Robin Vallacher

The failure to recognize the influence of two distinct forms of moral norms can lead to the misattribution of moral behavior to egoistic motives. This is illustrated in the research of Batson and his colleagues (e.g., Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997). They reported the appearance of moral failure and hypocrisy motivation in several experiments employing essentially the same ''zero-sum " experimental situation. They cited as evidence the discrepancy between participants' apparently self-serving private acts and their subsequent public ratings of the morality of what they had done as well as their recognition of the ''most " moral way to behave. The research reported here supported an alternative explanation that located the experimenter's implicit and explicit instructions as the source of the discrepancy between the participants' private acts and their public ratings. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that Batson and his colleagues had not merely made moral norms ''salient ". They had actually presented their participants with contradictory ''demands " : explicitly inviting them to meet the norm of justified self-interest in private but then give public lip-service to the experimenter's instructions as to a supererogatory way to behave. When either of the demands was removed, the ''hypocrisy " no longer occurred.

The structural account of self-esteem and self-evaluation maintains that they are distinct constructs. Trait self-esteem is stable and is expressed over macro timescales, whereas state self-evaluation is unstable and experienced on micro timescales. We compared predictions based on the structural account with those derived from a dynamical systems perspective on the self, which maintains that self-esteem and self-evaluation are hierarchically related and share basic dynamic properties. Participants recorded a 3-minute narrative about themselves, then used the mouse paradigm (Vallacher, Nowak, Froehlich, & Rockloff, 2002) to track the momentary self-evaluation in their narrative. Multiple methods converged to reveal fractal patterns in the resultant temporal patterns, indicative of nested timescales that link micro and macro selfevaluation and thus supportive of the dynamical account. The fractal dynamics were associated with participants' self-concept clarity, suggesting that th...

... We thank Suzanne Berkeley, Jana Bullock, Cherie Glenn, Julie Midthun, and Ashley O'Hara for their assistance with data collection; Martin Bourgeois and Allan Nash for their statistical advice; and Kim-berly Wilson and Constantine Sedikides for their comments and sug ...

ABSTRACT Three studies investigated the relationship of regulatory focus dynamics to social conflict. Study 1 found significant correlations between measures of chronic regulatory focus and different emotions, values and behavioral intentions across three conflict scenarios. Study 2 manipulated the framing of a conflict scenario as either prevention-focused, promotion, or both. As hypothesized, combined prevention and promotion resulted in the highest scores on satisfaction with conflict outcomes and goal attainment when compared to either prevention or promotion alone. The third study involved coding temporal data from stream-of-thought accounts of actual conflicts. Again, a focus on both prevention and promotion was associated with higher outcome satisfaction than either prevention or promotion alone, whereas a higher ratio of promotion-to-prevention was associated with higher process and relationship satisfaction.

Most research on social networks is concerned with information transmission per se Our aim here is to supplement the social network perspective by incorporating mechanisms that govern social influence Research in social psychology suggests that individuals interact, in large part, to construct a shared reality that consists not only of shared information but also of agreed upon opinions. In this