The settlement of Kanka is one of the largest urban centres on the
right bank of the Syrdarya. It... more The settlement of Kanka is one of the largest urban centres on the right bank of the Syrdarya. It comprises a citadel, three shakhristans, each surrounded on three sides by defensive walls, and a suburb of rabad. The fourth side of the settlement bordered the riverbank, along which a wall also ran. A significant object, discovered during the excavations of Shakhristan 1 was the city temple, which was a large monumental structure. The core of the temple complex was a square hall surrounded by bypass corridors. The walls of the temple were decorated with paintings and relief moldings. New research in the settlement was conducted on the eastern part of the city temple, the supposed entrance part site of the temple complex. The archaeological excavations at the Kanka monument have yielded insights into the lifestyle of an outpost city situated at the border of the territories of nomads, pastoralists, and farmers in ancient Central Asia. The findings indicate that ancient nomadic populations likely played a significant role in the dissemination of scientific progress. Through their extensive migrations and cultural interactions, they could have served as conduits for exchanging knowledge and technological innovations among disparate regions.
ВЕСТНИК АРХЕОЛОГИИ, АНТРОПОЛОГИИ И ЭТНОГРАФИИ, 2024
One of the unique archaeological finds is represented by a charred tree with carved images, found... more One of the unique archaeological finds is represented by a charred tree with carved images, found at the settlement of Kafirkala in the Samarkand Oblast. It consists of a panel itself and several parts. The panel of a rectangular shape (measuring 124×141 cm) is composed of two boards fastened together with iron brackets. On the front of the panel, a composition of 46 human figures arranged in four tiers is carved, whilst more than 20 other characters have been identified on the other parts of the surviving fragmentary wooden elements of the decorative design. In the centre of the two upper tiers of the panel, a large figure of a goddess seated on a throne in the form of a lion couchant was placed, which all the other characters are pivoted to. According to researchers, the panel depicts worship of the goddess Nana-Anahita or a gathering of Sogdians to conduct ceremonies. This paper is aimed at studying the hairstyles of the characters in the wooden décor of Kafir-kala as indicators of the culture and living of the Sogdian population. The craftsman depicted about ten types of hairstyles which were known in Sogdiana in the Early Middle Ages. Previously, finds related to hair care (scissors, hairpins, comb) were recorded in the territory of Central Asia, but evidence of the development of this practice from sites and art objects was a rare exception. The analysis of the characters in the composition of the carved wood from Kafirkala showed a variety of hairstyles that existed amongst the population of Sogdiana. The ten types of hairstyles identified originate from ancient cultures of the Hellenistic world of Middle East, Ancient Egypt and Rome. This signifies the peculiar assimilation of different cultures in Sogdiana. At the same time, differences in the haircut styles of the characters of the Kafarkala panel from the hairstyles of the people of the Afrasiab and Penjikent murals of the 7th–8th centuries suggest that they were created relatively earlier. The fact that no long hairstyles, characteristic of the Turkic groups of the 7th–8th centuries, are shown in the Kafirkala panel provides the reason to attribute it to examples of pre-Turkic Sogdian art.
В последние годы в Ферганской долине нами проводились комплексные археологические и археосейсмоло... more В последние годы в Ферганской долине нами проводились комплексные археологические и археосейсмологические исследования, которые дали очень интересные материалы, рассказывающие о социально-экономической жизни и природных катаклизмах этого историко-географического региона. В частности, в 2023 г. были продолжены исследования на памятнике Баландтепа и получены новые материалы, уточняющие историческую топографию города. Вместе с тем был выявлен ряд характерных разрушений и повреждений в городских стенах цитадели, свидетельствующих об их сейсмогенном происхождений. Как мы отмечали ранее, раннесредневековый город Баб (Пап), упомянутый раннеарабским историком Ат-Табари, находился на территории исследованного нами памятника Баландтепа и состоял из трех частей: цитадели, внутреннего города (шахристана) и внешнего города (рабада). Удалось установить, что на протяжении всего времени функционирования города Баландтепа хронологию стен цитадели можно разделить на три достаточно четко выделенных периода: в первых двух периодах оборона цитадели в основном осуществлялась с внутристенного коридора, а в третьем периоде – с парапета. В первом периоде (V–VI вв.) внутристенный коридор соединялся с проходом, идущим внутри цитадели. В конце VI – начале VII в. двойная стена цитадели внезапно разрушилась в результате сильных землетрясений. После этого город восстанавливается, в частности, вышеупомянутая двойная стена цитадели капитально ремонтируется, т.е. почти заново строится. Тем самым, начинается второй период функционирования цитадели, который продолжался больше ста лет. Однако примерно в начале или первой четверти VIII в. крепостные стены разрушаются во второй раз, после чего разрушенная стена полностью нивелируется и используется в качестве фундамента новой стены. После этого ширина крепостной стены цитадели составляет 6.1 м, и оборона цитадели осуществляется с парапета. В последней четверти VIII в. происходит какой-то природный катаклизм. В результате владетель цитадели и жители шахристана переселяются в рабад, и их места занимают ремесленники, которые работали здесь до IX в. включительно
The article delves into an examination of the stages involved in the formation of the city of Pap... more The article delves into an examination of the stages involved in the formation of the city of Pap, presenting initial conclusions derived from archaeological observations conducted within the confines of its medieval monument -Temirkasmaktepa. Situated in the northern part of the Namangan region, Pap stands as one of the oldest settlements. Archaeological investigations within the area indicate that the processes of urbanization commenced around the mid-1st millennium BC and have persisted through contemporary times.Over subsequentyears, there has been a substantial expansion in the scope of archaeological and archaeoseismological research focused on ancient monuments in the vicinity of the city of Pap. These studies have yielded highly valuable information, contributing significantly to the reconstruction of Pap's history throughout the Iron Age, Antiquity, and the Early and High Middle Ages.
Cuisine considers one of the important factors that show the economic, social and cultural develo... more Cuisine considers one of the important factors that show the economic, social and cultural development of every society, nation or ethnic group. Currently, a lot of research is being carried out to study the culinary culture that was formed in Ancient China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. Uzbek national cuisine also has millennial roots and is distinguished by rich and varied dishes. Thelocation of the region at the crossroads of the Great Silk Road, connecting ancient civilizations, made it possible to assimilate various traditions and mix them with local traditions. The article shows the appearance and stages of development of the construction of kitchens on the territory of Uzbekistan in antiquity. The change in the structure and interior of the kitchen is also shown on the example of data obtained from archaeological research conducted at the sites of Akhsiket and Kanka. Comparison of the new data on ancient kitchens with ethnographic data showed that on the territory of Uzbekistan, starting from the early Middle Ages, the culture of kitchen premises develops rapidly and in the X-XII centuries, original kitchen structure starts to appear with such parts as a cooking zone, a hearth and tandoor zone and cellars for storing food stocks.
ТЕКТОНИКА И ГЕОДИНАМИКА ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ И МАНТИИ: ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ-2024 Материалы LV. Тектонического совещания. Том 1, 2024
Баландтепа имеет прекрасное месторасположение на высоком правом берегу великой водной артерии Сре... more Баландтепа имеет прекрасное месторасположение на высоком правом берегу великой водной артерии Средней Азии – реки Сырдарьи (Яксарта древних). Мы уже писали, что сюда переселились жители соседнего поселения Кыркхуджра после сильнейшего землетрясения, разрушившего их город в конце IV – начале V века н.э. К приходу жителей Кыркхуджры там уже существовал небольшой поселок. Был построен город, который сначала состоял из крепости и шахристана. Потом, к северу от шахристана возник рабад. Однако и на новом месте городская жизнь продолжалась около трехсот лет. Что-то произошло и на Баландтепе, люди ушли и оттуда, а на месте древнего города сейчас видны лишь оплывшие лессовые холмы.
