Many AB toxins elicit a cytotoxic effect involving the inhibition of protein synthesis. In this chapter, we describe a simple cell-based fluorescent assay to detect and quantify the inhibition of protein synthesis. The assay can also... more
Many AB toxins elicit a cytotoxic effect involving the inhibition of protein synthesis. In this chapter, we describe a simple cell-based fluorescent assay to detect and quantify the inhibition of protein synthesis. The assay can also identify and characterize toxin inhibitors.
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Liposomes with phase transition temperatures, T, near pathogenic site temperature are potential chemoprophylactic delivery vehicles. We prepared and characterized the thermal properties of liposomes composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-... more
Liposomes with phase transition temperatures, T, near pathogenic site temperature are potential chemoprophylactic delivery vehicles. We prepared and characterized the thermal properties of liposomes composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) incorporating β-ionone with T at 42 °C. Liposomes with β-ionone/lipid ratio (w/w) of 1:20 and 1:8 had the necessary stability and released most of the β-ionone. The molecular architecture surrounding T was studied by fluorescent probes, Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). β-Ionone was found to be preferentially located in the deep regions of the lipid bilayer (toward the long chain alkyl of the lipid) at moderate loading. The results showed that β-ionone encapsulated liposomes have a superior release at higher loading amount. Increasing β-ionone leads to disorder in the liquid crystalline state and accelerates the release rate. These studies provide...
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β-Carotene (BC), a naturally occurring lipophilic carotenoid, is beneficial for human health. However, its water solubility and bioavailability are low. In this study, organogel-based nanoemulsion was successfully prepared to improve the... more
β-Carotene (BC), a naturally occurring lipophilic carotenoid, is beneficial for human health. However, its water solubility and bioavailability are low. In this study, organogel-based nanoemulsion was successfully prepared to improve the loading amount, solubility, and bioavailability of BC. Corn oil was selected as the oil phase for the organogel as a result of the greatest release amount of BC. Tween 20 was optimized as the emulsifier based on the highest extent of lipolysis and BC bioaccessibility. The nanoemulsion was a better alternative than the organogel according to both the extent of lipolysis and BC bioaccessibility. Cellular uptake of BC was significantly improved through organogel-based nanoemulsion compared to BC suspension. Caveolae-/lipid-raft-mediated route was the main endocytosis pathway. Pharmacokinetic results confirmed that the in vivo bioavailability of BC in nanoemulsion was 11.5-fold higher than that of BC oil. The information obtained suggested that organogel-based nanoemulsion may be an effective encapsulation system for delivery of insoluble and indigestible bioactive compounds.
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The goal of this study was to see the impact on the retention and isomerization of encapsulated β-carotene (BC) in nanoemulsions fortified with natural antioxidants (α-tocopherol (AT) and l-ascorbic acid (AA)). The physical stability of... more
The goal of this study was to see the impact on the retention and isomerization of encapsulated β-carotene (BC) in nanoemulsions fortified with natural antioxidants (α-tocopherol (AT) and l-ascorbic acid (AA)). The physical stability of nanoemulsion, oxidative stability, and isomerization of all-trans-β-carotene (BC) in oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions were determined in the presence or absence of natural antioxidants at 25 and 50 °C at certain intervals of time by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sodium caseinate was used as the emulsifier, and corn oil (CO) was more protective than medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and used for isomerization studies. Mean diameters of control (without antioxidants) and AA- and AT-fortified particles were similar. Mean particle diameter of nanoemulsions increased from 10 to 25 nm at 25 °C and from 40 to 50 nm at 50 °C during 30 days of storage. The isomerization from all-trans-BC to cis-BC isomers was inhibited by antioxidants. The iso...
Research Interests: Engineering, Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Medicine, Antioxidants, and 14 moreAntioxidant, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Ascorbic Acid, Beta Carotene, Particle Size, Emulsions, Isomerization, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Tocopherol, Drug Stability, Carotene, Isomerism, and emulsifying agents
Influences of solution pH on the properties of pullulan–chitosan blended (Pul–Chi) films and the rheological properties of film-forming solutions were investigated.
