Papers by Waleed H Almalki
Malignant brain tumors remain to be highly fatal illnesses with a bleak outlook, as the average s... more Malignant brain tumors remain to be highly fatal illnesses with a bleak outlook, as the average survival rate for patients after receiving medical treatment is less than two years. The major obstacles that impede the effectiveness of drugs in treating brain tumors are the difficulties in transporting drugs across the blood-brain barrier, achieving optimal drug distribution within the tumor, and minimizing the destruction of healthy cells in addition to tumor cells due to non-targeted drug delivery. Recently, nanotechnology has gained significant attention in treating brain tumors by overcoming the aforementioned hurdles. Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of brain tumors due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, target tumor cells with high specificity, and deliver therapeutic agents directly to the tumor site. The present review discusses the importance of nanoparticles in brain tumor therapy by overcoming the drawbacks of conventional delivery systems. Furthermore, it meticulously explores recent advances in various types of nanoparticles for the treatment of brain tumors, followed by detailed descriptions of their pre-clinical and clinical studies and patents. Nevertheless, it also elaborates on the role of active targeting in brain tumor therapy. Overall, this review emphasizes the potential of nanoparticles as a promising approach for brain tumor treatment and provides a framework for future research in this field.
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With the advancement of nanotechnology, many different forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are created, ... more With the advancement of nanotechnology, many different forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are created, which specifically enhance anticancer drug delivery to tumour cells. Albumin bio-macromolecule is a flexible protein carrier for the delivery of drugs that is biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. As a result, it presents itself as an ideal material for developing nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery. Toxicological investigations demonstrated that this novel drug delivery technique is safe for use in the human population. Furthermore, drug compatibility with the albumin nanoparticle is remarkable. The robust structure of the nanoparticle, high drug encapsulation, and customisable drug release make it a promising carrier option for the treatment of lung cancer. In this review, we summarise human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin in the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to lung cancer cells.
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For specific targeting of cancer tissues, adequate information about the cancer tissue environmen... more For specific targeting of cancer tissues, adequate information about the cancer tissue environment, cancer cell pathology, and available methods and limits of such methods is essentially required. It is already been established that cancer cells express certain receptors, that distinct them from non-cancerous cells. Since past decades, extensive research is ongoing for targeting cancer cells via certain ligands that act specifically at such overexpressed receptors. Galactose is one such ligand that is being explored as for targeting different types of cancer cells, especially hepatic cells since they express asialoglycoprotein receptors that have great affinity towards galactose. So different nano-carriers such as micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, SLN, liposomes etc are being modified with galactose to provide specific targeting effect. Also, given that tumor cells show "Warburg effect" that leads to high carbohydrates uptake by tumor cells, galactosylated nano-carriers are taken up by the tumor cells, where the nano-carriers are released, further liberating the therapeutic agent that then shows anti-tumor effect, particularly at the site of action. This article discusses about the development of galactose-modified nano-carriers for drug, gene delivery and galactosylated fluroscent probes for detection of sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen in cancer cells. Also, a brief introduction to the mechanism of cancer cell targeting and receptor-ligand theory has been included.
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Cancer is among the leading causes of mortality in the globe. Chemotherapy utilizing various anti... more Cancer is among the leading causes of mortality in the globe. Chemotherapy utilizing various anticancer medicines continues to be the most widely used form of treatment. Antimetabolite 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been prescribed as a primary antineoplastic medication for the management of a variety of solid cancers, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapy regimens. Nevertheless, its effectiveness and use as a chemotherapeutic agent are reduced due to its highly variable bioavailability, exceedingly brief half-life (6-20 min), and the requirement for frequent dosing, resulting in unfavourable effects. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery systems for chemotherapy drugs to specifically target cancer cells has attracted a lot of interest recently. Because of their affordability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxic makeup, chitosan NPs (CSNPs) in particular are regarded as an excellent colloidal drug delivery system. Furthermore, because of chitosan's pH-sensitive behaviour, which permits pH-responsive drug delivery inside the cancer microenvironment, CSNPs can be employed as smart carrier systems. This review delved into the effectiveness of 5-FU-loaded CSNPs against cancer and their role in overcoming the limitations of 5-FU.