Маргулановские чтения - 2023. Материалы международной научно - практической конференции в г.Алматы. 30-31 марта 2023 г., 2023
Городище Канка является одним из крупнейших городских центров правобережья Сырдарьи. Городище со... more Городище Канка является одним из крупнейших городских центров правобережья Сырдарьи. Городище состоит из цитадели, трех шахристанов, как бы вписанных друг в другу, каждый из которых с трех сторон был окружен мощными оборонительными стенами и пригорода рабада. С четвертой стороны их общей границей был берег реки, вдоль которого также проходила стена. Значимым объектом, открытым при раскопках шахристане 1, является городской храм, который представлял собой крупное монументальное сооружение. Ядро храмового комплекса был квадратный зал – окруженный обводными коридором. Стены храма были украшены росписью и рельефной лепниной. Новые исследовании в городищи проводились на восточной части городского храма, предполагаемом месте входной части храмового комплекса.
The world’s leading scientific institutions study the history of urban planning, statehood, and s... more The world’s leading scientific institutions study the history of urban planning, statehood, and socio-economic relations in the Ancient East based on the remains of architectural artifacts and archaeological findings. Several studies have been carried out based on examples of the remains of Central Asian architectural structures. At the same time, advanced architectural sites, mainly built of fired bricks of the Late Middle Ages, were analyzed, and scholars paid attention to their typology and historical classification. The study of ancient house-building cultures at the beginning of the 20th Century is associated with the works of such encyclopedic scientists as M. E. Masson, Y. G. Gulyamov, S. P. Tolstov, A. I. Terenozhkin, G. A. Pugachenkova. Notably, the research work of stationary expeditions in Khorezm, South Turkmenistan, and the lower reaches of the Makhan-Darya River led to the accumulation of an extensive database on this issue. In recent years, the organization of such expeditions in Samarkand, Kashkadarya (Kesh and Kashkadarya complex expeditions), Paykend, Surkhandarya, and Akhsikent further developed the study of the ancient building culture. The studies of V. A. Lavrov, V. L. Voronina, and V. A. Nielsen were the first steps in studying dwelling directly in Central Asia, including in Uzbekistan (Lavrov, 1950; Voronina, 1953; Voronina, 1959; Nielsen, 1966). Since the 1950s, in the study of the dwellings of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages in Central Asia, the analyses of A.M. Belenitski, O.G. Bolshakov, G.A. Pugachenkova, A. Anarbaev, E.E. Nerazik acquired great importance (Belenitsky & Bolshakov, 1973; Pugachenkova, 1957; Pugachenkova & Rempel, 1958; Anarbaev, 1981; Nerazik, 1966; Nerazik, 1977). G.A. Pugachenkova conducted extensive studies of the architecture of the Medieval Ages cities of Uzbekistan, paying particular attention to each element of the dwelling and architectural structures. Also, A. Anarbaev studied the design of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages and also conducted a study through comparative analysis of the structures of the Ferghana and Soghdian dwellings. E. E. Nerazik, a member of the Khorezm complex expedition, studied the structure of the ancient Khwarazm’s rural homes of the 1st-14th Centuries. Later, in studying the history of Central Asian architecture, S.G. Khmelnitski conducted extensive research (Khmelnitski, 1992; Khmelnitski, 1996-1997; Khmelnitski, 2000). He completed an analytical study using data collected during research work throughout Central Asia and published his multi-volume results on Central Asian architecture. In general, because of large-scale archaeological research conducted on the territory of Uzbekistan since the beginning of the 20th Century, rich information about the structure of ancient dwellings has been collected. These data formed the basis for the first ideas about the design of ancient houses in the territory of Uzbekistan. However, their systematic development in the territory of Uzbekistan from ancient times needs to be shown. In this study, we focused on the development and formation of individual parts of the dwellings in Uzbekistan since the Stone Age.
Modern architecture cannot be imagined without burnt bricks. They are used in every branch of the... more Modern architecture cannot be imagined without burnt bricks. They are used in every branch of the construction industry. The walls of buildings made of burnt bricks stand out not only for their strength, but also for many other qualities. In this article, we want to pay attention to the history of the emergence of burnt bricks and their use. Based on the data of archaeological excavations, it can be stated that this story on the territory of Central Asia has deep roots. In Central Asian architecture, while using limited types of building materials and various techniques, people tried to strengthen the stability and durability of their objects, as well as to save time and labour costs. In this difficult task, the successful use of burnt bricks as well as the introduction of innovative techniques became the best solution. Most architectural monuments in Central Asia show that burnt bricks were used in the construction of individual parts of structures.
АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ в 2021 ГОДУ, 2022
Ташкентская комплексная экспедиция образована в 2021 году. Ее задача комплексное изучение археоло... more Ташкентская комплексная экспедиция образована в 2021 году. Ее задача комплексное изучение археологических памятников разных эпох в Ташкентском оазисе. Основным стационарным объектом выбрано городище Канка в Аккурганском тумане Ташкентской области, но в процессе работы выделялись отдельные отряды для исследований в других районах Ташкентского оазиса, в частности для археологической разведки памятников палеолита и изучения петроглифов в верхнем течении реки Ахангаран. Работы на городище Канка. В 2021 году после перерыва возобновилось изучение городища Канка. Городище расположено в 70 км к юго-западу от Ташкента, на левом берегу старого русла Ахангарана (ныне Карасу) в 10-12 км от реки Сырдарьи, [координаты 40º48’09.65» с.ш. и 68º58’58.60» в.д.].
The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the lim... more The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the limits of the settlement of Balandtepa and the Kirkhujra fortress once again prove that the ancient city of Eilatan perished in the 1st century BC. The city of Pap (Bab) was built no later than the end of the 6th-beginning of the 5th century BC on the site of the settlement of Kyrkhujra, which is located 2 km south of the modern city of Pap, on the right bank of the Syr Darya River. During this time, it was destroyed several times by floods and remained under mudflow deposits. After each flood, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The city on Kirkhujra was destroyed at the end of the 4th-beginning of the 5th century AD due to a very strong earthquake. After this seismic event, people left the territory of the destroyed city and built a new city on the Balandtepa monument located 1 km west of Kirkhujr. Additional information obtained about the unusual arrangement of detrital horizons in the talus (the tail of the destruction of the northern fortress wall of Balandtep) indicates that the wall was destroyed not by one, but by three strong earthquakes, which apparently occurred at the end of the 6th-beginning of the 7th centuries AD. During each subsequent earthquake, fragments of bricks flew off to ever greater distances with a decreasing height of the wall. It turns out that each subsequent seismic event was stronger than the previous one. Earthquakes of this sequence can only have a swarm or doublet nature, which is typical for a given territory. The Pap swarm of 1984, which occurred in this zone, and the Gazli earthquakes of 1976 and 1984 in the zone of the South Tien Shan seismogenic zone evidence this. At the same time, an analysis of archaeological materials shows that, at the beginning or the first quarter of the 8th century, there was some kind of natural cataclysm, as a result of which the owner of the citadel and the inhabitants of the shahristan (inner city) moved to the rabad (outer city). Their places were taken over by artisans, who worked there until the last quarter of the 8th century.
The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the lim... more The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the limits of the settlement of Balandtepa and the Kirkhujra fortress once again prove that the ancient city of Eilatan perished in the 1st century BC. The city of Pap (Bab) was built no later than the end of the 6th-beginning of the 5th century BC on the site of the settlement of Kyrkhujra, which is located 2 km south of the modern city of Pap, on the right bank of the Syr Darya River. During this time, it was destroyed several times by floods and remained under mudflow deposits. After each flood, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The city on Kirkhujra was destroyed at the end of the 4th-beginning of the 5th century AD due to a very strong earthquake. After this seismic event, people left the territory of the destroyed city and built a new city on the Balandtepa monument located 1 km west of Kirkhujr. Additional information obtained about the unusual arrangement of detrital horizons in the talus (the tail of the destruction of the northern fortress wall of Balandtep) indicates that the wall was destroyed not by one, but by three strong earthquakes, which apparently occurred at the end of the 6th-beginning of the 7th centuries AD. During each subsequent earthquake, fragments of bricks flew off to ever greater distances with a decreasing height of the wall. It turns out that each subsequent seismic event was stronger than the previous one. Earthquakes of this sequence can only have a swarm or doublet nature, which is typical for a given territory. The Pap swarm of 1984, which occurred in this zone, and the Gazli earthquakes of 1976 and 1984 in the zone of the South Tien Shan seismogenic zone evidence this. At the same time, an analysis of archaeological materials shows that, at the beginning or the first quarter of the 8th century, there was some kind of natural cataclysm, as a result of which the owner of the citadel and the inhabitants of the shahristan (inner city) moved to the rabad (outer city). Their places were taken over by artisans, who worked there until the last quarter of the 8th century.
Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)
In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is ... more In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is not for nothing that legends associated with plants have appeared in the myths of many peoples of the world. From the early Paleolithic era, in the economy of ancient people, a special place was given to collecting fruits and roots of plants. They also knew that plants were food for most wild animals, which provided the protein for the human body. In search of edible plants, they skillfully studied the surrounding fauna. Thus, the first knowledge appeared about the peculiar properties of plants in the world around them. These medicinal plants were eaten raw, or some of them were used to make "divine drinks" or "drinks of immortality", which at the beginning of their appearance also had medicinal or aperitif purposes, and also "lifted the spirits" of people. Therefore, in the visual arts, images of these plants are often found. If in antiquity rocks and stone...
Studies conducted at the Kyrkhujra archeological site located in the Namangan region, as well as ... more Studies conducted at the Kyrkhujra archeological site located in the Namangan region, as well as at the Hantepe site in the Kashkadarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years have provided new information about the construction culture of religious buildings in Central Asia. The study of these religious buildings has given new materials on the history of the construction of temples. In particular, studies have shown that a number of elements observed in the temples of Kyrkjura and Hantepa were partially repeated in some religious architectural complexes of Central Asia. One of them is the high platforms that can be traced in the city temples of Penjikent, Yerkurgan, Paykend, Jartepe, Rabinjan and the temples of Jartepe, Aktepe Chilanzar, Hantepe, located outside the major cities. If the platform of the ancient Yerkurgan temple is built of mudbricks, then the platforms of the temples of Hantepe, Paykend and Penjikent are made of pakhsa — beaten (pressed) clay. The next important detail of the temples is the storage for ash, which was also opened in many temples of Central Asia. In particular, in the temples of Yerkurgan, Paykend, Penjikent and Hantepa. If the ash storage facilities of the Kirkhujra temple allowed us to observe the most ancient forms of such structures, then the ash storage facilities of the Hantepa temple showed their development.
In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is ... more In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is not for nothing that legends associated with plants have appeared in the myths of many peoples of the world. From the early Paleolithic era, in the economy of ancient people, a special place was given to collecting fruits and roots of plants. They also knew that plants were food for most wild animals, which provided the protein for the human body. In search of edible plants, they skillfully studied the surrounding fauna. Thus, the fi rst knowledge appeared about the peculiar properties of plants in the world around them. These medicinal plants were eaten raw, or some of them were used to make "divine drinks" or "drinks of immortality", which at the beginning of their appearance also had medicinal or aperitif purposes, and also "lifted the spirits" of people. Therefore, in the visual arts, images of these plants are often found. If in antiquity rocks and stones were the main objects on which people created their fi rst images, later ceramics began to play this role. During archaeological excavations at the Khantepa site located near the city of Karshi, the Republic of Uzbekistan, fragments of a vessel with plant ornament were found. The study of this fi nd allowed us to draw attention to the symbolism of plants in the art of various cultures of the peoples of the world. New research proves once again that the temples of Central Asia were also the first medical institutions where the fi rst medicines were manufactured.
Memorial and religious buildings are a specific type of building in architecture dating back to
v... more Memorial and religious buildings are a specific type of building in architecture dating back to very specific types that have been continuously developing for a long time. By the period of the early Middle Ages in Sogd and its adjacent territories (Tokharistan, Ustrushana, Chach), certain types of cult architecture developed. Nowadays, in many cities of early medieval Sogd, religious buildings were studied. But it should be noted that in addition to large cities and their districts, religious buildings were also built in rural settlements and the most important trading points. This article is devoted to the scientific analysis of one of such monuments of South Sogd - Khantepa.
Городище Чильхуджра находится в 2 км
на юг от г. Пап, рядом с селением Келачи в
Папском районе На... more Городище Чильхуджра находится в 2 км на юг от г. Пап, рядом с селением Келачи в Папском районе Наманганской области, на северном берегу реки Сырдарьи (Анарбаев и др., 2012. С. 21-24). Данный участок распо- ложен в дельте реки Гавасай, являющейся правым притоком Сырдарьи1. Географиче- ские координаты памятника 40050’54.00’’ северной широты и 710 06’43.00’’ восточной. Па- мятник Чильхуджра расположен на второй террасе Сырдарьи и представляет собой сис- тему холмов (тепе) со средней высотой 5-8 м от основания, вытянутых с юго-запада на северо-восток. Холмы сложены из лессовых пород и аллювиальных отложений.
As a result of archeoseismological research in the Ferghana valley, it was possible to identify t... more As a result of archeoseismological research in the Ferghana valley, it was possible to identify traces of strong earthquakes that occurred in ancient times. In our previous works, it was noted that the ancient city of Eilatan died in the first century BC due to a strong earthquake. It was at this time that the capital city of Farghana (Ahsiket) was severely damaged. Here we also found the exit of a seismic focus to the surface, as well as other strong deformations of building structures built up to this time. The magnitude of the seismic disaster (M = 7.6) was determined by us from the maximum value of the displacement detected by us from the seismogenic rupture that came to the surface directly on the territory of the ancient settlement. Seismic vibrations completely destroyed or significantly deformed all buildings and seriously damaged and destroyed the city walls. Therefore, it seems that the new kings of the Ferghana valley after 90 BC built a new residence on Mugtepe, which was mentioned in the Chinese source “Hanshu” – as “Guishuan”. According to archaeological data, it was possible to determine that the above-mentioned monumental fortifications of the capital were built between 104–90 BC, and the X-point earthquake itself occurred, approximately in 91–90 BC. It covered the entire Ferghana valley, but the cities and settlements of Northern Ferghana were particularly hard hit. A striking example is the subsidence of massive fortress walls on the citadel and Shahristan of the city of farghana (Ahsiket). It is possible that the seismogenic rupture that came to the surface in ancient Ahsikent and Eilatan occurred at the same time. A similar strong earthquake occurred later: in the XI – first half of the XII century. Traces of this seismic event were traced by us on a number of objects of Karakhanid age in Shahristan and rabad. The obtained materials should be taken into account in the new assessment of the seismic hazard of the Ferghana depression.
The settlement of Kanka is one of the largest urban centres on the
right bank of the Syrdarya. It... more The settlement of Kanka is one of the largest urban centres on the right bank of the Syrdarya. It comprises a citadel, three shakhristans, each surrounded on three sides by defensive walls, and a suburb of rabad. The fourth side of the settlement bordered the riverbank, along which a wall also ran. A significant object, discovered during the excavations of Shakhristan 1 was the city temple, which was a large monumental structure. The core of the temple complex was a square hall surrounded by bypass corridors. The walls of the temple were decorated with paintings and relief moldings. New research in the settlement was conducted on the eastern part of the city temple, the supposed entrance part site of the temple complex. The archaeological excavations at the Kanka monument have yielded insights into the lifestyle of an outpost city situated at the border of the territories of nomads, pastoralists, and farmers in ancient Central Asia. The findings indicate that ancient nomadic populations likely played a significant role in the dissemination of scientific progress. Through their extensive migrations and cultural interactions, they could have served as conduits for exchanging knowledge and technological innovations among disparate regions.
