Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 2005
RESISTANCE A L\'ANTIBIOTIQUE ET AU DESINFECTANT DES SEROVARS DE SALMONELLA ISOLES D\'UN M... more RESISTANCE A L\'ANTIBIOTIQUE ET AU DESINFECTANT DES SEROVARS DE SALMONELLA ISOLES D\'UN MILIEU DE PRODUCTION AVICOLE EN ZAMBIE Resume L\'objet de la presente etude etait de determiner la resistance de l\'antibiotique et du desinfectant aux isolats de Salmonella recueillis dans le milieu de l\'usine de traitement de volailles dans des fermes commerciales en Zambie. Quatre fermes commerciales avicoles et deux usines de traitement de volailles etaient choisies en Zambie. Dans le milieu de la ferme et dans l\'usine de traitement de volailles 18/496 (3,6%) et 6/220 (2,7%) echantillons respectivement etaient positifs pour Salmonella . Une selection de ces souches etaient testees pour determiner la resistance a ces antibiotiques et a ces desinfectants largement utilises en Zambie. Les isolats de Salmonella testes avaient une resistance antibiotique multiple a des antibiotiques utilises pour traiter l\'homme et le betail. Il n\'y avait pas de resistance aux desinfectants utilises au taux de dilution recommande par le fabricant. Les bacteries etaient resistantes meme a des dilutions plus faibles, ce qui montre qu\'il faudrait utiliser ces desinfectants a la concentration adequate. Mots-cles: Antibiotique, desinfectant, Salmonella, volaille, resistance. Summary The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella isolates collected from the environment of the poultry processing plant and commercial farms in Zambia. Four commercial poultry and two processing plants were sampled in Zambia. In the farm environment and poultry plant 18/496 (3.6 %) and 6/220 (2.7 %) samples respectively were positive for Salmonella . A selection of these strains were tested for resistance to those antibiotics and disinfectants commonly used in Zambia. The Salmonella isolates tested displayed multiple antibiotic resistance to a number of antibiotics used to treat both humans and animals. No resistance was seen to disinfectants used at the manufacturer\'s recommended rate of dilution. The bacteria were resistant, though, at lower dilutions, highlighting the necessity of using such disinfectants at the proper concentration. Key words: Antibiotic, Disinfectant, Salmonella , Poultry, Resistance. Bull Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. Vol.52(3) 2004: 168-175
This report describes the molecular characterisation of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus... more This report describes the molecular characterisation of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) recovered from a field outbreak in the Zambezi region, Namibia during July 2021. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this FMDV belongs to the O/EA-2 topotype sharing closest nucleotide identity (99.5%) to FMD viruses collected since 2018 in Zambia. This is the first detection of serotype O in Namibia, and together with the cases that have been recently detected in southern Zambia, represent the first time that this serotype has been detected in the Southern African FMD endemic pool since 2000, when a virus of Asian origin (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) caused an outbreak in South Africa. This incursion poses a new threat for the region and the onward spread of O/EA-2 will now need to be closely monitored since serotype O vaccines are not widely used in Namibia, nor in neighbouring countries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Chick mortality (CM) is one of the major constraints to the expansion of the poultry industry in ... more Chick mortality (CM) is one of the major constraints to the expansion of the poultry industry in Zambia. Of the 2,829 avian disease cases submitted to the national diagnostic laboratory based at the Central Veterinary Research Institute in Lusaka between 1995 and 2007, 34.39% (973/2,829) were from CM cases. The disease accounted for 40.2% (218,787/544,903) mortality in the affected flocks with 89.6% (196,112/218,787) of the affected birds dying within seven days. Major bacteria species involved were Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum, and Proteus species being isolated from 84.58%, 46.15%, and 26.93% of the reported CM cases (n = 973), respectively. Detection of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella dublin indicates that poultry has the potential of transmitting zoonotic pathogenic bacteria to humans. The proportion of Salmonella gallinarum reactors in the adult breeding stock was generally low (<0.5%) throughout the study period although its prevale...
The complement fixation test (CFT), the c-ELISA and an indirect LppQ ELISA were compared to post-... more The complement fixation test (CFT), the c-ELISA and an indirect LppQ ELISA were compared to post-mortem (PM) inspection for the diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Sera from 797 cattle in the CBPP affected area of Kazungula, Zambia and 202 sera from Lusaka, Zambia, a CBPP-free area were used. The clinical history of CBPP was recorded and all the cattle from Kazungula were slaughtered and PM inspections conducted. The prevalence of CBPP in Kazungula was 67.5% (95%CI 67.2%, 70.8%), 52.6% (95%CI 49.2%, 56.2%), 59.0% (95%CI 55.5%, 62.4%) and 44.4% (95%CI 41.0%, 47.9%) using PM inspection, CFT, c-ELISA and LppQ ELISA, respectively. Three of the 202 negative control animals tested positive on the c-ELISA although they were from a known CBPP negative zone. In this study, the c-ELISA was more sensitive in detecting cattle with lesions in the chronic stage than any other test whilst the CFT detected more during the onset stage. No single serological test could detect all s...