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Olanzapine (OLZ) is an antipsychotic agent and is a thienobenzodiazepine derivative. It is used e... more Olanzapine (OLZ) is an antipsychotic agent and is a thienobenzodiazepine derivative. It is used either in combination with other drugs like carbamazepine, simvastatin, and clozapine or as a single drug. The present work is mainly focused on various approaches for OLZ analysis in bulk drugs as well as on their pharmaceutical formulations. It is also focused on various bioanalytical methods used for analysis. Our survey showed that many analytical techniques were carried out using UV spectrophotometry, MS, LC-MS/MS techniques, and chromatographic techniques like HPLC and high-performance thin layer chromatography in both bulk and solid dosage forms. Bioanalytical techniques were also performed using human plasma or serum. The analysis was carried out either for a single drug or for a combination of drugs. This review shows the rate of use of the different methodologies for OLZ analysis. A considerable amount of information was collected and utilized for the strategies.
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Breast cancer (BC) is considered one of the most frequent cancers among woman worldwide. While co... more Breast cancer (BC) is considered one of the most frequent cancers among woman worldwide. While conventional therapy has been successful in treating many cases of breast cancer, drug resistance, heterogenicity, tumour features and recurrence, invasion, metastasis and the presence of breast cancer stem cells can hinder the effect of treatments, and can reduce the quality of life of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in the development and progression of breast cancer. Several studies have reported that aberrant expression of specific miRNAs is associated with the pathogenesis of breast cancer. However, miRNAs are emerging as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Understanding their role in breast cancer biology could help develop more effective treatments for this disease. The present study discusses the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, as well as miRNA therapy approaches for targeting and treating breast cancer cells.
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This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae c... more This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae cactus stems indigenous to the arid regions of Saudi Arabia, elucidating their intricate microstructural features. The findings not only advance taxonomic understanding by aiding in species differentiation but also reveal the antimicrobial
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The current research work describes the development of a simple, fast, sensitive and efficient bi... more The current research work describes the development of a simple, fast, sensitive and efficient bioanalytical UPLC/MS-MS method for the simultaneous estimation of diclofenac and resveratrol in mice skin samples. Quetiapine was used as an internal standard (IS). Analytical separation was performed on ACQUITY UPLC C 18 Column (2.1 × 100 mm; 1.7 μm) using ammonium acetate (5 mM) in water and methanol (B) with isocratic elution at ratio of (50, 50 v/v) and flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The duration of separation was maintained for 3 min. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in a positive and negative ionization mode was used for detection. Selective ion mode monitoring was used for the quantification of m/z 296.025> 249.93 for diclofenac, m/z 229.09 > 143.03 for resveratrol and MRM/ES +ve mode applied in m/z 384.25> 253.189 for IS transitions from parent to daughter ion. The lower detection and quantification limits were accomplished, and precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) with a coefficient of variation below 10% produced satisfactory results. The developed bioanalytical method was found to be useful for its suitability for the dermatokinetic evaluation of treatments through rat skin. Improvement in AUC (1.58-fold for diclofenac and 1.60-fold for resveratrol) and t 1/2 in the dermis (2.13 for diclofenac and 2.21-fold for resveratrol) followed by epidermis was observed for diclofenac and resveratrol-loaded liposomal gel formulation over the conventional gel. Overall, the developed method for the dermatokinetic studies of the above-mentioned dual drugs-loaded liposome gel was found to be reproducible and effective for bioanalytical.