ВЕСТНИК АРХЕОЛОГИИ, АНТРОПОЛОГИИ И ЭТНОГРАФИИ, 2024
One of the unique archaeological finds is represented by a charred tree with carved images, found... more One of the unique archaeological finds is represented by a charred tree with carved images, found at the settlement of Kafirkala in the Samarkand Oblast. It consists of a panel itself and several parts. The panel of a rectangular shape (measuring 124×141 cm) is composed of two boards fastened together with iron brackets. On the front of the panel, a composition of 46 human figures arranged in four tiers is carved, whilst more than 20 other characters have been identified on the other parts of the surviving fragmentary wooden elements of the decorative design. In the centre of the two upper tiers of the panel, a large figure of a goddess seated on a throne in the form of a lion couchant was placed, which all the other characters are pivoted to. According to researchers, the panel depicts worship of the goddess Nana-Anahita or a gathering of Sogdians to conduct ceremonies. This paper is aimed at studying the hairstyles of the characters in the wooden décor of Kafir-kala as indicators of the culture and living of the Sogdian population. The craftsman depicted about ten types of hairstyles which were known in Sogdiana in the Early Middle Ages. Previously, finds related to hair care (scissors, hairpins, comb) were recorded in the territory of Central Asia, but evidence of the development of this practice from sites and art objects was a rare exception. The analysis of the characters in the composition of the carved wood from Kafirkala showed a variety of hairstyles that existed amongst the population of Sogdiana. The ten types of hairstyles identified originate from ancient cultures of the Hellenistic world of Middle East, Ancient Egypt and Rome. This signifies the peculiar assimilation of different cultures in Sogdiana. At the same time, differences in the haircut styles of the characters of the Kafarkala panel from the hairstyles of the people of the Afrasiab and Penjikent murals of the 7th–8th centuries suggest that they were created relatively earlier. The fact that no long hairstyles, characteristic of the Turkic groups of the 7th–8th centuries, are shown in the Kafirkala panel provides the reason to attribute it to examples of pre-Turkic Sogdian art.
В последние годы в Ферганской долине нами проводились комплексные археологические и археосейсмоло... more В последние годы в Ферганской долине нами проводились комплексные археологические и археосейсмологические исследования, которые дали очень интересные материалы, рассказывающие о социально-экономической жизни и природных катаклизмах этого историко-географического региона. В частности, в 2023 г. были продолжены исследования на памятнике Баландтепа и получены новые материалы, уточняющие историческую топографию города. Вместе с тем был выявлен ряд характерных разрушений и повреждений в городских стенах цитадели, свидетельствующих об их сейсмогенном происхождений. Как мы отмечали ранее, раннесредневековый город Баб (Пап), упомянутый раннеарабским историком Ат-Табари, находился на территории исследованного нами памятника Баландтепа и состоял из трех частей: цитадели, внутреннего города (шахристана) и внешнего города (рабада). Удалось установить, что на протяжении всего времени функционирования города Баландтепа хронологию стен цитадели можно разделить на три достаточно четко выделенных периода: в первых двух периодах оборона цитадели в основном осуществлялась с внутристенного коридора, а в третьем периоде – с парапета. В первом периоде (V–VI вв.) внутристенный коридор соединялся с проходом, идущим внутри цитадели. В конце VI – начале VII в. двойная стена цитадели внезапно разрушилась в результате сильных землетрясений. После этого город восстанавливается, в частности, вышеупомянутая двойная стена цитадели капитально ремонтируется, т.е. почти заново строится. Тем самым, начинается второй период функционирования цитадели, который продолжался больше ста лет. Однако примерно в начале или первой четверти VIII в. крепостные стены разрушаются во второй раз, после чего разрушенная стена полностью нивелируется и используется в качестве фундамента новой стены. После этого ширина крепостной стены цитадели составляет 6.1 м, и оборона цитадели осуществляется с парапета. В последней четверти VIII в. происходит какой-то природный катаклизм. В результате владетель цитадели и жители шахристана переселяются в рабад, и их места занимают ремесленники, которые работали здесь до IX в. включительно
The article delves into an examination of the stages involved in the formation of the city of Pap... more The article delves into an examination of the stages involved in the formation of the city of Pap, presenting initial conclusions derived from archaeological observations conducted within the confines of its medieval monument -Temirkasmaktepa. Situated in the northern part of the Namangan region, Pap stands as one of the oldest settlements. Archaeological investigations within the area indicate that the processes of urbanization commenced around the mid-1st millennium BC and have persisted through contemporary times.Over subsequentyears, there has been a substantial expansion in the scope of archaeological and archaeoseismological research focused on ancient monuments in the vicinity of the city of Pap. These studies have yielded highly valuable information, contributing significantly to the reconstruction of Pap's history throughout the Iron Age, Antiquity, and the Early and High Middle Ages.
Cuisine considers one of the important factors that show the economic, social and cultural develo... more Cuisine considers one of the important factors that show the economic, social and cultural development of every society, nation or ethnic group. Currently, a lot of research is being carried out to study the culinary culture that was formed in Ancient China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. Uzbek national cuisine also has millennial roots and is distinguished by rich and varied dishes. Thelocation of the region at the crossroads of the Great Silk Road, connecting ancient civilizations, made it possible to assimilate various traditions and mix them with local traditions. The article shows the appearance and stages of development of the construction of kitchens on the territory of Uzbekistan in antiquity. The change in the structure and interior of the kitchen is also shown on the example of data obtained from archaeological research conducted at the sites of Akhsiket and Kanka. Comparison of the new data on ancient kitchens with ethnographic data showed that on the territory of Uzbekistan, starting from the early Middle Ages, the culture of kitchen premises develops rapidly and in the X-XII centuries, original kitchen structure starts to appear with such parts as a cooking zone, a hearth and tandoor zone and cellars for storing food stocks.
ТЕКТОНИКА И ГЕОДИНАМИКА ЗЕМНОЙ КОРЫ И МАНТИИ: ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ-2024 Материалы LV. Тектонического совещания. Том 1, 2024
Баландтепа имеет прекрасное месторасположение на высоком правом берегу великой водной артерии Сре... more Баландтепа имеет прекрасное месторасположение на высоком правом берегу великой водной артерии Средней Азии – реки Сырдарьи (Яксарта древних). Мы уже писали, что сюда переселились жители соседнего поселения Кыркхуджра после сильнейшего землетрясения, разрушившего их город в конце IV – начале V века н.э. К приходу жителей Кыркхуджры там уже существовал небольшой поселок. Был построен город, который сначала состоял из крепости и шахристана. Потом, к северу от шахристана возник рабад. Однако и на новом месте городская жизнь продолжалась около трехсот лет. Что-то произошло и на Баландтепе, люди ушли и оттуда, а на месте древнего города сейчас видны лишь оплывшие лессовые холмы.
Маргулановские чтения - 2023. Материалы международной научно - практической конференции в г.Алматы. 30-31 марта 2023 г., 2023
Городище Канка является одним из крупнейших городских центров правобережья Сырдарьи. Городище со... more Городище Канка является одним из крупнейших городских центров правобережья Сырдарьи. Городище состоит из цитадели, трех шахристанов, как бы вписанных друг в другу, каждый из которых с трех сторон был окружен мощными оборонительными стенами и пригорода рабада. С четвертой стороны их общей границей был берег реки, вдоль которого также проходила стена. Значимым объектом, открытым при раскопках шахристане 1, является городской храм, который представлял собой крупное монументальное сооружение. Ядро храмового комплекса был квадратный зал – окруженный обводными коридором. Стены храма были украшены росписью и рельефной лепниной. Новые исследовании в городищи проводились на восточной части городского храма, предполагаемом месте входной части храмового комплекса.
