Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery o... more Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery or into fabric containers and grown for 2 years. Root balls were then compared. Also compared were oaks collected with a tree spade from the wild. The root system on wild trees was dominated by a single tap root with a few lateral roots growing from
Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery o... more Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery or into fabric containers and grown for 2 years. Root balls were then compared. Also compared were oaks collected with a tree spade from the wild. The root system on wild trees was dominated by a single tap root with a few lateral roots growing from the tap root and from the base of the trunk. The nursery trees did not have a single prominent tap root, but several large roots that grew straight or at a slight angle down beneath the trunk. In most cases, these vertically oriented roots originated from roots that had circled the bottom of the container prior to planting. There was no difference in weight of roots less than 5 mm diameter between field- and fabric container-grown trees, and root number and cross-sectional area were comparable among wild, field grown and fabric container-grown trees with the exception that wild trees had fewer roots and less cross-sectional area than did nurse...
Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery o... more Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery or into fabric containers and grown for 2 years. Root balls were then compared. Also compared were oaks collected with a tree spade from the wild. The root system on wild trees was dominated by a single tap root with a few lateral roots growing from the tap root and from the base of the trunk. The nursery trees did not have a single prominent tap root, but several large roots that grew straight or at a slight angle down beneath the trunk. In most cases, these vertically oriented roots originated from roots that had circled the bottom of the container prior to planting. There was no difference in weight of roots less than 5 mm diameter between field- and fabric container-grown trees, and root number and cross-sectional area were comparable among wild, field grown and fabric container-grown trees with the exception that wild trees had fewer roots and less cross-sectional area than did nurse...
ENH-1048, a 6-page illustrated fact sheet by Sharma, J., Haman, D.Z., and Beeson, Jr., R.C., desc... more ENH-1048, a 6-page illustrated fact sheet by Sharma, J., Haman, D.Z., and Beeson, Jr., R.C., describes some new, water conserving production systems for containerized plant production in outdoor nurseries that use the concepts of micro-irrigation and subirrigation. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, December 2006.
We investigated seasonal water use, growth and acceptable root-zone water depletion levels to dev... more We investigated seasonal water use, growth and acceptable root-zone water depletion levels to develop tools for the more precise irrigation of two Southeast U.S. landscape species in a monsoonal climate—Magnolia grandiflora and Viburnum odoratissimum. The study was conducted under a rainout shelter consisting of two concurrent studies. One, weighing lysimeter readings of quantified water use (ETA) at different levels of irrigation frequency that dried the root zone to different allowable depletion levels (ADL). Two, planting the same species and sizes inground and irrigating them to the same ADLs to assess the effect of root-zone water depletion on growth. The projected crown area (PCA) and crown volume were concurrently measured every three weeks in both studies as well as reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Plant factor values were calculated from the ratio of ETA (normalized to depth units by PCA) to ETo. The two species had different tolerances for irrigation frequency depending...
Significance to the Industry: The ornamental industry comprises the fastest growing and the third... more Significance to the Industry: The ornamental industry comprises the fastest growing and the third most important section in US crop production, ranking 7th in cash receipts and among the highest in net farm income, according to the Economic Research Service of the US ...
Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery producti... more Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of insufficient root growth into the landscape soil, and container volume/tree size at planting may influence root deflection. This study was designed to evaluate establishment, root growth, and anchorage six years after planting Acer rubrum L. trees of four different sizes from four corresponding container volumes and maintaining them with two irrigation regimes. Impact of mulch on establishment and root growth was also evaluated. Trees from the largest containers grew slowest in the first three years due primarily to water stress. Trunk tilt during winching tests increased due to greater root deflection, less mass of the root-soil plate, and reduced root growth into the landscape soil with increasing container volume and tree size. In contrast to the poorly anchored larger trees that had most of their large r...
Landscape irrigation can exceed half the water consumption of residential properties. To reduce t... more Landscape irrigation can exceed half the water consumption of residential properties. To reduce this, our research tested two hypotheses. First, that irrigation frequency based on turfgrass water needs is sufficient for irrigation of woody shrubs and trees within a mixed landscape. Second, that warm season Stenotaphrum secundatum, St Augustine turfgrass can maintain an aesthetically pleasing appearance at irrigation volumes and frequencies less than predicted by Penman-Monteith ETo. Data was collected during the first year after plant establishment from 1 June 2010 to 31 May 2011 from nine drainage lysimeters in Central Florida. Lysimeters had a surface area of 13 m2 each and were greater than 1 m deep. Each contained two Viburnum odoratissimum, one Magnolia grandiflora ‘D.D. Blanchard’ magnolia, and 9.7 m2 of ’Floratam', St. Augustine turfgrass. Irrigation regimes of 60%, 75% and 90% of ETo were adhered to throughout the year and adjusted for rain events. Irrigation occurred wh...
Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery producti... more Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of insufficient root growth into the landscape soil, and container volume/tree size at planting may influence root deflection. This study was designed to evaluate establishment, root growth, and anchorage six years after planting Acer rubrum L. trees of four different sizes from four corresponding container volumes and maintaining them with two irrigation regimes. Impact of mulch on establishment and root growth was also evaluated. Trees from the largest containers grew slowest in the first three years due primarily to water stress. Trunk tilt during winching tests increased due to greater root deflection, less mass of the root-soil plate, and reduced root growth into the landscape soil with increasing container volume and tree size. In contrast to the poorly anchored larger trees that had most of their large r...
Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery producti... more Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of insufficient root growth into the landscape soil, and container volume/tree size at planting may influence root deflection. This study was designed to evaluate establishment, root growth, and anchorage six years after planting Acer rubrum L. trees of four different sizes from four corresponding container volumes and maintaining them with two irrigation regimes. Impact of mulch on establishment and root growth was also evaluated. Trees from the largest containers grew slowest in the first three years due primarily to water stress. Trunk tilt during winching tests increased due to greater root deflection, less mass of the root-soil plate, and reduced root growth into the landscape soil with increasing container volume and tree size. In contrast to the poorly anchored larger trees that had most of their large r...
Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production ... more Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production of 2.17 m (7 ft) tall and 5.08 cm (2 in) trunk diameter Magnolia grandiflora cv. ‘Symmes Select’. Systems evaluated were Root Control Bags, Geo-Cell bags, and #25 containers in pot-in-pot in Experiment 1, and Agro-liners in socket pots and directly in-ground in Experiment 2. Each system was either cyclically irrigated or given a single irrigation event daily. In Experiment 1, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of height growth and trunk diameter compared to a single irrigation. Trees in Root Control Bags and pot-in-pot grew at a similar rate and faster than those in Geo-Cell bags. Faster growth rates with cyclic irrigation resulted in earlier marketability compared to single irrigation daily, except for pot-in-pot. In Experiment 2, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of trunk diameter growth, and Agro-liners in pots had greater height and trunk diameter growth rates than those directl...
Native plants are often promoted for water conservation in urban landscapes. However, direct comp... more Native plants are often promoted for water conservation in urban landscapes. However, direct comparisons between native and introduced species utilizing physiological measures of plant water stress are unavailable to support or refute such recommendations. Ligustrum japonicum and Myrica cerifera, representing evergreen introduced and native species, respectively, were selected based on similar landscape function, non-stressed photosynthetic rates, and water use efficiencies. Both species were transplanted into a fine sand soil to evaluate establishment rates and growth characteristics under two irrigation regimes, irrigated either daily or every 3 d at 1.3 cm (0.5 in) of irrigation per event for the first 8 months after transplanting (MAT). Water potentials were recorded on two consecutive days each month, with cumulative stress intervals calculated. Water potential was significantly influenced by day of water stress level. On days without irrigation, water stress was generally grea...
Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transpl... more Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transplanted from 3.8 liter (#1) containers into 35-cm (14 in) fabric containers in sandy soils. Irrigation or fertilizer was applied all inside, half-in half-out (50/50), or all outside the fabric container during a 2-year production cycle. For live oak, neither irrigation nor fertilizer placement increased fine root mass within the fabric container. Maximum trunk diameter was achieved by applying both irrigation and fertilizer inside the container. For Chinese elm, applying either fertilizer or irrigation inside or half-in half-outside the container increased fine root mass within the harvested root ball. Elm shoot growth was greatest with 50/50 placement of both irrigation and fertilizer. Field site influenced the effect of Irrigation on shoot growth, but not root mass. Greater fine root mass occurred in the heavier soil type
Begonias (Begonia semperflorens) were transplanted into an open-sided clear polyethylene covered ... more Begonias (Begonia semperflorens) were transplanted into an open-sided clear polyethylene covered shelter to evaluate the effect of root ball condition on establishment and growth. Three root ball classes were evaluated: non root-bound (NRB; 6 week old plants), root-bound (RB; 10 week old plants), and root-bound with the bottom 1 cm of the root ball removed (RBM). Non root-bound plants had greater growth rates for both height and faster rates of accumulation for cumulative root dry mass and new root dry mass relative to the other treatments tested. Cumulative shoot dry mass, new shoot dry mass, and total biomass accumulation rates were slower among RB plants compared to other rootball conditions. Mean canopy size, shoot dry mass, and biomass of NRB were significantly less at transplant; however all parameters were comparable among treatments 12 weeks later. Final mean shoot to root ratios were lower for the NRB treatment relative to RBM. Results indicate smaller, NRB transplants esta...
