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The perception of automatic generation control (AGC) has a massive part in delivering eminence power in an interrelated structure. To acquire eminence power by monitoring the fluctuations of frequency and tie-link power, an appropriate... more
The perception of automatic generation control (AGC) has a massive part in delivering eminence power in an interrelated structure. To acquire eminence power by monitoring the fluctuations of frequency and tie-link power, an appropriate controller strategy is essential. This work explores AGC learning under the traditional situation. In this study, we employ a cascade controller with proportional amalgamation with a tilt-integral-derivative with a filter (TIDN) and fractional order integral-derivative (FOID), named TIDN-FOID. In order to acquire the controller’s attributes, a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) is employed. Several investigations express the excellency of the TIDN-FOID controller over other controllers from outlook regarding the lessened level of peak_overshoot, peak_undershoot, and settling_time for the considered structure. The structure comprises thermal, biodiesel units in area 1, thermal, and geothermal units in area-2, and hydrot...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The concept of automatic generation control has an immense role in providing quality power in an interconnected system. To obtain quality power by controlling the oscillations of frequency and tie-line power, a proper controller design is... more
The concept of automatic generation control has an immense role in providing quality power in an interconnected system. To obtain quality power by controlling the oscillations of frequency and tie-line power, a proper controller design is necessary. So, an innovative endeavor has been undertaken to enforce a two-stage controller with the amalgamation of a proportional-derivative with filter (PDN) (integer-order) and a fractional order integral-derivative (FOID), i.e., PDN(FOID). In an effort to acquire the controller’s gains and parameters, a bio-inspired meta-heuristic spotted hyena optimizer is applied. Various examinations manifest the excellence of PDN(FOID) over other controllers such as integral, proportional–integral, proportional–integral-derivative filter, and fractional order PID from perspectives concerning the diminished amount of peak anomaly oscillations, and the instant of settling for a three-area system. The system includes thermal–bio-diesel in area-1; a thermal–ge...
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Research Interests:
This work is presenting the dynamic stability analysis of a Grid connected Microgrid with controlled Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) with a digitally operated centralized P-Q and V-f control mechanism to maintain system stability in... more
This work is presenting the dynamic stability analysis of a Grid connected Microgrid with controlled Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) with a digitally operated centralized P-Q and V-f control mechanism to maintain system stability in terms of Voltage, Frequency and Power at the common coupling lump. Both Internal and External fault conditions have been considered at base loading condition of the microgrid. A worst fault (L-L-G) has been considered with the common L-G fault both in the main grid and load side and the role of HESS in holding the system stability has been studied. A difference between the behaviors of HESS has been studied by considering the Base Load condition. The simulation of the system with various conditions is analyzed and presented for the proposed operating philosophy and the role of Hybrid Energy Storage System (ESS) in maintaining the steadiness is also verified.
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Research Interests:
This paper presents automatic generation control of three unequal area hydro-thermal systems. Appropriate generation rate constraints are considered in each area. Proportional - Integral - Derivative (PID) controller is used as the... more
This paper presents automatic generation control of three unequal area hydro-thermal systems. Appropriate generation rate constraints are considered in each area. Proportional - Integral - Derivative (PID) controller is used as the secondary controller in the areas. A Battery Energy Storage (BES) system is incorporated in Area1 and the system dynamic responses are compared with that of without BES system. Selection of position of BES in interconnected multi area system has been done first time as an individual and observed that BES in Area-1 with 1% SLP is the best. The PID controllers gains are optimized simultaneously using a more recent evolutionary computational technique called firefly algorithm. Investigations reveal that dynamic responses of the system with BES are better than without BES. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the optimum parameters obtained at nominal conditions are quite robust and need not be reset with wide change in system loading and change in step load per...
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The work represented reflects the involvement of firefly algorithm optimized fuzzy logic based two degrees of freedom integral-double-derivative (F2DOFIDD) controllers for the load frequency control of many-area, multi-source power system... more
The work represented reflects the involvement of firefly algorithm optimized fuzzy logic based two degrees of freedom integral-double-derivative (F2DOFIDD) controllers for the load frequency control of many-area, multi-source power system incorporating small hydro power plant. Various results obtained through simulations shows the proposed controllers upper-hand in terms of least oscillations, reduced settling time and peak deviations and also in terms of smaller values of cost function.