The world’s leading scientific institutions study the history of urban planning, statehood, and s... more The world’s leading scientific institutions study the history of urban planning, statehood, and socio-economic relations in the Ancient East based on the remains of architectural artifacts and archaeological findings. Several studies have been carried out based on examples of the remains of Central Asian architectural structures. At the same time, advanced architectural sites, mainly built of fired bricks of the Late Middle Ages, were analyzed, and scholars paid attention to their typology and historical classification. The study of ancient house-building cultures at the beginning of the 20th Century is associated with the works of such encyclopedic scientists as M. E. Masson, Y. G. Gulyamov, S. P. Tolstov, A. I. Terenozhkin, G. A. Pugachenkova. Notably, the research work of stationary expeditions in Khorezm, South Turkmenistan, and the lower reaches of the Makhan-Darya River led to the accumulation of an extensive database on this issue. In recent years, the organization of such expeditions in Samarkand, Kashkadarya (Kesh and Kashkadarya complex expeditions), Paykend, Surkhandarya, and Akhsikent further developed the study of the ancient building culture. The studies of V. A. Lavrov, V. L. Voronina, and V. A. Nielsen were the first steps in studying dwelling directly in Central Asia, including in Uzbekistan (Lavrov, 1950; Voronina, 1953; Voronina, 1959; Nielsen, 1966). Since the 1950s, in the study of the dwellings of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages in Central Asia, the analyses of A.M. Belenitski, O.G. Bolshakov, G.A. Pugachenkova, A. Anarbaev, E.E. Nerazik acquired great importance (Belenitsky & Bolshakov, 1973; Pugachenkova, 1957; Pugachenkova & Rempel, 1958; Anarbaev, 1981; Nerazik, 1966; Nerazik, 1977). G.A. Pugachenkova conducted extensive studies of the architecture of the Medieval Ages cities of Uzbekistan, paying particular attention to each element of the dwelling and architectural structures. Also, A. Anarbaev studied the design of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages and also conducted a study through comparative analysis of the structures of the Ferghana and Soghdian dwellings. E. E. Nerazik, a member of the Khorezm complex expedition, studied the structure of the ancient Khwarazm’s rural homes of the 1st-14th Centuries. Later, in studying the history of Central Asian architecture, S.G. Khmelnitski conducted extensive research (Khmelnitski, 1992; Khmelnitski, 1996-1997; Khmelnitski, 2000). He completed an analytical study using data collected during research work throughout Central Asia and published his multi-volume results on Central Asian architecture. In general, because of large-scale archaeological research conducted on the territory of Uzbekistan since the beginning of the 20th Century, rich information about the structure of ancient dwellings has been collected. These data formed the basis for the first ideas about the design of ancient houses in the territory of Uzbekistan. However, their systematic development in the territory of Uzbekistan from ancient times needs to be shown. In this study, we focused on the development and formation of individual parts of the dwellings in Uzbekistan since the Stone Age.
Modern architecture cannot be imagined without burnt bricks. They are used in every branch of the... more Modern architecture cannot be imagined without burnt bricks. They are used in every branch of the construction industry. The walls of buildings made of burnt bricks stand out not only for their strength, but also for many other qualities. In this article, we want to pay attention to the history of the emergence of burnt bricks and their use. Based on the data of archaeological excavations, it can be stated that this story on the territory of Central Asia has deep roots. In Central Asian architecture, while using limited types of building materials and various techniques, people tried to strengthen the stability and durability of their objects, as well as to save time and labour costs. In this difficult task, the successful use of burnt bricks as well as the introduction of innovative techniques became the best solution. Most architectural monuments in Central Asia show that burnt bricks were used in the construction of individual parts of structures.
АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ в 2021 ГОДУ, 2022
Ташкентская комплексная экспедиция образована в 2021 году. Ее задача комплексное изучение археоло... more Ташкентская комплексная экспедиция образована в 2021 году. Ее задача комплексное изучение археологических памятников разных эпох в Ташкентском оазисе. Основным стационарным объектом выбрано городище Канка в Аккурганском тумане Ташкентской области, но в процессе работы выделялись отдельные отряды для исследований в других районах Ташкентского оазиса, в частности для археологической разведки памятников палеолита и изучения петроглифов в верхнем течении реки Ахангаран. Работы на городище Канка. В 2021 году после перерыва возобновилось изучение городища Канка. Городище расположено в 70 км к юго-западу от Ташкента, на левом берегу старого русла Ахангарана (ныне Карасу) в 10-12 км от реки Сырдарьи, [координаты 40º48’09.65» с.ш. и 68º58’58.60» в.д.].
The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the lim... more The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the limits of the settlement of Balandtepa and the Kirkhujra fortress once again prove that the ancient city of Eilatan perished in the 1st century BC. The city of Pap (Bab) was built no later than the end of the 6th-beginning of the 5th century BC on the site of the settlement of Kyrkhujra, which is located 2 km south of the modern city of Pap, on the right bank of the Syr Darya River. During this time, it was destroyed several times by floods and remained under mudflow deposits. After each flood, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The city on Kirkhujra was destroyed at the end of the 4th-beginning of the 5th century AD due to a very strong earthquake. After this seismic event, people left the territory of the destroyed city and built a new city on the Balandtepa monument located 1 km west of Kirkhujr. Additional information obtained about the unusual arrangement of detrital horizons in the talus (the tail of the destruction of the northern fortress wall of Balandtep) indicates that the wall was destroyed not by one, but by three strong earthquakes, which apparently occurred at the end of the 6th-beginning of the 7th centuries AD. During each subsequent earthquake, fragments of bricks flew off to ever greater distances with a decreasing height of the wall. It turns out that each subsequent seismic event was stronger than the previous one. Earthquakes of this sequence can only have a swarm or doublet nature, which is typical for a given territory. The Pap swarm of 1984, which occurred in this zone, and the Gazli earthquakes of 1976 and 1984 in the zone of the South Tien Shan seismogenic zone evidence this. At the same time, an analysis of archaeological materials shows that, at the beginning or the first quarter of the 8th century, there was some kind of natural cataclysm, as a result of which the owner of the citadel and the inhabitants of the shahristan (inner city) moved to the rabad (outer city). Their places were taken over by artisans, who worked there until the last quarter of the 8th century.
The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the lim... more The results obtained in additional archaeological and archeoseismological research within the limits of the settlement of Balandtepa and the Kirkhujra fortress once again prove that the ancient city of Eilatan perished in the 1st century BC. The city of Pap (Bab) was built no later than the end of the 6th-beginning of the 5th century BC on the site of the settlement of Kyrkhujra, which is located 2 km south of the modern city of Pap, on the right bank of the Syr Darya River. During this time, it was destroyed several times by floods and remained under mudflow deposits. After each flood, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The city on Kirkhujra was destroyed at the end of the 4th-beginning of the 5th century AD due to a very strong earthquake. After this seismic event, people left the territory of the destroyed city and built a new city on the Balandtepa monument located 1 km west of Kirkhujr. Additional information obtained about the unusual arrangement of detrital horizons in the talus (the tail of the destruction of the northern fortress wall of Balandtep) indicates that the wall was destroyed not by one, but by three strong earthquakes, which apparently occurred at the end of the 6th-beginning of the 7th centuries AD. During each subsequent earthquake, fragments of bricks flew off to ever greater distances with a decreasing height of the wall. It turns out that each subsequent seismic event was stronger than the previous one. Earthquakes of this sequence can only have a swarm or doublet nature, which is typical for a given territory. The Pap swarm of 1984, which occurred in this zone, and the Gazli earthquakes of 1976 and 1984 in the zone of the South Tien Shan seismogenic zone evidence this. At the same time, an analysis of archaeological materials shows that, at the beginning or the first quarter of the 8th century, there was some kind of natural cataclysm, as a result of which the owner of the citadel and the inhabitants of the shahristan (inner city) moved to the rabad (outer city). Their places were taken over by artisans, who worked there until the last quarter of the 8th century.
Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology)
In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is ... more In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is not for nothing that legends associated with plants have appeared in the myths of many peoples of the world. From the early Paleolithic era, in the economy of ancient people, a special place was given to collecting fruits and roots of plants. They also knew that plants were food for most wild animals, which provided the protein for the human body. In search of edible plants, they skillfully studied the surrounding fauna. Thus, the first knowledge appeared about the peculiar properties of plants in the world around them. These medicinal plants were eaten raw, or some of them were used to make "divine drinks" or "drinks of immortality", which at the beginning of their appearance also had medicinal or aperitif purposes, and also "lifted the spirits" of people. Therefore, in the visual arts, images of these plants are often found. If in antiquity rocks and stone...
Studies conducted at the Kyrkhujra archeological site located in the Namangan region, as well as ... more Studies conducted at the Kyrkhujra archeological site located in the Namangan region, as well as at the Hantepe site in the Kashkadarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years have provided new information about the construction culture of religious buildings in Central Asia. The study of these religious buildings has given new materials on the history of the construction of temples. In particular, studies have shown that a number of elements observed in the temples of Kyrkjura and Hantepa were partially repeated in some religious architectural complexes of Central Asia. One of them is the high platforms that can be traced in the city temples of Penjikent, Yerkurgan, Paykend, Jartepe, Rabinjan and the temples of Jartepe, Aktepe Chilanzar, Hantepe, located outside the major cities. If the platform of the ancient Yerkurgan temple is built of mudbricks, then the platforms of the temples of Hantepe, Paykend and Penjikent are made of pakhsa — beaten (pressed) clay. The next important detail of the temples is the storage for ash, which was also opened in many temples of Central Asia. In particular, in the temples of Yerkurgan, Paykend, Penjikent and Hantepa. If the ash storage facilities of the Kirkhujra temple allowed us to observe the most ancient forms of such structures, then the ash storage facilities of the Hantepa temple showed their development.
In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is ... more In the culture of the ancient world, the symbolism of plants was of particular importance. It is not for nothing that legends associated with plants have appeared in the myths of many peoples of the world. From the early Paleolithic era, in the economy of ancient people, a special place was given to collecting fruits and roots of plants. They also knew that plants were food for most wild animals, which provided the protein for the human body. In search of edible plants, they skillfully studied the surrounding fauna. Thus, the fi rst knowledge appeared about the peculiar properties of plants in the world around them. These medicinal plants were eaten raw, or some of them were used to make "divine drinks" or "drinks of immortality", which at the beginning of their appearance also had medicinal or aperitif purposes, and also "lifted the spirits" of people. Therefore, in the visual arts, images of these plants are often found. If in antiquity rocks and stones were the main objects on which people created their fi rst images, later ceramics began to play this role. During archaeological excavations at the Khantepa site located near the city of Karshi, the Republic of Uzbekistan, fragments of a vessel with plant ornament were found. The study of this fi nd allowed us to draw attention to the symbolism of plants in the art of various cultures of the peoples of the world. New research proves once again that the temples of Central Asia were also the first medical institutions where the fi rst medicines were manufactured.
Memorial and religious buildings are a specific type of building in architecture dating back to
v... more Memorial and religious buildings are a specific type of building in architecture dating back to very specific types that have been continuously developing for a long time. By the period of the early Middle Ages in Sogd and its adjacent territories (Tokharistan, Ustrushana, Chach), certain types of cult architecture developed. Nowadays, in many cities of early medieval Sogd, religious buildings were studied. But it should be noted that in addition to large cities and their districts, religious buildings were also built in rural settlements and the most important trading points. This article is devoted to the scientific analysis of one of such monuments of South Sogd - Khantepa.
Городище Чильхуджра находится в 2 км
на юг от г. Пап, рядом с селением Келачи в
Папском районе На... more Городище Чильхуджра находится в 2 км на юг от г. Пап, рядом с селением Келачи в Папском районе Наманганской области, на северном берегу реки Сырдарьи (Анарбаев и др., 2012. С. 21-24). Данный участок распо- ложен в дельте реки Гавасай, являющейся правым притоком Сырдарьи1. Географиче- ские координаты памятника 40050’54.00’’ северной широты и 710 06’43.00’’ восточной. Па- мятник Чильхуджра расположен на второй террасе Сырдарьи и представляет собой сис- тему холмов (тепе) со средней высотой 5-8 м от основания, вытянутых с юго-запада на северо-восток. Холмы сложены из лессовых пород и аллювиальных отложений.
As a result of archeoseismological research in the Ferghana valley, it was possible to identify t... more As a result of archeoseismological research in the Ferghana valley, it was possible to identify traces of strong earthquakes that occurred in ancient times. In our previous works, it was noted that the ancient city of Eilatan died in the first century BC due to a strong earthquake. It was at this time that the capital city of Farghana (Ahsiket) was severely damaged. Here we also found the exit of a seismic focus to the surface, as well as other strong deformations of building structures built up to this time. The magnitude of the seismic disaster (M = 7.6) was determined by us from the maximum value of the displacement detected by us from the seismogenic rupture that came to the surface directly on the territory of the ancient settlement. Seismic vibrations completely destroyed or significantly deformed all buildings and seriously damaged and destroyed the city walls. Therefore, it seems that the new kings of the Ferghana valley after 90 BC built a new residence on Mugtepe, which was mentioned in the Chinese source “Hanshu” – as “Guishuan”. According to archaeological data, it was possible to determine that the above-mentioned monumental fortifications of the capital were built between 104–90 BC, and the X-point earthquake itself occurred, approximately in 91–90 BC. It covered the entire Ferghana valley, but the cities and settlements of Northern Ferghana were particularly hard hit. A striking example is the subsidence of massive fortress walls on the citadel and Shahristan of the city of farghana (Ahsiket). It is possible that the seismogenic rupture that came to the surface in ancient Ahsikent and Eilatan occurred at the same time. A similar strong earthquake occurred later: in the XI – first half of the XII century. Traces of this seismic event were traced by us on a number of objects of Karakhanid age in Shahristan and rabad. The obtained materials should be taken into account in the new assessment of the seismic hazard of the Ferghana depression.
DISSERTATION ABSTRACT for the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Historical Sciences, 2020
The aim of the research work: Comparative analysis of the features and
stages of development of t... more The aim of the research work: Comparative analysis of the features and stages of development of the Sogdian building culture in the 5th-8th сenturies CE; The object of research work is the history of the early medieval civilization of Sogd; The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows: the new archaeological materials are analyzed, systematized, put into scientific circulation, showing that during the early Middle Ages the monumental structures built in the countryside were as monumental as the urban ones; the stages of development of the technology used in the construction of the defense structures and in the production of building materials are clarified; the periodic innovations in construction technology and techniques of the building materials used in early medieval Sogdian settlements are defined; their commonality is revealed; their local traditions based on ethnographic materials are recorded; the state of construction techniques used in the construction of medieval religious and architectural structures, and the state of technology for the production of building materials and stages of their development are studied.