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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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Prostate cancer (PCa) is an important worldwide medical concern, necessitating a greater understa... more Prostate cancer (PCa) is an important worldwide medical concern, necessitating a greater understanding of the molecular processes driving its development. The Wnt/-catenin signaling cascade is established as a central player in PCa pathogenesis, and recent research emphasizes the critical involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this scenario. This in-depth study seeks to give a thorough examination of the complex relationship between ncRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin system in PCa. NcRNAs, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been recognized as essential regulators that modulate numerous facets of the Wnt/β-catenin network. MiRNAs have been recognized as targeting vital elements of the process, either enhancing or inhibiting signaling, depending on their specific roles and targets. LncRNAs participate in fine-tuning the Wnt/β-catenin network as a result of complicated interplay with both upstream and downstream elements. CircRNAs, despite being a relatively recent addition to the ncRNA family, have been implicated in PCa, influencing the Wnt/β-catenin cascade through diverse mechanisms. This article encompasses recent advances in our comprehension of specific ncRNAs that participate in the Wnt/β-catenin network, their functional roles, and clinical relevance in PCa. We investigate their use as screening and predictive indicators, and targets for treatment. Additionally, we delve into the interplay between Wnt/β-catenin and other signaling networks in PCa and the role of ncRNAs within this complex network. As we unveil the intricate regulatory functions of ncRNAs in the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in PCa, we gain valuable insights into the disease's pathogenesis. The implementation of these discoveries in practical applications holds promise for more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapeutic approaches, ultimately enhancing the care of PCa patients. This comprehensive review underscores the evolving landscape of ncRNA research in PCa and the potential for innovative interventions in the battle against this formidable malignancy.
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The most prevalent infection in the world is dermatophytosis, which is a major issue with high re... more The most prevalent infection in the world is dermatophytosis, which is a major issue with high recurrence and can affect the entire body including the skin, hair, and nails. The major goal of this Review is to acquire knowledge about cuttingedge approaches for treating dermatophytosis efficiently by adding antifungals to formulations based on nanocarriers in order to overcome the shortcomings of standard treatment methods. Updates on nanosystems and research developments on animal and clinical investigations are also presented. Along with the currently licensed formulations, the investigation also emphasizes novel therapies and existing therapeutic alternatives that can be used to control dermatophytosis. The Review also summarizes recent developments on the prevalence, management approaches, and disadvantages of standard dosage types. There are a number of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dermatophytosis that have good clinical cure rates but also drawbacks such as antifungal drug resistance and unfavorable side effects. To improve therapeutic activity and get around the drawbacks of the traditional therapy approaches for dermatophytosis, efforts have been described in recent years to combine several antifungal drugs into new carriers. These formulations have been successful in providing improved antifungal activity, longer drug retention, improved effectiveness, higher skin penetration, and sustained drug release.
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Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. Howeve... more Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. However, chronic inflammation has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. This has increased interest in finding natural substances that can modulate the immune system inflammatory signaling pathways to prevent or treat these diseases. Luteolin is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by altering signaling pathways in immune cells. This review article discusses the current research on luteolin's role as a natural immune system modulator of inflammatory signaling mechanisms, such as its effects on nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and inflammasome signaling processes. The safety profile of luteolin and its potential therapeutic uses in conditions linked to inflammation are also discussed. Overall, the data point to Luteolin's intriguing potential as a natural regulator of immune system inflammatory
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Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. Howeve... more Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. However, chronic inflammation has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. This has increased interest in finding natural substances that can modulate the immune system inflammatory signaling pathways to prevent or treat these diseases. Luteolin is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by altering signaling pathways in immune cells. This review article discusses the current research on luteolin's role as a natural immune system modulator of inflammatory signaling mechanisms, such as its effects on nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and inflammasome signaling processes. The safety profile of luteolin and its potential therapeutic uses in conditions linked to inflammation are also discussed. Overall, the data point to Luteolin's intriguing potential as a natural regulator of immune system inflammatory
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Breast cancer is a complex and diverse condition that disrupts multiple signaling pathways essent... more Breast cancer is a complex and diverse condition that disrupts multiple signaling pathways essential for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recently, the significant involvement of long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in controlling key signaling pathways associated with breast cancer development has been discovered. This review aims to explore the interaction between lncRNAs and various pathways, including the AKT/PI3K/ mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, DNA damage response, TGF-β, Hedgehog, and NF-κB signaling pathways, to gain a comprehensive understanding of their roles in breast cancer. The AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway regulates cell growth, survival, and metabolic function. Recent data suggests that specific lncRNAs can influence the functioning of this pathway, acting as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Dysregulation of this pathway is commonly observed in breast cancer cases. Moreover, breast cancer development has been associated with other pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, TGF-β, Hedgehog, and NF-κB. Emerging studies have identified lncRNAs that modulate breast cancer's growth, progression, and metastasis by interacting with these pathways. To advance the development of innovative diagnostic tools and targeted treatment options, it is crucial to comprehend the intricate relationship between lncRNAs and vital signaling pathways in breast cancer. By fully harnessing the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs, there is a possibility of developing more effective and personalized therapy choices for breast cancer patients. Further investigation is necessary to comprehensively understand the role of lncRNAs within breast cancer signaling pathways and fully exploit their therapeutic potential.
