The regeneration of the (early post war) neighbourhoods is a major challenge in Dutch society tha... more The regeneration of the (early post war) neighbourhoods is a major challenge in Dutch society that requires substantial investments in new housing developments. One of the main objectives is to regenerate more or less unpopular, problematic neighbourhoods with concentrations of low- income households into viable neighbourhoods that are attractive to a wide group of households. As part of the regeneration
In the past ten to twenty years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced m... more In the past ten to twenty years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced market principles in their housing systems. As a consequence, social landlords should have increased opportunities to adopt a more market-oriented approach towards the management of their housing stock. Nevertheless, in many countries governments still have a substantial influence on the social rented housing sector. In
The size of the Dutch social housing sector, with a 32 per cent share of the housing stock, has p... more The size of the Dutch social housing sector, with a 32 per cent share of the housing stock, has prompted concerns over the ‘level playing field’ of competition between social and commercial housing providers. In 2007, this concern culminated in a complaint from the Dutch Association of Institutional Investors (IVBN) to the European Commission, with particular reference to the distorting effects of state aid to housing associations. In December 2009 the European Commission published its decision about the conditions for state aid to Dutch housing associations. The Commission agrees with the proposal of the Dutch government that housing associations allocate at least 90 per cent of their social rental dwellings to households with an income of less than EUR 33,000, if they want to remain eligible for state aid for these activities. Furthermore, housing associations may invest in real estate for public purposes. With its decision, the Commission ends a long period of uncertainty and contributes to creating a level playing field on the Dutch housing market. Nevertheless, the Commission's decision also hampers policies to increase tenure diversification and social mix in Dutch neighbourhoods.
ABSTRACT In the past ten to 20 years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinfor... more ABSTRACT In the past ten to 20 years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced market principles in their housing systems. As a consequence, social landlords should have increased opportunities to adopt a more market-oriented approach towards ...
ABSTRACT Recent changes in the provision, funding and management of social housing in Europe have... more ABSTRACT Recent changes in the provision, funding and management of social housing in Europe have led to the emergence of new types of providers. While some of them can be portrayed with traditional ‘state’, ‘market’ or ‘civil society’ labels, many correspond to hybrid organisational forms, encompassing characteristics of all three in varying combinations. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that there is a ‘common thread’ linking these organisations together, namely their core missions and values, which can be classified using the term ‘social enterprise’. Despite the growing body of literature on social enterprise, this concept has been poorly defined and applied to the housing sector. This paper aims to address this gap through a critical literature review encompassing Europe and the United States. Existing models of social enterprise are reviewed and a classification system for social enterprise is developed to reflect the specific features of the social housing association sector and as framework for future research.
This contribution explores the relationship between housing policy, which is the responsibility o... more This contribution explores the relationship between housing policy, which is the responsibility of national governments, and competition policy, including the decision on the legitimacy of state support, which is the responsibility of the European Commission (EC). The paper paints a general picture of EU policy on competition and state support and describes the Dutch social housing system. Attention then turns
According to the recent Housing Memorandum (MVROM, 2000 ), Dutch housing associations are expecte... more According to the recent Housing Memorandum (MVROM, 2000 ), Dutch housing associations are expected to actively improve the control of tenants over their dwellings and their living environment and offer them more possibilities to choose their own type of tenure. Before the publication of the Memorandum, associations had already developed various innovative types of tenure, for example fixed rent contracts,
The embedding of energy efficiency in the management of individual housing organisations is cruci... more The embedding of energy efficiency in the management of individual housing organisations is crucial for the realization of current ambitious energy efficiency policies. This issue is examined for the first time in this book through an analysis of selected case studies in new ‘green’ buildings, as well as in the retrofitting of existing housing, maintenance and budgeting. The links between