Uzbekistan is a part of the world civilization, 2022
The world’s leading scientific institutions study the history of urban planning, statehood, and s... more The world’s leading scientific institutions study the history of urban planning, statehood, and socio-economic relations in the Ancient East based on the remains of architectural artifacts and archaeological findings. Several studies have been carried out based on the examples of the remains of Central Asian architectural structures. At the same time, advanced architectural sites, mainly built of fired bricks of the Late Middle Ages, were analyzed, and scholars paid attention to their typology and historical classification. The study of ancient house-building cultures at the beginning of the 20th Century is associated with the works of such encyclopedic scientists as M. E. Masson, Y. G. Gulyamov, S. P. Tolstov, A. I. Terenozhkin, G. A. Pugachenkova. Notably, the research work of stationary expeditions in Khorezm, South Turkmenistan, and the lower reaches of the Makhan-Darya River led to the accumulation of an extensive database on this issue. In recent years, the organization of such expeditions in Samarkand, Kashkadarya (Kesh and Kashkadarya complex expeditions), Paykend, Surkhandarya, and Akhsikent further developed the study of the ancient building culture. The studies of V. A. Lavrov, V. L. Voronina, and V. A. Nielsen were the first steps in studying dwelling directly in Central Asia, including in Uzbekistan (Lavrov, 1950; Voronina, 1953; Voronina, 1959; Nielsen, 1966). Since the 1950s, in the study of the dwellings of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages in Central Asia, the analyses of A.M. Belenitski, O.G. Bolshakov, G.A. Pugachenkova, A. Anarbaev, E.E. Nerazik acquired great importance (Belenitsky & Bolshakov, 1973; Pugachenkova, 1957; Pugachenkova & Rempel, 1958; Anarbaev, 1981; Nerazik, 1966; Nerazik, 1977). G.A. Pugachenkova conducted extensive studies of the architecture of the Medieval Ages cities of Uzbekistan, paying particular attention to each element of the dwelling and architectural structures. Also, A. Anarbaev studied the design of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages and also conducted a study through comparative analysis of the structures of the Ferghana and Soghdian dwellings. E. E. Nerazik, a member of the Khorezm complex expedition, studied the structure of the ancient Khwarazm’s rural homes of the 1st-14th Centuries. Later, in studying the history of Central Asian architecture, S.G. Khmelnitski conducted extensive research (Khmelnitski, 1992; Khmelnitski, 1996-1997; Khmelnitski, 2000). He completed an analytical study using data collected during research work throughout Central Asia and published his multi-volume results on Central Asian architecture. In general, because of large-scale archaeological research conducted on the territory of Uzbekistan since the beginning of the 20th Century, rich information about the structure of ancient dwellings has been collected. These data formed the basis for the first ideas about the design of ancient houses in the territory of Uzbekistan. However, their systematic development in the territory of Uzbekistan from ancient times needs to be shown. In this study, we focused on the development and formation of individual parts of the dwellings in Uzbekistan since the Stone Age.
Городище Канка является одним из крупнейших городских центров правобережья Сырдарьи. Городище со... more Городище Канка является одним из крупнейших городских центров правобережья Сырдарьи. Городище состоит из цитадели, трех шахристанов, как бы вписанных друг в другу, каждый из которых с трех сторон был окружен мощными оборонительными стенами и пригорода рабада. С четвертой стороны их общей границей был берег реки, вдоль которого также проходила стена. Значимым объектом, открытым при раскопках шахристане 1, является городской храм, который представлял собой крупное монументальное сооружение. Ядро храмового комплекса был квадратный зал – окруженный обводными коридором. Стены храма были украшены росписью и рельефной лепниной. Новые исследовании в городищи проводились на восточной части городского храма, предполагаемом месте входной части храмового комплекса. // The settlement of Kanka is one of the largest urban centers on the right bank of the Syr Darya. The settlement consists of a citadel, three shakhristans as if inscribed into each other, each of which was surrounded on three sides by powerful defensive walls and a suburb of rabad. On the fourth side, their common border was the riverbank, along which a wall also ran. A significant object discovered during the excavations of shakhristan 1 is the city temple, which was a large monumental structure. The core of the temple complex was a square hall - surrounded by bypass corridors. The walls of the temple were decorated with paintings and relief moldings. New research in the settlement was carried out on the eastern part of the city temple, the supposed site of the entrance part of the temple complex.
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Papers by Surat Kubaev
right bank of the Syrdarya. It comprises a citadel, three shakhristans,
each surrounded on three sides by defensive walls, and a suburb of
rabad. The fourth side of the settlement bordered the riverbank,
along which a wall also ran. A significant object, discovered during
the excavations of Shakhristan 1 was the city temple, which was a
large monumental structure. The core of the temple complex was a
square hall surrounded by bypass corridors. The walls of the temple
were decorated with paintings and relief moldings. New research in the
settlement was conducted on the eastern part of the city temple, the
supposed entrance part site of the temple complex. The archaeological
excavations at the Kanka monument have yielded insights into the
lifestyle of an outpost city situated at the border of the territories of
nomads, pastoralists, and farmers in ancient Central Asia. The findings
indicate that ancient nomadic populations likely played a significant
role in the dissemination of scientific progress. Through their extensive
migrations and cultural interactions, they could have served as conduits
for exchanging knowledge and technological innovations among
disparate regions.
from ancient cultures of the Hellenistic world of Middle East, Ancient Egypt and Rome. This signifies the peculiar assimilation of different cultures in Sogdiana. At the same time, differences in the haircut styles of the characters of the Kafarkala panel from the hairstyles of the people of the Afrasiab and Penjikent murals of the 7th–8th centuries suggest that they were created relatively earlier. The fact that no long hairstyles, characteristic of the Turkic groups of the 7th–8th centuries, are shown in the Kafirkala panel provides the reason to attribute it to examples
of pre-Turkic Sogdian art.
сначала состоял из крепости и шахристана. Потом, к северу от шахристана возник рабад. Однако и на новом месте городская жизнь продолжалась около трехсот лет. Что-то произошло и на Баландтепе, люди ушли и оттуда, а на месте древнего города сейчас видны лишь оплывшие лессовые холмы.
were food for most wild animals, which provided the protein for the human body. In search of edible plants, they skillfully studied the surrounding fauna. Thus, the fi rst knowledge appeared about the peculiar properties of plants in the world around them. These medicinal plants were eaten raw, or some of them were used to make "divine drinks" or "drinks of
immortality", which at the beginning of their appearance also had medicinal or aperitif purposes, and also "lifted the spirits" of people. Therefore, in the visual arts, images of these plants are often found. If in antiquity rocks and stones were the main objects on which people created their fi rst images, later ceramics began to play this role. During archaeological excavations at the Khantepa site located near the city of Karshi, the Republic of Uzbekistan, fragments of a vessel with plant ornament were found. The study of this fi nd allowed us to draw attention to the symbolism of plants in the art of various cultures of the peoples of the world. New research proves once again that the temples of Central Asia were also the first medical institutions where the fi rst medicines were manufactured.
very specific types that have been continuously developing for a long time. By the period of the early
Middle Ages in Sogd and its adjacent territories (Tokharistan, Ustrushana, Chach), certain types of cult
architecture developed. Nowadays, in many cities of early medieval Sogd, religious buildings were studied.
But it should be noted that in addition to large cities and their districts, religious buildings were also
built in rural settlements and the most important trading points. This article is devoted to the scientific
analysis of one of such monuments of South Sogd - Khantepa.
на юг от г. Пап, рядом с селением Келачи в
Папском районе Наманганской области, на
северном берегу реки Сырдарьи (Анарбаев и
др., 2012. С. 21-24). Данный участок распо-
ложен в дельте реки Гавасай, являющейся
правым притоком Сырдарьи1. Географиче-
ские координаты памятника 40050’54.00’’
северной широты и 710 06’43.00’’ восточной. Па-
мятник Чильхуджра расположен на второй
террасе Сырдарьи и представляет собой сис-
тему холмов (тепе) со средней высотой 5-8 м
от основания, вытянутых с юго-запада на
северо-восток. Холмы сложены из лессовых
пород и аллювиальных отложений.
earthquakes that occurred in ancient times. In our previous works, it was noted that the ancient city of Eilatan
died in the first century BC due to a strong earthquake. It was at this time that the capital city of Farghana
(Ahsiket) was severely damaged. Here we also found the exit of a seismic focus to the surface, as well as other
strong deformations of building structures built up to this time. The magnitude of the seismic disaster (M =
7.6) was determined by us from the maximum value of the displacement detected by us from the seismogenic
rupture that came to the surface directly on the territory of the ancient settlement. Seismic vibrations completely
destroyed or significantly deformed all buildings and seriously damaged and destroyed the city walls.
Therefore, it seems that the new kings of the Ferghana valley after 90 BC built a new residence on Mugtepe,
which was mentioned in the Chinese source “Hanshu” – as “Guishuan”. According to archaeological data,
it was possible to determine that the above-mentioned monumental fortifications of the capital were built between
104–90 BC, and the X-point earthquake itself occurred, approximately in 91–90 BC. It covered the
entire Ferghana valley, but the cities and settlements of Northern Ferghana were particularly hard hit. A striking
example is the subsidence of massive fortress walls on the citadel and Shahristan of the city of farghana
(Ahsiket). It is possible that the seismogenic rupture that came to the surface in ancient Ahsikent and Eilatan
occurred at the same time. A similar strong earthquake occurred later: in the XI – first half of the XII century.