This 6-page document provides basic information and guidelines on water requirements and irrigati... more This 6-page document provides basic information and guidelines on water requirements and irrigation strategies for peaches grown in Florida. Written by C. Zambrano-Vaca, L. Zotarelli, K. Migliaccio, R. Beeson Jr., K. Morgan, J. Chaparro, and M. Olmstead and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, April 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1316
Container crop production has become increasingly popular, but daily water requirements of those ... more Container crop production has become increasingly popular, but daily water requirements of those crops from transplanting to marketable or harvestable stages are largely unavailable. To address this concern, daily water consumption of two container-grown fern species, Davallia bullata and Nephrolepis exaltata from initial transplanting to marketable size were studied using a canopy closure model. Daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of D. bullata ranged from 4.6 mL to 76.5 mL with an average of 29.0 mL per plant per day. The mean cumulative ETA was 13.2 L during 431 days of production spanning from 8 November 2006 to 4 February 2008. Two crops of N. exaltata were produced. Daily ETA per N. exaltata plant produced in crop 1 varied from 19.0 to 241.2 mL with an average of 69.5 mL, and daily ETA of crop 2 differed from 5.7 to 136.8 mL with a mean of 74.0 mL. Both crops had a cumulative ETA of 9.4 L. Such differences in daily ETA and cumulative ETA between the two fern species raised f...
To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agricultu... more To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Ilex spp. (holly) trees are endemic to Central Florida and among the most popular landscape trees for their hardness, bright colors and go-anywhere size. To provide a basis for irrigation allocations both during production and in landscapes, daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) for three holly trees were measured with weighing lysimeters over 5.75 years, beginning with rooted cuttings and continuing until trees averaged 4.3 meters in height. Empirical models were derived to calculate ETA based on crown horizontal projected area or trunk caliper, adjusted daily by changes in evapotranspiration (ETo). Average ETA to produce these hollies was 20 432 L cumulative over 5.75 years.
Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery o... more Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery or into fabric containers and grown for 2 years. Root balls were then compared. Also compared were oaks collected with a tree spade from the wild. The root system on wild trees was dominated by a single tap root with a few lateral roots growing from
Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery o... more Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery or into fabric containers and grown for 2 years. Root balls were then compared. Also compared were oaks collected with a tree spade from the wild. The root system on wild trees was dominated by a single tap root with a few lateral roots growing from the tap root and from the base of the trunk. The nursery trees did not have a single prominent tap root, but several large roots that grew straight or at a slight angle down beneath the trunk. In most cases, these vertically oriented roots originated from roots that had circled the bottom of the container prior to planting. There was no difference in weight of roots less than 5 mm diameter between field- and fabric container-grown trees, and root number and cross-sectional area were comparable among wild, field grown and fabric container-grown trees with the exception that wild trees had fewer roots and less cross-sectional area than did nurse...
Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery o... more Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) was transplanted from 3.8 liter containers into a field nursery or into fabric containers and grown for 2 years. Root balls were then compared. Also compared were oaks collected with a tree spade from the wild. The root system on wild trees was dominated by a single tap root with a few lateral roots growing from the tap root and from the base of the trunk. The nursery trees did not have a single prominent tap root, but several large roots that grew straight or at a slight angle down beneath the trunk. In most cases, these vertically oriented roots originated from roots that had circled the bottom of the container prior to planting. There was no difference in weight of roots less than 5 mm diameter between field- and fabric container-grown trees, and root number and cross-sectional area were comparable among wild, field grown and fabric container-grown trees with the exception that wild trees had fewer roots and less cross-sectional area than did nurse...
ENH-1048, a 6-page illustrated fact sheet by Sharma, J., Haman, D.Z., and Beeson, Jr., R.C., desc... more ENH-1048, a 6-page illustrated fact sheet by Sharma, J., Haman, D.Z., and Beeson, Jr., R.C., describes some new, water conserving production systems for containerized plant production in outdoor nurseries that use the concepts of micro-irrigation and subirrigation. Includes references. Published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, December 2006.