As a result of changes in housing policy in the 1990s, social landlords in the Netherlands operat... more As a result of changes in housing policy in the 1990s, social landlords in the Netherlands operate largely independently from the government. Without direct financial support, with less government regulation and decreasing demand for social housing, they are adopting a market-oriented approach in housing management. In doing so, they may use methods from 'commercial' business theory. This paper focuses on the method of portfolio analysis and answers the question how this method can be used by Dutch housing associations. On first sight, the usefulness of the classic forms of portfolio analysis known from business theory seems to be limited. These analyses put emphasis on financial performance, which is not conclusive for social landlords, and on diversification while housing associations have little possibilities to diversify out of housing. However, financial performance has become more important for the Dutch housing associations since they have to operate without direct financial government support. Furthermore, Dutch housing associations manage a wide variety of dwellings, so the analysis can be useful to diversify within their residential portfolio. The usefulness of the method may improve by using portfolio analyses which have been specifically designed for housing management, but will remain restricted. At a strategic level in the organization the method offers general directions for strategies to follow but does not offer conclusive actions that should be taken. Furthermore, there will always be discussion about the performance measures that social landlords should use, and in particular about how they should weigh social and financial performance against each other. For social housing managers, it might be best to use classic forms of portfolio analysis as a mirror for their decisions. If they choose a path differing from the one suggested by the portfolio analysis, they have to explain why, referring to their social objectives.
Urban renewal through the large-scale restructuring of post-war neighbourhoods is a major challen... more Urban renewal through the large-scale restructuring of post-war neighbourhoods is a major challenge throughout Europe in the decades ahead. Current urban restructuring programmes in the Netherlands focus on the demolition and replacement of the existing housing stock. The motivation behind this strategy is creating a better social mix between 'poor¿ and 'better-off¿ households, to improve the general quality of the housing stock and to create a financially viable restructuring programme. The general aim is to improve various aspects of sustainability in urban neighbourhoods. Are demolition and replacement strategies the most effective and efficient way to achieve this objective? In this book, we examine the effects of demolition and replacement strategies on sustainability from different perspectives.
The regeneration of the (early post war) neighbourhoods is a major challenge in Dutch society tha... more The regeneration of the (early post war) neighbourhoods is a major challenge in Dutch society that requires substantial investments in new housing developments. One of the main objectives is to regenerate more or less unpopular, problematic neighbourhoods with concentrations of low- income households into viable neighbourhoods that are attractive to a wide group of households. As part of the regeneration
In the past ten to twenty years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced m... more In the past ten to twenty years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced market principles in their housing systems. As a consequence, social landlords should have increased opportunities to adopt a more market-oriented approach towards the management of their housing stock. Nevertheless, in many countries governments still have a substantial influence on the social rented housing sector. In
The size of the Dutch social housing sector, with a 32 per cent share of the housing stock, has p... more The size of the Dutch social housing sector, with a 32 per cent share of the housing stock, has prompted concerns over the ‘level playing field’ of competition between social and commercial housing providers. In 2007, this concern culminated in a complaint from the Dutch Association of Institutional Investors (IVBN) to the European Commission, with particular reference to the distorting effects of state aid to housing associations. In December 2009 the European Commission published its decision about the conditions for state aid to Dutch housing associations. The Commission agrees with the proposal of the Dutch government that housing associations allocate at least 90 per cent of their social rental dwellings to households with an income of less than EUR 33,000, if they want to remain eligible for state aid for these activities. Furthermore, housing associations may invest in real estate for public purposes. With its decision, the Commission ends a long period of uncertainty and contributes to creating a level playing field on the Dutch housing market. Nevertheless, the Commission's decision also hampers policies to increase tenure diversification and social mix in Dutch neighbourhoods.
ABSTRACT In the past ten to 20 years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinfor... more ABSTRACT In the past ten to 20 years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced market principles in their housing systems. As a consequence, social landlords should have increased opportunities to adopt a more market-oriented approach towards ...
