (KRM) intended to incorporate this knowledge in the KDD process. The KRM is implemented in a knowledge-based system, which provides an expert classification of the attributes characterizi...
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Due to the increasing complexity of the modern industrial context in an evolutionary environment, several changes (e.g. new technology, new system, human errors, etc.) may affect road safety. Analyzing the change impact on design... more
Due to the increasing complexity of the modern industrial context in an evolutionary environment, several changes (e.g. new technology, new system, human errors, etc.) may affect road safety. Analyzing the change impact on design requirements is a complex task especially when it deals with complex systems such as Vehicle Safety Systems (VSS). To handle a change impact analysis in road safety field, VSS designers require a specific knowledge stemmed from accidentology. In this paper, we develop a multi-view model of the road accident, which is crucial to extract the required knowledge. Indeed, this multi-view model allows the analysis of the impact of a given change on the Driver-Vehicle-Environment system from different viewpoints and on different grain of size. This allows an efficient approach to detect exhaustively the perturbations due to the change and thereby to anticipate and handle their effects. We use a Knowledge Engineering approach to implement the multi-view model in a ...
Research Interests: Engineering, Computer Science, Computer Architecture, Software Engineering, Expert Systems, and 14 moreDesign, Software Maintenance, Complex Systems, Software Evolution, Software Architecture, Knowledge Based System, Safety, Impact Assessment, Change Impact Analysis, Knowledge Based Systems, Source Code, Challenges, Change Propagation, and Application Software
One of the objectives of the European TRACE project (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006–2008) was to estimate the proportion of injury accidents that could be avoided and/or the proportion of injury accidents where the severity... more
One of the objectives of the European TRACE project (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006–2008) was to estimate the proportion of injury accidents that could be avoided and/or the proportion of injury accidents where the severity could be mitigated for on-the-market safety applications, if 100 % of the car fleet would be equipped with them. We have selected for evaluation the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and the Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) applications. As for passive safety systems, recent cars are designed to offer overall safety protection. Car structure, load limiters, front airbags, side airbags, knee airbags, pretensioners, padding and non aggressive structures in the door panel, the dashboard, the windshield, the seats, and the head rest also contribute to applying more protection. The whole safety package is very difficult to evaluate separately, one element independently segmented from the others. We decided to consider evaluating the effectivenessof the whole passive safety package, This package,, for the sake of simplicity, was the number of stars awarded at the Euro NCAP testing. The challenges were to compare the effectiveness of some safety configuration SC I, with the effectiveness of a different safety configuration SC II. A safety configuration is understood as a package of safety functions. Ten comparisons have been carried out such as the evaluation of the safety benefit of a fifth star given that the car has four stars and an EBA.The main outcome of this analysis is that any addition of a passive or active safety function selected in this analysis is producing increased safety benefits. For example, if all cars were five stars fitted with EBA and ESC, instead of four stars without ESC and EBA, injury accidents would be reduced by 47.2% for severe injuries and 69.5% for fatal injuries.
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In France, over the last 10 years, road fatalities have decreased dramatically by 48%. This reduction is somewhat close to the target fixed by the European Commision in 2001 for the whole of Europe (−50 %). According to the French... more
In France, over the last 10 years, road fatalities have decreased dramatically by 48%. This reduction is somewhat close to the target fixed by the European Commision in 2001 for the whole of Europe (−50 %). According to the French govnerment, 75% of this reduction was due to the implementation of automatic speed cameras on the roadsides from 2003 onwards. Yet, during this period, there was also a significantly increase in safety technology, new regulations in front and side impacts, and developments in Euro NCAP to improve passive safety in the vehicles. This paper set out to estimate the extent that vehicle safety technologies contributed to the road safety benefits over this decade. Using a combination of databases and fitment rates, the number of fatalities and hospitalized injuries saved in passenger car crashes was estimated for a number of safety technologies, individually and as a package including a 5 star EuroNCAP rating. The additional benefits from other public safety measures were also similarly estimated. The results showed that overall safety measures during this decade saved 240,676 fatalities + serious injuries, of which 173,663 were car occupants. Of these, 27,365 car occupants and 1,083 pedestrian savings could be attributed directly to vehicle safety improvements (11% overall). It was concluded that while public safety measures were responsible for the majority of the savings, enhanced vehicle safety technologies also made a significant improvement in the road toll in France during the last decade. As the take-up rate for these technologies improves, is expected to continue to provide even more benefits in the next 10-year period.