We investigated seasonal water use, growth and acceptable root-zone water depletion levels to dev... more We investigated seasonal water use, growth and acceptable root-zone water depletion levels to develop tools for the more precise irrigation of two Southeast U.S. landscape species in a monsoonal climate—Magnolia grandiflora and Viburnum odoratissimum. The study was conducted under a rainout shelter consisting of two concurrent studies. One, weighing lysimeter readings of quantified water use (ETA) at different levels of irrigation frequency that dried the root zone to different allowable depletion levels (ADL). Two, planting the same species and sizes inground and irrigating them to the same ADLs to assess the effect of root-zone water depletion on growth. The projected crown area (PCA) and crown volume were concurrently measured every three weeks in both studies as well as reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Plant factor values were calculated from the ratio of ETA (normalized to depth units by PCA) to ETo. The two species had different tolerances for irrigation frequency depending...
Significance to the Industry: The ornamental industry comprises the fastest growing and the third... more Significance to the Industry: The ornamental industry comprises the fastest growing and the third most important section in US crop production, ranking 7th in cash receipts and among the highest in net farm income, according to the Economic Research Service of the US ...
Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery producti... more Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of insufficient root growth into the landscape soil, and container volume/tree size at planting may influence root deflection. This study was designed to evaluate establishment, root growth, and anchorage six years after planting Acer rubrum L. trees of four different sizes from four corresponding container volumes and maintaining them with two irrigation regimes. Impact of mulch on establishment and root growth was also evaluated. Trees from the largest containers grew slowest in the first three years due primarily to water stress. Trunk tilt during winching tests increased due to greater root deflection, less mass of the root-soil plate, and reduced root growth into the landscape soil with increasing container volume and tree size. In contrast to the poorly anchored larger trees that had most of their large r...
Landscape irrigation can exceed half the water consumption of residential properties. To reduce t... more Landscape irrigation can exceed half the water consumption of residential properties. To reduce this, our research tested two hypotheses. First, that irrigation frequency based on turfgrass water needs is sufficient for irrigation of woody shrubs and trees within a mixed landscape. Second, that warm season Stenotaphrum secundatum, St Augustine turfgrass can maintain an aesthetically pleasing appearance at irrigation volumes and frequencies less than predicted by Penman-Monteith ETo. Data was collected during the first year after plant establishment from 1 June 2010 to 31 May 2011 from nine drainage lysimeters in Central Florida. Lysimeters had a surface area of 13 m2 each and were greater than 1 m deep. Each contained two Viburnum odoratissimum, one Magnolia grandiflora ‘D.D. Blanchard’ magnolia, and 9.7 m2 of ’Floratam', St. Augustine turfgrass. Irrigation regimes of 60%, 75% and 90% of ETo were adhered to throughout the year and adjusted for rain events. Irrigation occurred wh...
Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery producti... more Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of insufficient root growth into the landscape soil, and container volume/tree size at planting may influence root deflection. This study was designed to evaluate establishment, root growth, and anchorage six years after planting Acer rubrum L. trees of four different sizes from four corresponding container volumes and maintaining them with two irrigation regimes. Impact of mulch on establishment and root growth was also evaluated. Trees from the largest containers grew slowest in the first three years due primarily to water stress. Trunk tilt during winching tests increased due to greater root deflection, less mass of the root-soil plate, and reduced root growth into the landscape soil with increasing container volume and tree size. In contrast to the poorly anchored larger trees that had most of their large r...
Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery producti... more Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of insufficient root growth into the landscape soil, and container volume/tree size at planting may influence root deflection. This study was designed to evaluate establishment, root growth, and anchorage six years after planting Acer rubrum L. trees of four different sizes from four corresponding container volumes and maintaining them with two irrigation regimes. Impact of mulch on establishment and root growth was also evaluated. Trees from the largest containers grew slowest in the first three years due primarily to water stress. Trunk tilt during winching tests increased due to greater root deflection, less mass of the root-soil plate, and reduced root growth into the landscape soil with increasing container volume and tree size. In contrast to the poorly anchored larger trees that had most of their large r...
Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production ... more Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production of 2.17 m (7 ft) tall and 5.08 cm (2 in) trunk diameter Magnolia grandiflora cv. ‘Symmes Select’. Systems evaluated were Root Control Bags, Geo-Cell bags, and #25 containers in pot-in-pot in Experiment 1, and Agro-liners in socket pots and directly in-ground in Experiment 2. Each system was either cyclically irrigated or given a single irrigation event daily. In Experiment 1, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of height growth and trunk diameter compared to a single irrigation. Trees in Root Control Bags and pot-in-pot grew at a similar rate and faster than those in Geo-Cell bags. Faster growth rates with cyclic irrigation resulted in earlier marketability compared to single irrigation daily, except for pot-in-pot. In Experiment 2, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of trunk diameter growth, and Agro-liners in pots had greater height and trunk diameter growth rates than those directl...