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Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. Howeve... more Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. However, chronic inflammation has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. This has increased interest in finding natural substances that can modulate the immune system inflammatory signaling pathways to prevent or treat these diseases. Luteolin is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by altering signaling pathways in immune cells. This review article discusses the current research on luteolin's role as a natural immune system modulator of inflammatory signaling mechanisms, such as its effects on nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and inflammasome signaling processes. The safety profile of luteolin and its potential therapeutic uses in conditions linked to inflammation are also discussed. Overall, the data point to Luteolin's intriguing potential as a natural regulator of immune system inflammatory
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Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. Howeve... more Inflammation is an essential immune response that helps fight infections and heal tissues. However, chronic inflammation has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. This has increased interest in finding natural substances that can modulate the immune system inflammatory signaling pathways to prevent or treat these diseases. Luteolin is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by altering signaling pathways in immune cells. This review article discusses the current research on luteolin's role as a natural immune system modulator of inflammatory signaling mechanisms, such as its effects on nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and inflammasome signaling processes. The safety profile of luteolin and its potential therapeutic uses in conditions linked to inflammation are also discussed. Overall, the data point to Luteolin's intriguing potential as a natural regulator of immune system inflammatory
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Breast cancer is a complex and diverse condition that disrupts multiple signaling pathways essent... more Breast cancer is a complex and diverse condition that disrupts multiple signaling pathways essential for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recently, the significant involvement of long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in controlling key signaling pathways associated with breast cancer development has been discovered. This review aims to explore the interaction between lncRNAs and various pathways, including the AKT/PI3K/ mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, DNA damage response, TGF-β, Hedgehog, and NF-κB signaling pathways, to gain a comprehensive understanding of their roles in breast cancer. The AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway regulates cell growth, survival, and metabolic function. Recent data suggests that specific lncRNAs can influence the functioning of this pathway, acting as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Dysregulation of this pathway is commonly observed in breast cancer cases. Moreover, breast cancer development has been associated with other pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, TGF-β, Hedgehog, and NF-κB. Emerging studies have identified lncRNAs that modulate breast cancer's growth, progression, and metastasis by interacting with these pathways. To advance the development of innovative diagnostic tools and targeted treatment options, it is crucial to comprehend the intricate relationship between lncRNAs and vital signaling pathways in breast cancer. By fully harnessing the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs, there is a possibility of developing more effective and personalized therapy choices for breast cancer patients. Further investigation is necessary to comprehensively understand the role of lncRNAs within breast cancer signaling pathways and fully exploit their therapeutic potential.
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Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose a significant global medical burden, necessitating a comprehen... more Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose a significant global medical burden, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its molecular foundations to establish effective treatment strategies. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling system has been scientifically associated with LC growth; however, the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing this system remain unknown. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as crucial regulators of diverse cellular activities, including cancer growth. LncRNAs have been implicated in LC, which can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, and their dysregulation has been linked to cancer cell death, metastasis, spread, and proliferation. Due to their involvement in critical pathophysiological processes, lncRNAs are gaining attention as potential candidates for anti-cancer treatments. This article aims to elucidate the regulatory role of lncRNAs in MAPK signaling in LC. We provide a comprehensive review of the key components of the MAPK pathway and their relevance in LC, focusing on aberrant signaling processes associated with disease progression. By examining recent research and experimental findings, this article examines the molecular mechanisms through which lncRNAs influence MAPK signaling in lung cancer, ultimately contributing to tumor development.
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This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae c... more This study presents a comprehensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of Opuntioideae cactus stems indigenous to the arid regions of Saudi Arabia, elucidating their intricate microstructural features. The findings not only advance taxonomic understanding by aiding in species differentiation but also reveal the antimicrobial
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Papers by Waleed H Almalki