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... Institute for Industrial Mathematics Germany Jens-Peter Kreiß Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany Yves Page RENAULT France Sophie Cuny Centre ... Assume that each vehicle out of a certain fleet of vehicles is involved in a... more
... Institute for Industrial Mathematics Germany Jens-Peter Kreiß Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany Yves Page RENAULT France Sophie Cuny Centre ... Assume that each vehicle out of a certain fleet of vehicles is involved in a specific critical accidental situation (base ...
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Research Interests: Psychology, Multivariate Statistics, Risk assessment, Adolescent, Medicine, and 15 moreFrance, Automotive Engineering, High Frequency, Humans, Child, Close relationships, Data Collection, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Databases as topic, Cause of death, and Accidents Traffic
Research Interests: Psychology, Multivariate Statistics, Risk assessment, Adolescent, Medicine, and 15 moreFrance, Automotive Engineering, High Frequency, Humans, Child, Close relationships, Data Collection, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Databases as topic, Cause of death, and Accidents Traffic
Abstract: Designers and accidentologists have to collaborate in order to develop new safety systems. Accidentologists recognize Accident Scenario as a powerful tool to provide designers with the required knowledge about accident. However,... more
Abstract: Designers and accidentologists have to collaborate in order to develop new safety systems. Accidentologists recognize Accident Scenario as a powerful tool to provide designers with the required knowledge about accident. However, an accident scenario has to be ...
Research Interests:
Due to the increasing complexity of the modern industrial context in an evolutionary environment, several changes (eg new technology, new system, human errors, etc.) may affect road safety. Analyzing the change impact on design... more
Due to the increasing complexity of the modern industrial context in an evolutionary environment, several changes (eg new technology, new system, human errors, etc.) may affect road safety. Analyzing the change impact on design requirements is a complex task ...
Research Interests: Engineering, Computer Science, Computer Architecture, Software Engineering, Expert Systems, and 14 moreDesign, Software Maintenance, Complex Systems, Software Evolution, Software Architecture, Knowledge Based System, Safety, Impact Assessment, Change Impact Analysis, Knowledge Based Systems, Source Code, Challenges, Change Propagation, and Application Software
The development of on-board car safety systems requires an accidentology knowledge base for the development of new functionalities as well as their improvement and evaluation. The Knowledge Discovery in accident Database (KDD) is one of... more
The development of on-board car safety systems requires an accidentology knowledge base for the development of new functionalities as well as their improvement and evaluation. The Knowledge Discovery in accident Database (KDD) is one of the approaches allowing the construction ...
Research Interests:
The objectives of the EU-funded project TRACE (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006-2008) are the up-dating of the etiology of road accidents and the assessment of the safety benefits of promising technology-based solutions. The... more
The objectives of the EU-funded project TRACE (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006-2008) are the up-dating of the etiology of road accidents and the assessment of the safety benefits of promising technology-based solutions. The analyses are based on available, reliable and accessible existing databases (access to which has been greatly facilitated by a number of partners highly experienced in safety analysis, coming from 8 different countries and having access to different kinds of databases, in-depth or regional or national statistics in their own country). Apart from considerable improvements in the methodologies applicable to accident research in the field of human factors, statistics and epidemiology, allowing a better understanding of the crash generating issues, the TRACE project quantified the expected safety benefits for existing and future safety applications. As for existing safety functions or safety packages, the main striking results show that any increment of a passive or active safety function selected in this project produces additional safety benefits. In general, the safety gains are even higher for higher injury severity levels. For example, if all cars were Euro NCAP five stars and fitted with EBA [electronic braking assistance] and ESC [electronic stability control], compared to four stars without ESC and EBA, injury accidents would be reduced by 47%, all injuries would be mitigated by 68% and severe + fatal injuries by 70%. As for future advanced safety functions, TRACE investigated 19 safety systems. The results show that the greatest additional safety gains potential are expected from intelligent speed adaptation systems, automatic crash notification systems, and collision warning and collision avoidance systems. Their expected benefits (expected reduction in the total number of injured persons if the fleet is 100% equipped) are between 6% and 11%. Safety benefits of other systems are more often below 5%. Some systems have a very low expected safety benefit (around or less than 1%). The full text of this paper may be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0148.pdf For the covering abstract see ITRD E145407.