ABSTRACT Recent changes in the provision, funding and management of social housing in Europe have... more ABSTRACT Recent changes in the provision, funding and management of social housing in Europe have led to the emergence of new types of providers. While some of them can be portrayed with traditional ‘state’, ‘market’ or ‘civil society’ labels, many correspond to hybrid organisational forms, encompassing characteristics of all three in varying combinations. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that there is a ‘common thread’ linking these organisations together, namely their core missions and values, which can be classified using the term ‘social enterprise’. Despite the growing body of literature on social enterprise, this concept has been poorly defined and applied to the housing sector. This paper aims to address this gap through a critical literature review encompassing Europe and the United States. Existing models of social enterprise are reviewed and a classification system for social enterprise is developed to reflect the specific features of the social housing association sector and as framework for future research.
This contribution explores the relationship between housing policy, which is the responsibility o... more This contribution explores the relationship between housing policy, which is the responsibility of national governments, and competition policy, including the decision on the legitimacy of state support, which is the responsibility of the European Commission (EC). The paper paints a general picture of EU policy on competition and state support and describes the Dutch social housing system. Attention then turns
According to the recent Housing Memorandum (MVROM, 2000 ), Dutch housing associations are expecte... more According to the recent Housing Memorandum (MVROM, 2000 ), Dutch housing associations are expected to actively improve the control of tenants over their dwellings and their living environment and offer them more possibilities to choose their own type of tenure. Before the publication of the Memorandum, associations had already developed various innovative types of tenure, for example fixed rent contracts,
The embedding of energy efficiency in the management of individual housing organisations is cruci... more The embedding of energy efficiency in the management of individual housing organisations is crucial for the realization of current ambitious energy efficiency policies. This issue is examined for the first time in this book through an analysis of selected case studies in new ‘green’ buildings, as well as in the retrofitting of existing housing, maintenance and budgeting. The links between
As a result of changes in housing policy in the 1990s, social landlords in the Netherlands operat... more As a result of changes in housing policy in the 1990s, social landlords in the Netherlands operate largely independently from the government. Without direct financial support, with less government regulation and decreasing demand for social housing, they are adopting a market-oriented approach in housing management. In doing so, they may use methods from 'commercial' business theory. This paper focuses on the method of portfolio analysis and answers the question how this method can be used by Dutch housing associations. On first sight, the usefulness of the classic forms of portfolio analysis known from business theory seems to be limited. These analyses put emphasis on financial performance, which is not conclusive for social landlords, and on diversification while housing associations have little possibilities to diversify out of housing. However, financial performance has become more important for the Dutch housing associations since they have to operate without direct financial government support. Furthermore, Dutch housing associations manage a wide variety of dwellings, so the analysis can be useful to diversify within their residential portfolio. The usefulness of the method may improve by using portfolio analyses which have been specifically designed for housing management, but will remain restricted. At a strategic level in the organization the method offers general directions for strategies to follow but does not offer conclusive actions that should be taken. Furthermore, there will always be discussion about the performance measures that social landlords should use, and in particular about how they should weigh social and financial performance against each other. For social housing managers, it might be best to use classic forms of portfolio analysis as a mirror for their decisions. If they choose a path differing from the one suggested by the portfolio analysis, they have to explain why, referring to their social objectives.
Urban renewal through the large-scale restructuring of post-war neighbourhoods is a major challen... more Urban renewal through the large-scale restructuring of post-war neighbourhoods is a major challenge throughout Europe in the decades ahead. Current urban restructuring programmes in the Netherlands focus on the demolition and replacement of the existing housing stock. The motivation behind this strategy is creating a better social mix between 'poor¿ and 'better-off¿ households, to improve the general quality of the housing stock and to create a financially viable restructuring programme. The general aim is to improve various aspects of sustainability in urban neighbourhoods. Are demolition and replacement strategies the most effective and efficient way to achieve this objective? In this book, we examine the effects of demolition and replacement strategies on sustainability from different perspectives.
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