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β-Glucan ((1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan) and methylcellulose are soluble dietary fibers that have physiological properties beneficial to human health. They are often studied for their nutritional properties but they are rarely characterized. We... more
β-Glucan ((1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan) and methylcellulose are soluble dietary fibers that have physiological properties beneficial to human health. They are often studied for their nutritional properties but they are rarely characterized. We describe the use of size exclusion chromatography and multiple detectors to characterize these polymers: an 18 angle light scattering detector and refractive index detector to determine molecular weight distributions of the polymers, and a postcolumn reaction to form a complex detectable by a fluorescence detector. The fluorescence from the polymer specific complex enables positive identification of the glucan and/or methylcellulose peak of interest when multiple components elute upon chromatography of biological samples. Some applications of this system to characterize the affects of processing and digestion on β-glucans and their relationship to cholesterol lowering; and the effects of colonic fermentation on methylcellulose are described.
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Research Interests: Food Science and Biology
... Papers From the Grains Symposium Published With an Educational Grant From General Mills. ...Benny Knuckles, Wallace Yokoyama, Talwinder Kahlon, and Carol Hudson are all members of a project team that seeks to enhance the functional... more
... Papers From the Grains Symposium Published With an Educational Grant From General Mills. ...Benny Knuckles, Wallace Yokoyama, Talwinder Kahlon, and Carol Hudson are all members of a project team that seeks to enhance the functional and health-promoting properties of ...
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... J. Clark Lagarias,*'s Wallace H. Yokoyama,lS Jon Bordner,lb Willy C. Shih,le Melvin P. Klein,lc and Henry Rapoport*le ... time of 2.73 s. IH NOE measurements at 360 MHz were obtained by difference of the Fourier... more
... J. Clark Lagarias,*'s Wallace H. Yokoyama,lS Jon Bordner,lb Willy C. Shih,le Melvin P. Klein,lc and Henry Rapoport*le ... time of 2.73 s. IH NOE measurements at 360 MHz were obtained by difference of the Fourier transformed spectra (40 scans) collected on and off reso-nance. ...
Research Interests: Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X Rays, Spectral analysis, and 12 moreMagnetic Resonance, The, Chemical Analysis, Steady state, Hydrogen Bond, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, X ray diffraction, Conformational Analysis, Protein Conformation, X Ray Crystallography, Nucleus, and Organic Compound
Research Interests: Engineering, Chemistry, Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, Medicine, and 13 moreSolid Phase Extraction, Female, Animals, Male, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Urine, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Rats, Liquid Chromatography, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, and Cricetinae
Page 1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1988, 36, 9 15-9 19 915 Biodehalogenation. Reductive Reactivities of Microbial and Mammalian Cytochromes P-450 Compared with Heme and Whole-Cell Models Charles E. Castro,* Wallace H. Yokoyama, and Nao 0.... more
Page 1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1988, 36, 9 15-9 19 915 Biodehalogenation. Reductive Reactivities of Microbial and Mammalian Cytochromes P-450 Compared with Heme and Whole-Cell Models Charles E. Castro,* Wallace H. Yokoyama, and Nao 0. Belser ...
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Research Interests: Engineering, Chemistry, Light Scattering, Chromatography, Medicine, and 15 moreAnimals, Male, Light, Gas Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Ingestion, Liquid Chromatography, Dietary fiber, Feces, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Hydrolysis, Drug Stability, Enzymatic hydrolysis, and Dispersity
ABSTRACTMolecular characteristics were determined for mixed‐linkage (1→3) (1→4)‐β‐d‐glucans (β‐glucans) extracted from Azhul, Crystal, Waxbar, and Prowashonupana barleys. β‐Glucans in extracts (with or without α‐amylase, protease,... more
ABSTRACTMolecular characteristics were determined for mixed‐linkage (1→3) (1→4)‐β‐d‐glucans (β‐glucans) extracted from Azhul, Crystal, Waxbar, and Prowashonupana barleys. β‐Glucans in extracts (with or without α‐amylase, protease, hemicellulase, or xylanase treatment) were separated from other components by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography and detected with multiple‐angle laser light scattering, refractive index, and fluorometry following postrefractive index treatment with Calcofluor. Pretreatment of barley with 70% ethanol (80°C, 4 hr) reduced β‐glucanase activity by ~20%. Hot‐alcohol treatment also reduced β‐glucan extraction at 23 and 65°C by 42 and 14%, respectively. Molecular weights of β‐glucans in the first water extract were generally higher than in succeeding water and alkali extracts. Weight average molecular weights ranged from 0.44 × 106 to 2.34 × 106 g/mol after α‐amylase treatment to remove interfering starch. Interference due to pentosans was not demons...