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This paper presents Automatic Generation Control of a two unequal area Thermal - Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) system. Thermal area is provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints (GRC) of 3% per minute while... more
This paper presents Automatic Generation Control of a two unequal area Thermal - Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) system. Thermal area is provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints (GRC) of 3% per minute while CCGT system is provided with GRC of 5% per minute. Several classical controllers such as Integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) are considered separately in the system for secondary, air flow and temperature controllers. The gains of the controllers are optimized using Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm. Dynamic responses corresponding to these controllers are compared. Analysis reveals that the performance of PID controllers is much better than the others. Sensitivity analysis reveals the robustness of the optimized PID controller gains of the two area system to wide changes in inertia constant (H), system loading condition and other system parameters.
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This article presents automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected four area thermal system. The control areas are provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints of 3%/min. A maiden attempt has been made to... more
This article presents automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected four area thermal system. The control areas are provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints of 3%/min. A maiden attempt has been made to apply a Proportional integral-Proportional derivative (PI-PD) cascade controller in AGC. Controller gains are optimized simultaneously using Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), a recent evolutionary computational technique. Performance of classical controllers such as Integral (I), Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller are investigated and compared with PI-PD cascade controller. Investigations reveal that in this comparison PI-PD cascade controller provides much better response than others. The performances comparison of several objective functions are evaluated and explored that integral squared error is better than others for the system with the PI-PD cascade controller. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the FPA optimized PI-PD cascade controller parameters obtained at nominal condition of loading, size, position of disturbance and system parameter such as inertia constant, H are robust and need not be reset with wide changes in system loading, size, position of disturbance and system parameters. The system dynamic performances are studied with 1% step load perturbation, random load in Area 1.
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This paper presents automatic generation control of three unequal area hydro-thermal systems with appropriate generation rate constraints in each area and each area is interconnected with AC/DC transmission links. Electric governor is... more
This paper presents automatic generation control of three unequal area hydro-thermal systems with appropriate generation rate constraints in each area and each area is interconnected with AC/DC transmission links. Electric governor is considered in hydro area. Battery energy storage (BES) system is incorporated for the first time in 3-area hydro thermal system and areas are interconnected with AC/DC link. The dynamic responses of the system with BES are compared with that without BES. The PID controller is used as the secondary controller. The controller gains are optimized using a more recent powerful evolutionary optimization technique called "Cuckoo Search". Investigations reveal that dynamic responses of the system with BES are better than without BES. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the optimum controller gains in presence of BES obtained at nominal conditions and at nominal parameter are robust and need not be reset to uncertain change in system loading, inertia constant and location and magnitude of step load perturbation.
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Research Interests:
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT This paper presents the automatic generation control (AGC) of an unequal three area thermal system with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints of 3%/min in each area. A two degree of freedom (2DOF) controller... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents the automatic generation control (AGC) of an unequal three area thermal system with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints of 3%/min in each area. A two degree of freedom (2DOF) controller called 2DOF – integral plus double derivative (2DOF – IDD) is proposed for the first time in AGC as secondary controller. Secondary controller gains and other parameters are simultaneously optimized using a more recent and powerful evolutionary computational technique called Cuckoo search algorithm (CS). The system dynamic responses obtained with 2DOF – IDD controller are compared with that obtained with other 2DOF controllers such as 2DOF – Proportional-Integral (2DOF – PI), 2DOF Proportional – Integral-Derivative (2DOF – PID). Investigations reveals that 2DOF – PI, and 2DOF – PID provide more or less same response where as 2DOF – IDD controller provides much better response than the others. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the CS optimized 2DOF – IDD controller parameters obtained at nominal condition of loading and nominal size of step load perturbation (SLP) are robust and need not be reset with wide changes in system loading and (SLP).