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Research Interests:
Research Interests: Engineering, Psychology, Road safety, Medicine, Traffic Safety, and 14 moreEast Germany, International Comparison, Time Series Data, Alcohol Consumption, Social Acceptance, Accident analysis and prevention, Cross Section, Regression Model, Public health systems and services research, Statistical Model, OECD countries, Road Traffic, Mortality rate, and Multiple regression Model
Research Interests: Engineering, Psychology, Physics, Sensitivity Analysis, Neural Network, and 13 moreMedicine, Bayesian Inference, Motion, Theoretical Models, Accident analysis and prevention, Public health systems and services research, Road Traffic Accident, Bayes Theorem, Artificial Neural Network, Structural Response, Mean Error, Physical Phenomena, and Accidents Traffic
This paper proposes an evaluation of the effectiveness of the electronic stability program (ESP) in terms of reduction of injury accidents in France. The method consists of 3 steps: The identification, in the French National injury... more
This paper proposes an evaluation of the effectiveness of the electronic stability program (ESP) in terms of reduction of injury accidents in France. The method consists of 3 steps: The identification, in the French National injury accident census, of accident-involved cars for which the determination of whether or not the car was fitted with ESP is possible. A sampler of 136 cars involved in injury accidents occurred in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 was then selected. But we had to restrict the analysis to only 588 Renalut Laguna's. The identification of accident situations for which we can determine whether or not ESP is pertinent ( for example ESP is pertinent for loss of control accidents whilst it is not for cars pulling out of a junction). The calculation, via a logistic regression, of the relative risk of being involved in an ESP-pertinent accident for ESP equipped cars versus unequipped cars, divided by the relative risk of being involved in a non-ESP-pertinent accident for ESP equipped cars versus unequipped cars. This relative risk is assumed to be the best estimator of ESP effectiveness. The arguments for such a method, effectiveness indicator and implicit hypothesis are presented and discussed in the paper. Based on a few assumptions, ESP is proved to be likely effective. Currently, the relative risk of being involved in an ESP-pertinent accident for ESP-equipped cars is lower (-44%, although not statistically significant) than for other cars.
Research Interests: Engineering, Psychology, Electronics, Risk, Evaluation, and 15 moreMedicine, France, Logistic Regression, Automobiles, Software, Humans, Statistical Significance, Safety Management, Public health systems and services research, Odds ratio, Logistic Models, Relative Risk, Automobile driving, Loss of Control, and Accidents Traffic
One of the objectives of the European TRACE project (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006-2008) was to estimate the proportion of injury accidents that could be avoided and/or the proportion of injury accidents where the severity... more
One of the objectives of the European TRACE project (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe, 2006-2008) was to estimate the proportion of injury accidents that could be avoided and/or the proportion of injury accidents where the severity could be mitigated for on-the-market safety applications, if 100 % of the car fleet would be equipped with them. We have selected for evaluation the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and the Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) applications. As for passive safety systems, recent cars are designed to offer overall safety protection. Car structure, load limiters, front airbags, side airbags, knee airbags, pretensioners, padding and non aggressive structures in the door panel, the dashboard, the windshield, the seats, and the head rest also contribute to applying more protection. The whole safety package is very difficult to evaluate separately, one element independently segmented from the others. We decided to consider evaluating the effectiveness of the whole...
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The objective of this paper is to compare safety levels and trends in OECD countries from 1980 to 1994 with the help of a statistical model and to launch international discussion and further research about international comparisons.... more
The objective of this paper is to compare safety levels and trends in OECD countries from 1980 to 1994 with the help of a statistical model and to launch international discussion and further research about international comparisons. Between 1980 and 1994, the annual number of fatalities decreased drastically in all the selected countries except Japan (+12%), Greece (+56%) and ex-East