Research Interests: Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Laser, Light Scattering, Chromatography, and 15 moreComparative Study, Cultivar, Gel Permeation Chromatography, EXTRACTION, Interference, Molecular Characterization, Cereal Chemistry, Food Sciences, Molecular Mass, Laser Light Scattering, Multiangle Light Scattering, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Amylase, Refraction index, and glucan
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To determine whether flavonoid‐rich wine grape seed flour improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese mice, diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice were fed a HF diet supplemented with either 10% partially defatted Chardonnay grape... more
To determine whether flavonoid‐rich wine grape seed flour improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese mice, diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice were fed a HF diet supplemented with either 10% partially defatted Chardonnay grape seed flours (ChrSd) or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, control) for 4 weeks. The 2‐h insulin and glucose areas under the curve were lowered by ChrSd indicating that ChrSd enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose metabolism. ChrSd intake also reduced body weight gain, liver and adipose tissue weight, and plasma total and LDL‐cholesterol concentration despite a significant increase in food intake. Exon microarray analysis of hepatic gene expression revealed down‐regulation of genes related to gluconeogenesis, inflammation, triglyceride synthesis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation, and up‐regulation of genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. The expression of hepatic leptin receptor was up‐regulate...
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Yuba is the skin formed at the surface during the heating of soymilk. The 3rd, 7th, and 11th films were evaluated for properties at different RH. At 39% RH, the 11th film had the lowest moisture, while the 3rd film had the highest... more
Yuba is the skin formed at the surface during the heating of soymilk. The 3rd, 7th, and 11th films were evaluated for properties at different RH. At 39% RH, the 11th film had the lowest moisture, while the 3rd film had the highest moisture. However, at 75% RH, reverse moisture results were obtained. The tensile strengths of the 3rd and 11th films were highest at 15% moisture, whereas the tensile strength of the 7th film was highest at 25% moisture. Elongation of the 3rd (127%) and 11th (85%) films were highest at 25% moisture. The light transmittance of the films was low and opaque at 5% moisture. The films were transparent at 23%-28% moisture, but became opaque as the moisture increased. The films at 39% RH (ΔH, 113-203J/g) had higher thermal stability than those at 87% RH (ΔH, 315-493J/g). Moisture content markedly changed the yuba film properties.
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Whey protein and its hydrolysates are ubiquitously applied in the food system. However, their effect on cognitive impairment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential ability of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) to... more
Whey protein and its hydrolysates are ubiquitously applied in the food system. However, their effect on cognitive impairment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential ability of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) to ameliorate cognitive degeneration. WPH intervention in Crl:CD1 (ICR, Institute for cancer research) mice and aged C57BL/6J mice in a scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment model for 10 days were evaluated. Behavioral tests indicated that WPH intervention improved the cognitive abilities in ICR and aged C57BL/6J mice (p < 0.05). Scopolamine enhanced the Aβ1-42 level in the brain tissue, and the WPH intervention exhibited a similar therapeutic effect to donepezil in ICR mice. A noticeable reduction occurred in serum Aβ1-42 level of aged mice treated with WPH. The histopathological study of the hippocampus showed that WPH intervention alleviates neuronal damage. Hippocampus proteomic analysis suggested possible mechanisms of WPH action. The relative ab...