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ABSTRACT This paper presents Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of two and three area thermal systems. Each area of the systems is equipped with single reheat turbine and has a Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) of 3% per minute. System... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of two and three area thermal systems. Each area of the systems is equipped with single reheat turbine and has a Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) of 3% per minute. System dynamics has been obtained by considering 1% step load perturbation (SLP) in area 1. Performances of several classical controllers such as Integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI), Integral-Derivative (ID), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Integral-Double Derivative (IDD) has been evaluated and compared in the two area system. Bacteria Foraging (BF) technique has been used for optimization of controller gains. Investigations reveal that IDD controller provides better dynamic than the others. Thyristor-controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS) in tie-line has been used for damping the oscillations in the frequency and tie power deviations. TCPS is applied in both systems with IDD controller in the secondary loop. An appropriate tie-line for use of TCPS in series has been selected. Investigations reveal that using TCPS the oscillations and peak deviations in the responses can be reduced. Simultaneous optimization of Governor Speed Regulation parameter (Ri) for primary control loop and gains IDD controller (KIi, KDi) for the three unequal area system with IDD controller using BF technique provides higher values of Ri, thereby leading to economic and convenient realization of Governors. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to see the robustness of KIi, KDi and Ri obtained at nominal condition on the three area system with TCPS with wide change in loading conditions, Inertia constant(H) and magnitude and location of SLP and established that they are robust.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents the automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected three unequal area thermal system with appropriate generation rate constraints and governor dead band. The areas are provided with single reheat... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents the automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected three unequal area thermal system with appropriate generation rate constraints and governor dead band. The areas are provided with single reheat turbine. The system dynamic performance is evaluated by considering 1% step load perturbation (SLP) in area1. The firefly algorithm (FA) is used for optimization of secondary controller gains and other parameters. The performance of the two degree of freedom PID (2DOF PID) controller is evaluated for the first time in AGC of three area system and compared with that of conventional single degree of freedom PID controller (simply PID controller). Additionally, the 2DOF PID and PID controllers are tested for different loadings and SLPs. Investigations reveal that the performance of 2DOF PID controller is much better than PID controller. Also, it is seen that the control performance of 2DOF PID is better and improves with wide change in loading and SLP from their nominal values.
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This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of three unequal area thermal systems with single reheat turbine and appropriate generation rate constraints (GRC) in each area. The system dynamic responses for various 2DOF... more
This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of three unequal area thermal systems with single reheat turbine and appropriate generation rate constraints (GRC) in each area. The system dynamic responses for various 2DOF controllers such as 2DOF-PI, and 2DOF-PID are compared. Investigations reveal that responses with 2DOF-PID are better than other. The performance of a two degree of freedom (2DOF) PID controller in presence of several FACTS devices such as Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is evaluated for the first time in AGC. Secondary controller gains and other parameters of 2DOF controllers are optimized simultaneously using Fire fly algorithm (FA). Comparison of dynamic responses of the system with 2DOF PID is done with that of with 2DOF PID with SSSC and IPFC reveals that dynamic responses with IPFC are better than others. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the FA optimized 2DOF - PID controller parameters in presence of IPFC at nominal condition of loading and size of step load perturbation (SLP) are robust and need not be reset with wide changes in system loading and SLP.
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This paper deals with automatic generation control of an multi-area hydro-thermal system. The performances of some commonly used classical controllers are examined and dynamic performances are compared to obtain the best. A three input... more
This paper deals with automatic generation control of an multi-area hydro-thermal system. The performances of some commonly used classical controllers are examined and dynamic performances are compared to obtain the best. A three input neuro-fuzzy controller is proposed for the first time in the system. Investigations reveal that the three input neuro-fuzzy controller provides better performance than two inputs Controller. The performance of the three input neuro-fuzzy controller has been compared with that of the best commonly used classical controller, which reveals that the neuro-fuzzy controller is better. The robustness of the three input neuro-fuzzy controller has been tested for different loading. Comparison of the dynamic responses of neuro-fuzzy controller and the best classical controller at different loading conditions also reveal the superiority of the proposed neuro-fuzzy controller.
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ABSTRACT This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of two and three unequal area hydrothermal systems. The thermal areas of the systems are equipped with single reheat turbine and hydro area is with electric governor.... more
ABSTRACT This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of two and three unequal area hydrothermal systems. The thermal areas of the systems are equipped with single reheat turbine and hydro area is with electric governor. Appropriate Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) has been considered in each area. System dynamics has been obtained by considering 1% step load perturbation (SLP) in area1. Performances of several classical controllers such as Integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI), Integral-Derivative (ID), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Integral-Double Derivative (IDD) has been evaluated and compared in systems. Firefly algorithm (FA) has been used for optimization of different parameters. Investigations reveal that IDD controller provides better dynamic than the others in both systems. In the three area system, thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) have been used in tie-line. Investigations expose that using TCSC, the oscillations and peak deviations in the responses can be reduced. Simultaneous optimization of governor speed regulation parameter (Ri) and IDD controller gains with or without TCSC provides higher values of Ri, thereby leading to economic and convenient realization of Governors.