Native plants are often promoted for water conservation in urban landscapes. However, direct comp... more Native plants are often promoted for water conservation in urban landscapes. However, direct comparisons between native and introduced species utilizing physiological measures of plant water stress are unavailable to support or refute such recommendations. Ligustrum japonicum and Myrica cerifera, representing evergreen introduced and native species, respectively, were selected based on similar landscape function, non-stressed photosynthetic rates, and water use efficiencies. Both species were transplanted into a fine sand soil to evaluate establishment rates and growth characteristics under two irrigation regimes, irrigated either daily or every 3 d at 1.3 cm (0.5 in) of irrigation per event for the first 8 months after transplanting (MAT). Water potentials were recorded on two consecutive days each month, with cumulative stress intervals calculated. Water potential was significantly influenced by day of water stress level. On days without irrigation, water stress was generally grea...
Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transpl... more Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transplanted from 3.8 liter (#1) containers into 35-cm (14 in) fabric containers in sandy soils. Irrigation or fertilizer was applied all inside, half-in half-out (50/50), or all outside the fabric container during a 2-year production cycle. For live oak, neither irrigation nor fertilizer placement increased fine root mass within the fabric container. Maximum trunk diameter was achieved by applying both irrigation and fertilizer inside the container. For Chinese elm, applying either fertilizer or irrigation inside or half-in half-outside the container increased fine root mass within the harvested root ball. Elm shoot growth was greatest with 50/50 placement of both irrigation and fertilizer. Field site influenced the effect of Irrigation on shoot growth, but not root mass. Greater fine root mass occurred in the heavier soil type
Begonias (Begonia semperflorens) were transplanted into an open-sided clear polyethylene covered ... more Begonias (Begonia semperflorens) were transplanted into an open-sided clear polyethylene covered shelter to evaluate the effect of root ball condition on establishment and growth. Three root ball classes were evaluated: non root-bound (NRB; 6 week old plants), root-bound (RB; 10 week old plants), and root-bound with the bottom 1 cm of the root ball removed (RBM). Non root-bound plants had greater growth rates for both height and faster rates of accumulation for cumulative root dry mass and new root dry mass relative to the other treatments tested. Cumulative shoot dry mass, new shoot dry mass, and total biomass accumulation rates were slower among RB plants compared to other rootball conditions. Mean canopy size, shoot dry mass, and biomass of NRB were significantly less at transplant; however all parameters were comparable among treatments 12 weeks later. Final mean shoot to root ratios were lower for the NRB treatment relative to RBM. Results indicate smaller, NRB transplants esta...
This 6-page document provides basic information and guidelines on water requirements and irrigati... more This 6-page document provides basic information and guidelines on water requirements and irrigation strategies for peaches grown in Florida. Written by C. Zambrano-Vaca, L. Zotarelli, K. Migliaccio, R. Beeson Jr., K. Morgan, J. Chaparro, and M. Olmstead and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department, April 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1316
Container crop production has become increasingly popular, but daily water requirements of those ... more Container crop production has become increasingly popular, but daily water requirements of those crops from transplanting to marketable or harvestable stages are largely unavailable. To address this concern, daily water consumption of two container-grown fern species, Davallia bullata and Nephrolepis exaltata from initial transplanting to marketable size were studied using a canopy closure model. Daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of D. bullata ranged from 4.6 mL to 76.5 mL with an average of 29.0 mL per plant per day. The mean cumulative ETA was 13.2 L during 431 days of production spanning from 8 November 2006 to 4 February 2008. Two crops of N. exaltata were produced. Daily ETA per N. exaltata plant produced in crop 1 varied from 19.0 to 241.2 mL with an average of 69.5 mL, and daily ETA of crop 2 differed from 5.7 to 136.8 mL with a mean of 74.0 mL. Both crops had a cumulative ETA of 9.4 L. Such differences in daily ETA and cumulative ETA between the two fern species raised f...
To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agricultu... more To meet minimum spring flows, water management districts in Florida sought to make both agriculture and urban landscapes water efficient, which includes tree farms. Ilex spp. (holly) trees are endemic to Central Florida and among the most popular landscape trees for their hardness, bright colors and go-anywhere size. To provide a basis for irrigation allocations both during production and in landscapes, daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) for three holly trees were measured with weighing lysimeters over 5.75 years, beginning with rooted cuttings and continuing until trees averaged 4.3 meters in height. Empirical models were derived to calculate ETA based on crown horizontal projected area or trunk caliper, adjusted daily by changes in evapotranspiration (ETo). Average ETA to produce these hollies was 20 432 L cumulative over 5.75 years.
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