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The relationship between changes in the metagenome and cholesterol lowering by defatted chardonnay grape seed were evaluated in male Syrian hamsters fed high‐fat (HF) diets. The diets were supplemented with 10% grape seed flours from... more
The relationship between changes in the metagenome and cholesterol lowering by defatted chardonnay grape seed were evaluated in male Syrian hamsters fed high‐fat (HF) diets. The diets were supplemented with 10% grape seed flours from chardonnay (CH) or cabernet sauvignon (CS) grapes and compared to a HF diet containing microcrystalline cellulose dietary fiber (control) for three weeks. Hamsters fed the CH diet had significantly lowered plasma total‐, VLDL‐, and LDL‐cholesterol concentrations compared to the control and CS diets. These improved plasma cholesterol changes were correlated with the upregulation of hepatic genes related to cholesterol and bile acid synthesis (CYP51, CYP7A1, and LDLR). Fecal total bacteria concentration was decreased by the CH diet but not significantly (P = 0.056). The CH diet significantly lowered fecal bifidobacterium spp. and lactobacillus spp. concentration compared to control and CS diets. The fecal lactobacillus spp. concentrations from control, CH...
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Abstract Collagen is a potential precursor protein for Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides because of its high content of Pro. Collagen peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory activity were prepared and identified from sheep... more
Abstract Collagen is a potential precursor protein for Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides because of its high content of Pro. Collagen peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory activity were prepared and identified from sheep skin. The peptide sequences with the highest potential for DPP-IV inhibition were recognized by nano LS-MS/MS and in silico analysis. DPP-IV inhibitory activity of collagen peptides usually decreased after digestion, therefore the effect of peptides digestion on DPP-IV inhibitory activity were studied. Four DPP-IV inhibitory peptides resistant to digestive enzymes or having the possibility of generating new DPP-IV inhibitory peptides after digestion were synthesized. The activity of synthetic peptides before and after digestion were also studied. GPAGPIGPV was resistant to digestion and GPAGPOGFPG discharged DPP-IV inhibitory peptides in silico digestion, suggesting that they can maintain high DPP-IV inhibitory activity after digestion. Binding sites of the peptides with DPP-IV were studied by molecular docking, indicating the mechanism of the peptide having DPP-IV inhibitory activity. The results indicated that DPP-IV-inhibitory peptides identified from sheep skin collagen may be functional components in diabetic diet.
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The remodeling of β-carotene-encapsulated protein nanoparticles (NPs) during digestion in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The NPs were formed using three different proteins. Hydrolysis of the surface protein during digestion resulted... more
The remodeling of β-carotene-encapsulated protein nanoparticles (NPs) during digestion in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The NPs were formed using three different proteins. Hydrolysis of the surface protein during digestion resulted in structure remodeling of NPs and the formation of small-sized micellar-like aggregates below 100 nm, accelerating the release of β-carotene into the aqueous phase. However, the reduced surface ζ-potential in the intestinal fluid suggested the adsorption of bile salts, favoring the formation of small-sized micellar-like aggregates. A shifted peak of β-carotene in the micellar phase from 965 cm-1 to about 855 cm-1 in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that β-carotene existed in the amorphous state. Microstructure observation in vivo further confirmed that β-carotene was loaded in micellar-like aggregates and dispersed uniformly in water. The cellular uptake study showed that the absorption rate of digested NPs was significantly increased by 1.34- to 4.16-fold when compared with undigested NPs.
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A chitosan (CS)-chlorogenic acid (CA) conjugate was successfully prepared through free-radical-induced protocols with a substitution of CA on CS of 103.5 mg/g. ATR-FTIR and 1H NMR results validated the covalent conjugation of CA onto CS.... more
A chitosan (CS)-chlorogenic acid (CA) conjugate was successfully prepared through free-radical-induced protocols with a substitution of CA on CS of 103.5 mg/g. ATR-FTIR and 1H NMR results validated the covalent conjugation of CA onto CS. XRD results indicated the decrease of crystallinity after CA conjugation. DPPH-scavenging activity and reducing-power studies indicated that the CS-CA conjugate had stronger antioxidant activity than chitosan. The particle diameters of curcumin-loaded CS and CS-CA nanoparticles simultaneously formed by ionic gelling in the presence of tripolyphosphate (TPP) were less than 300 nm (243.6 and 256.5 nm, respectively), and zeta-potential values between 25 and 30 mV were obtained. TEM results showed that the nanoparticles were spherically shaped and homogeneously dispersed. Curcumin with the CS-CA conjugate showed better heat stability than with CA at both temperatures (25 and 95 °C) (p <0.05). Curcumin release was inhibited by the CS-CA conjugate. The...