Traces of this seismic event were traced by us on a number of objects of Karakhanid age in Shahristan and
rabad. The obtained materials should be taken into account in the new assessment of the seismic hazard of
the Ferghana depression.
right bank of the Syrdarya. It comprises a citadel, three shakhristans,
each surrounded on three sides by defensive walls, and a suburb of
rabad. The fourth side of the settlement bordered the riverbank,
along which a wall also ran. A significant object, discovered during
the excavations of Shakhristan 1 was the city temple, which was a
large monumental structure. The core of the temple complex was a
square hall surrounded by bypass corridors. The walls of the temple
were decorated with paintings and relief moldings. New research in the
settlement was conducted on the eastern part of the city temple, the
supposed entrance part site of the temple complex. The archaeological
excavations at the Kanka monument have yielded insights into the
lifestyle of an outpost city situated at the border of the territories of
nomads, pastoralists, and farmers in ancient Central Asia. The findings
indicate that ancient nomadic populations likely played a significant
role in the dissemination of scientific progress. Through their extensive
migrations and cultural interactions, they could have served as conduits
for exchanging knowledge and technological innovations among
disparate regions.
from ancient cultures of the Hellenistic world of Middle East, Ancient Egypt and Rome. This signifies the peculiar assimilation of different cultures in Sogdiana. At the same time, differences in the haircut styles of the characters of the Kafarkala panel from the hairstyles of the people of the Afrasiab and Penjikent murals of the 7th–8th centuries suggest that they were created relatively earlier. The fact that no long hairstyles, characteristic of the Turkic groups of the 7th–8th centuries, are shown in the Kafirkala panel provides the reason to attribute it to examples
of pre-Turkic Sogdian art.
сначала состоял из крепости и шахристана. Потом, к северу от шахристана возник рабад. Однако и на новом месте городская жизнь продолжалась около трехсот лет. Что-то произошло и на Баландтепе, люди ушли и оттуда, а на месте древнего города сейчас видны лишь оплывшие лессовые холмы.
were food for most wild animals, which provided the protein for the human body. In search of edible plants, they skillfully studied the surrounding fauna. Thus, the fi rst knowledge appeared about the peculiar properties of plants in the world around them. These medicinal plants were eaten raw, or some of them were used to make "divine drinks" or "drinks of
immortality", which at the beginning of their appearance also had medicinal or aperitif purposes, and also "lifted the spirits" of people. Therefore, in the visual arts, images of these plants are often found. If in antiquity rocks and stones were the main objects on which people created their fi rst images, later ceramics began to play this role. During archaeological excavations at the Khantepa site located near the city of Karshi, the Republic of Uzbekistan, fragments of a vessel with plant ornament were found. The study of this fi nd allowed us to draw attention to the symbolism of plants in the art of various cultures of the peoples of the world. New research proves once again that the temples of Central Asia were also the first medical institutions where the fi rst medicines were manufactured.
very specific types that have been continuously developing for a long time. By the period of the early
Middle Ages in Sogd and its adjacent territories (Tokharistan, Ustrushana, Chach), certain types of cult
architecture developed. Nowadays, in many cities of early medieval Sogd, religious buildings were studied.
But it should be noted that in addition to large cities and their districts, religious buildings were also
built in rural settlements and the most important trading points. This article is devoted to the scientific
analysis of one of such monuments of South Sogd - Khantepa.
на юг от г. Пап, рядом с селением Келачи в
Папском районе Наманганской области, на
северном берегу реки Сырдарьи (Анарбаев и
др., 2012. С. 21-24). Данный участок распо-
ложен в дельте реки Гавасай, являющейся
правым притоком Сырдарьи1. Географиче-
ские координаты памятника 40050’54.00’’
северной широты и 710 06’43.00’’ восточной. Па-
мятник Чильхуджра расположен на второй
террасе Сырдарьи и представляет собой сис-
тему холмов (тепе) со средней высотой 5-8 м
от основания, вытянутых с юго-запада на
северо-восток. Холмы сложены из лессовых
пород и аллювиальных отложений.
earthquakes that occurred in ancient times. In our previous works, it was noted that the ancient city of Eilatan
died in the first century BC due to a strong earthquake. It was at this time that the capital city of Farghana
(Ahsiket) was severely damaged. Here we also found the exit of a seismic focus to the surface, as well as other
strong deformations of building structures built up to this time. The magnitude of the seismic disaster (M =
7.6) was determined by us from the maximum value of the displacement detected by us from the seismogenic
rupture that came to the surface directly on the territory of the ancient settlement. Seismic vibrations completely
destroyed or significantly deformed all buildings and seriously damaged and destroyed the city walls.
Therefore, it seems that the new kings of the Ferghana valley after 90 BC built a new residence on Mugtepe,
which was mentioned in the Chinese source “Hanshu” – as “Guishuan”. According to archaeological data,
it was possible to determine that the above-mentioned monumental fortifications of the capital were built between
104–90 BC, and the X-point earthquake itself occurred, approximately in 91–90 BC. It covered the
entire Ferghana valley, but the cities and settlements of Northern Ferghana were particularly hard hit. A striking
example is the subsidence of massive fortress walls on the citadel and Shahristan of the city of farghana
(Ahsiket). It is possible that the seismogenic rupture that came to the surface in ancient Ahsikent and Eilatan
occurred at the same time. A similar strong earthquake occurred later: in the XI – first half of the XII century.
Traces of this seismic event were traced by us on a number of objects of Karakhanid age in Shahristan and
rabad. The obtained materials should be taken into account in the new assessment of the seismic hazard of
the Ferghana depression.
stages of development of the Sogdian building culture in the 5th-8th сenturies CE;
The object of research work is the history of the early medieval civilization
of Sogd;
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
the new archaeological materials are analyzed, systematized, put into
scientific circulation, showing that during the early Middle Ages the monumental structures built in the countryside were as monumental as the urban ones;
the stages of development of the technology used in the construction of the defense structures and in the production of building materials are clarified;
the periodic innovations in construction technology and techniques of the
building materials used in early medieval Sogdian settlements are defined; their commonality is revealed; their local traditions based on ethnographic materials are recorded;
the state of construction techniques used in the construction of medieval
religious and architectural structures, and the state of technology for the production of building materials and stages of their development are studied.
acquired great importance (Belenitsky & Bolshakov, 1973; Pugachenkova, 1957; Pugachenkova & Rempel, 1958; Anarbaev, 1981; Nerazik, 1966; Nerazik, 1977). G.A. Pugachenkova conducted extensive studies of the architecture of the Medieval Ages cities of Uzbekistan, paying particular attention to each element of the dwelling and architectural structures. Also, A. Anarbaev studied the design of the cities of the Early and Late Middle Ages and also conducted a study through comparative analysis of the structures of the Ferghana and Soghdian dwellings. E. E. Nerazik, a member of the Khorezm complex expedition, studied the structure of the ancient Khwarazm’s rural homes of the 1st-14th Centuries. Later, in studying the history of Central Asian architecture, S.G. Khmelnitski conducted extensive research (Khmelnitski, 1992; Khmelnitski, 1996-1997; Khmelnitski, 2000). He completed an analytical study using data collected during research work throughout Central Asia and published his multi-volume results on Central Asian architecture. In general, because of large-scale archaeological research conducted on the territory of Uzbekistan since the beginning of the 20th Century, rich information about the
structure of ancient dwellings has been collected. These data formed the basis for the first ideas about the design of ancient houses in the territory of Uzbekistan. However, their systematic development in the territory of Uzbekistan from ancient times needs to be shown. In this study, we focused on the development and formation of individual parts of the dwellings in Uzbekistan since the Stone Age.