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis with a high case fatality rate in... more Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis with a high case fatality rate in humans. Although the disease is widely found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, the distribution and genetic diversity of CCHF virus (CCHFV) are poorly understood in African countries. To assess the risks of CCHF in Zambia, where CCHF has never been reported, epidemiologic studies in cattle and ticks were conducted. Through an indirect immunofluorescence assay, CCHFV nucleoprotein-specific serum IgG was detected in 8.4% (88/1,047) of cattle. Among 290 Hyalomma ticks, the principal vector of CCHFV, the viral genome was detected in 11 ticks. Phylogenetic analyses of the CCHFV S and M genome segments revealed that one of the detected viruses was a genetic reassortant between African and Asian strains. This study provides compelling evidence for the presence of CCHFV in Zambia and its transmission to vertebrate hosts.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a disease of economic importance that is widely distr... more Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a disease of economic importance that is widely distributed in sub-Saharan African and contributes significantly to cattle morbidity and mortality. Control of CBPP offers a number of challenges as a result many developing countries in Africa are still struggling with this disease. In this study, we look at the challenges encountered in CBPP control in sub-Saharan Africa from the Zambian perspective. In conducting this study, we reviewed scientific literature and reports from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and related animal institutions, and also made interviews with experts and key government officials involved in CBPP control in Zambia. Among the challenges identified for the successful control of CBPP were as follows: failure in the delivery of veterinary services, lack of a cattle identification system, natural phenomenon, livestock husbandry systems in the traditional sector, human movements, traditional practices among cattle farmers and cattle marketing systems. It was seen that the epidemiology of CBPP in Zambia is influenced by both ecological and anthological factors. Therefore, design and implementation of any control or eradication programme should be area/regional-dependent taking into account the different factors influencing disease transmission and maintenance.
Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 2005
RESISTANCE A L\'ANTIBIOTIQUE ET AU DESINFECTANT DES SEROVARS DE SALMONELLA ISOLES D\'UN M... more RESISTANCE A L\'ANTIBIOTIQUE ET AU DESINFECTANT DES SEROVARS DE SALMONELLA ISOLES D\'UN MILIEU DE PRODUCTION AVICOLE EN ZAMBIE Resume L\'objet de la presente etude etait de determiner la resistance de l\'antibiotique et du desinfectant aux isolats de Salmonella recueillis dans le milieu de l\'usine de traitement de volailles dans des fermes commerciales en Zambie. Quatre fermes commerciales avicoles et deux usines de traitement de volailles etaient choisies en Zambie. Dans le milieu de la ferme et dans l\'usine de traitement de volailles 18/496 (3,6%) et 6/220 (2,7%) echantillons respectivement etaient positifs pour Salmonella . Une selection de ces souches etaient testees pour determiner la resistance a ces antibiotiques et a ces desinfectants largement utilises en Zambie. Les isolats de Salmonella testes avaient une resistance antibiotique multiple a des antibiotiques utilises pour traiter l\'homme et le betail. Il n\'y avait pas de resistance aux desinfectants utilises au taux de dilution recommande par le fabricant. Les bacteries etaient resistantes meme a des dilutions plus faibles, ce qui montre qu\'il faudrait utiliser ces desinfectants a la concentration adequate. Mots-cles: Antibiotique, desinfectant, Salmonella, volaille, resistance. Summary The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella isolates collected from the environment of the poultry processing plant and commercial farms in Zambia. Four commercial poultry and two processing plants were sampled in Zambia. In the farm environment and poultry plant 18/496 (3.6 %) and 6/220 (2.7 %) samples respectively were positive for Salmonella . A selection of these strains were tested for resistance to those antibiotics and disinfectants commonly used in Zambia. The Salmonella isolates tested displayed multiple antibiotic resistance to a number of antibiotics used to treat both humans and animals. No resistance was seen to disinfectants used at the manufacturer\'s recommended rate of dilution. The bacteria were resistant, though, at lower dilutions, highlighting the necessity of using such disinfectants at the proper concentration. Key words: Antibiotic, Disinfectant, Salmonella , Poultry, Resistance. Bull Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. Vol.52(3) 2004: 168-175