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The oxidative stability of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) incorporated as inclusion complexes (ICs) in sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin sodium (SBE-β-CD) and then ionotropically crosslinked with chitosan hydrochloride (CSH) into... more
The oxidative stability of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) incorporated as inclusion complexes (ICs) in sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin sodium (SBE-β-CD) and then ionotropically crosslinked with chitosan hydrochloride (CSH) into nanoparticles were investigated. EGCG-loaded CSH-SBE-β-CD nanoparticles (CSNs) were physically unstable at higher pH and temperature. The particle size of CSNs was unchanged in the pH range of 3-5, but the microenvironment of EGCG-IC appeared to be intact until the pH increased to 6.5 by fluorescence spectroscopy. The physical structure of EGCG-ICs was also affected during storage in addition to CSNs, which was further affected as temperature increased from 25 to 55°C. The decrease in antioxidant activities of EGCG-ICs and free EGCG with increasing pH, storage time and temperature were modest compared to the prominent decreases in antioxidant activities of EGCG-loaded CSNs. The extreme entrapment of EGCG-ICs and/or free EGCG in the aggregated CSNs restr...
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β-Carotene (BC) nanoemulsions were successfully prepared by microfluidization. BC micellarization was significantly affected by bile salts and pancreatin concentration. Positive and linear correlation was observed between BC release and... more
β-Carotene (BC) nanoemulsions were successfully prepared by microfluidization. BC micellarization was significantly affected by bile salts and pancreatin concentration. Positive and linear correlation was observed between BC release and bile salts concentration. Pancreatin facilitated BC's release in simulated digestion. Compared to the control (bulk oil) (4.6%), nanoemulsion delivery systems significantly improved the micellarization of BC (70.9%). The amount of BC partitioned into micelles was positively proportional to the length of carrier oils. Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)-rich oils were better than saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich oils in transferring BC (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich oils and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich oils (p > 0.05). A positive and linear relationship between the degree of lipolysis and the release of BC in vitro digestion was observed. Bile salts showed cytotoxicity to ...
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Clove oil (CO) anionic nanoemulsions were prepared with varying ratios of CO to canola oil (CA), emulsified and stabilized with purity gum ultra (PGU), a newly developed succinylated waxy maize starch. Interfacial tension measurements... more
Clove oil (CO) anionic nanoemulsions were prepared with varying ratios of CO to canola oil (CA), emulsified and stabilized with purity gum ultra (PGU), a newly developed succinylated waxy maize starch. Interfacial tension measurements showed that CO acted as a co-surfactant and there was a gradual decrease in interfacial tension which favored the formation of small droplet sizes on homogenization until a critical limit (5:5% v/v CO:CA) was reached. Antimicrobial activity of the negatively charged CO nanoemulsion was determined against Gram positive GPB (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative GNB (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a time kill dynamic method. Negatively charged PGU emulsified CO nanoemulsion showed prolonged antibacterial activities against Gram positive bacterial strains. We concluded that negatively charged CO nanoemulsion droplets self-assemble with GPB cell membrane, and facilitated interaction with cellular components of bacteria. Moreover, no electrostatic interaction existed between negatively charged droplets and the GPB membrane.
Research Interests: Chemistry, Nanoparticles, Food Chemistry, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, and 15 moreEscherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial, Gram Positive Bacteria, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Particle Size, Surface Tension, Surface Properties, Emulsions, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Surface Active Agents, Elsevier, Pulmonary Surfactant, and Clove oil
Undesirable aggregation of nanoparticles stabilized by proteins may occur at the protein's isoelectric point when the particle has zero net charge. Stability against aggregation of nanoparticles may be improved by reacting free amino... more
Undesirable aggregation of nanoparticles stabilized by proteins may occur at the protein's isoelectric point when the particle has zero net charge. Stability against aggregation of nanoparticles may be improved by reacting free amino groups with reducing sugars by the Maillard reaction. β-Lactoglobulin (BLG)-dextran conjugates were characterized by SDS-PAGE and CD. Nanoparticles (60-70 nm diameter) of β-carotene (BC) encapsulated by BLG or BLG-dextran were prepared by the homogenization-evaporation method. Both BLG and BLG-dextran nanoparticles appeared to be spherically shaped and uniformly dispersed by TEM. The stability and release of BC from the nanoparticles under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated. Dextran conjugation prevented the flocculation or aggregation of BLG-dextran particles at pH ∼4-5 compared to very large sized aggregates of BLG nanoparticles. The released contents of BC from BLG and BLG-dextran nanoparticles under acidic gastric conditions we...
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Dietary changes could potentially reduce prostate cancer morbidity and mortality. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) prostate tumor responses to a 100 g of fat/kg diet (whole walnuts, walnut oil, and other oils;... more
Dietary changes could potentially reduce prostate cancer morbidity and mortality. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) prostate tumor responses to a 100 g of fat/kg diet (whole walnuts, walnut oil, and other oils; balanced for macronutrients, tocopherols [α-and γ]) for 18 weeks ad libitum were assessed. TRAMP mice (n=17 per group) were fed diets with 100 g fat from either whole walnuts (diet group WW), walnut-like fat (diet group WLF, oils blended to match walnut's fatty acid profile), or as walnut oil (diet group WO, pressed from the same walnuts as WW). Fasted plasma glucose was from tail vein blood, blood was obtained by cardiac puncture, and plasma stored frozen until analysis. Prostate (genitourinary intact [GUI]) was weighed and stored frozen at -80°C. Plasma triglyceride, lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma multianalyte levels (Myriad RBM Rat Metabolic MAP), prostate (GUI), tissue metabolites (Metabolon, Inc., Durham, NC, USA), and mRNA (by Illumina NGS) we...
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Research Interests: Engineering, Biochemistry, Genetics, Biophysics, Chemistry, and 15 moreDevelopmental Biology, Molecular Biology, Computational Biology, Biotechnology, Nanoparticle, Nanoparticles, Cell Biology, Medicine, Humans, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Cells, Beta Carotene, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, BC, and Drug Compounding
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Page 1. Chapter 8 Food Processing Reduces Size of Soluble Cereal β-Glucan Polymers without Loss of Cholesterol-Reducing Properties Wallace H. Yokoyama1, Benny E. Knuckles1 , Delilah Wood1 , and George E. Inglett2 ... g/mol (Waters,... more
Page 1. Chapter 8 Food Processing Reduces Size of Soluble Cereal β-Glucan Polymers without Loss of Cholesterol-Reducing Properties Wallace H. Yokoyama1, Benny E. Knuckles1 , Delilah Wood1 , and George E. Inglett2 ... g/mol (Waters, Milford, MA), refractive index detector ...
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Abstract A safe and cost effective approach to reduce obesity and accompanying chronic disease would be through controlling appetite and energy balance. Konjac glucomannan (KGM), a soluble dietary fiber (DF) that hydrates gradually and... more
Abstract A safe and cost effective approach to reduce obesity and accompanying chronic disease would be through controlling appetite and energy balance. Konjac glucomannan (KGM), a soluble dietary fiber (DF) that hydrates gradually and develops high viscosity in solution, has been demonstrated in some preclinical and clinical studies to reduce appetite and obesity. KGM has the highest hydrated volume at the lowest concentration of any DF. Therefore, oral KGM can instill a filling of fullness at a lower dose than other fiber supplements. Appetite reduction may be through increasing gastric retention and delaying gastric emptying by the “mass effect” of a gel-like viscous mass forming in the stomach that triggers afferent vagal signals of fullness. Absorption of nutrients in the lumen is slowed and beneficially increases the levels of appetite related hormones. The intake of KGM either as a supplement or in foods has been shown to have a weight loss effect. However, the results of randomized clinical trials have not been consistent. Besides differences in dose, study duration, and participant selection, the molecular structure and hydration properties of KGM are not described. This may be part of the explanation for the inconsistent results. The current review collected published information related to the role of KGM supplementation in regulation of appetite and obesity, focused on the association between micro and macro physicochemical structures of KGMs with their functions as appetite regulator. Collective clinical data of KGM on long-term metabolic energy surplus and weight loss were also provided.