This report describes the molecular characterisation of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus... more This report describes the molecular characterisation of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) recovered from a field outbreak in the Zambezi region, Namibia during July 2021. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this FMDV belongs to the O/EA-2 topotype sharing closest nucleotide identity (99.5%) to FMD viruses collected since 2018 in Zambia. This is the first detection of serotype O in Namibia, and together with the cases that have been recently detected in southern Zambia, represent the first time that this serotype has been detected in the Southern African FMD endemic pool since 2000, when a virus of Asian origin (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) caused an outbreak in South Africa. This incursion poses a new threat for the region and the onward spread of O/EA-2 will now need to be closely monitored since serotype O vaccines are not widely used in Namibia, nor in neighbouring countries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Chick mortality (CM) is one of the major constraints to the expansion of the poultry industry in ... more Chick mortality (CM) is one of the major constraints to the expansion of the poultry industry in Zambia. Of the 2,829 avian disease cases submitted to the national diagnostic laboratory based at the Central Veterinary Research Institute in Lusaka between 1995 and 2007, 34.39% (973/2,829) were from CM cases. The disease accounted for 40.2% (218,787/544,903) mortality in the affected flocks with 89.6% (196,112/218,787) of the affected birds dying within seven days. Major bacteria species involved were Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarum, and Proteus species being isolated from 84.58%, 46.15%, and 26.93% of the reported CM cases (n = 973), respectively. Detection of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella dublin indicates that poultry has the potential of transmitting zoonotic pathogenic bacteria to humans. The proportion of Salmonella gallinarum reactors in the adult breeding stock was generally low (<0.5%) throughout the study period although its prevale...
The complement fixation test (CFT), the c-ELISA and an indirect LppQ ELISA were compared to post-... more The complement fixation test (CFT), the c-ELISA and an indirect LppQ ELISA were compared to post-mortem (PM) inspection for the diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Sera from 797 cattle in the CBPP affected area of Kazungula, Zambia and 202 sera from Lusaka, Zambia, a CBPP-free area were used. The clinical history of CBPP was recorded and all the cattle from Kazungula were slaughtered and PM inspections conducted. The prevalence of CBPP in Kazungula was 67.5% (95%CI 67.2%, 70.8%), 52.6% (95%CI 49.2%, 56.2%), 59.0% (95%CI 55.5%, 62.4%) and 44.4% (95%CI 41.0%, 47.9%) using PM inspection, CFT, c-ELISA and LppQ ELISA, respectively. Three of the 202 negative control animals tested positive on the c-ELISA although they were from a known CBPP negative zone. In this study, the c-ELISA was more sensitive in detecting cattle with lesions in the chronic stage than any other test whilst the CFT detected more during the onset stage. No single serological test could detect all s...
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis with a high case fatality rate in... more Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonosis with a high case fatality rate in humans. Although the disease is widely found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, the distribution and genetic diversity of CCHF virus (CCHFV) are poorly understood in African countries. To assess the risks of CCHF in Zambia, where CCHF has never been reported, epidemiologic studies in cattle and ticks were conducted. Through an indirect immunofluorescence assay, CCHFV nucleoprotein-specific serum IgG was detected in 8.4% (88/1,047) of cattle. Among 290 Hyalomma ticks, the principal vector of CCHFV, the viral genome was detected in 11 ticks. Phylogenetic analyses of the CCHFV S and M genome segments revealed that one of the detected viruses was a genetic reassortant between African and Asian strains. This study provides compelling evidence for the presence of CCHFV in Zambia and its transmission to vertebrate hosts.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a disease of economic importance that is widely distr... more Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a disease of economic importance that is widely distributed in sub-Saharan African and contributes significantly to cattle morbidity and mortality. Control of CBPP offers a number of challenges as a result many developing countries in Africa are still struggling with this disease. In this study, we look at the challenges encountered in CBPP control in sub-Saharan Africa from the Zambian perspective. In conducting this study, we reviewed scientific literature and reports from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and related animal institutions, and also made interviews with experts and key government officials involved in CBPP control in Zambia. Among the challenges identified for the successful control of CBPP were as follows: failure in the delivery of veterinary services, lack of a cattle identification system, natural phenomenon, livestock husbandry systems in the traditional sector, human movements, traditional practices among cattle farmers and cattle marketing systems. It was seen that the epidemiology of CBPP in Zambia is influenced by both ecological and anthological factors. Therefore, design and implementation of any control or eradication programme should be area/regional-dependent taking into account the different factors influencing disease transmission and maintenance.
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