IJETM Journal

Debt/Equity Ratio is a debt ratio used to measure a company's financial leverage, calculated by dividing a company's total liabilities by its stockholders' equity. The D/E ratio indicates how much debt a company is using to finance its assets relative to the amount of value represented in shareholders' equity. In this paper, we have compared D/E ratio of various startups and mapped the changes in behavior of these ratios. The formula for calculating D/E ratios can be represented in the following way: Debt-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders' Equity

Classification systems have been widely utilized in medical domain to explore patient's data and extract a predictive model. This model helps physicians to improve the irprognos is diagnosis or treatment planning procedures. Data mining can be done by using different functionalities. Classification is one of them. Classification is a data mining technique that assigns objects to a predefined classes or labels. The aim of classification is to classify the objects into target class. On the other hand biology inspired algorithms such as Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Swarm based approaches like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colonies Optimization (ACO) were used in solving many data mining problems. In this project, binary classification is considered as an area of problem. The main aim of this project is to discover the classification rule on biological dataset using ant miner by calculating accuracy function depends upon pheromone update levels. Ant miner uses rule induction algorithm that occupies collective intelligence to construct classification rules.

To assess the prevalence of traumatic injuries and the knowledge regarding the emergency care among school children in rural area Dehra, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 13 government schools among 1041 subjects aged 11- 14 years. The demographic details and knowledge regarding emergency care was recorded on a structured questionnaire. The data regarding the traumatic injuries was recorded using modified Ellis' classification. Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries (TDI) was found to be 5.12 %. Maxillary central incisor was the most common tooth to be affected (58.1%). The main cause for TDI was found to be due to falls (51.2%). Enamel with dentin fracture with pulp exposure was the main type of TDI (46.7%). The awareness regarding emergency care revealed that 63.4% of subjects were aware of emergency care. The knowledge regarding TDI increased with increase in age. The prevalence of dental trauma was found to be low and the awareness level regarding emergency care was found to be fair. Hence it is highly recommended to plan a community wide trauma prevention campaign targeting parents, children and dental care providers.

When a tooth is fractured at the gingival level due to accidental trauma and there is insufficient coronal tooth structure to retain a crown, a custom cast dowel and core often is necessary, followed by the fabrication of a definitive crown. It is very difficult to fabricate the provisional restoration for a tooth until the custom cast dowel and core are cemented permanently. This article describes a direct procedure for fabricating a provisional restoration (with a prefabricated temporary titanium post and an acrylic resin denture tooth) immediately after the tooth has been prepared for a custom cast dowel and core. This technique produces excellent clinical results while being less time-consuming than an indirect approach.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and assess, through questionnaire, the knowledge of mothers with different education levels regarding the emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth. The replantation is the preferred treatment for avulsed tooth. The prognosis depends upon the handling of the periodontal ligament and speed of replantation. Mothers are commonly taking care of children and are around them when such injuries can occur. Their knowledge about emergency management of avulsed tooth is important; that can vary upon the level of education of mothers. The 800 mothers were divided into two groups of 400 each depending upon two different educational levels- primary and higher/technical education. After obtaining the consent, they filled 10 item questionnaire containing both correct and wrong answers related to emergency management of avulsed teeth. Collected data was statistically analyzed. The results indicated highly significant difference in the knowledge of mothers of two groups regarding emergency management of avulsed teeth with better knowledge and awareness in mothers with higher/technical education. Mothers with technical school education had better knowledge than mothers with primary school education. However, mothers of both the groups were severely lacking in the complete and accurate knowledge.

Gardner's syndrome is a genetic condition demonstrating an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the multiple colonic polyps (familial adenomatous polyposis coli) with sebaceous cysts and jaw osteomas. Various dental abnormalities present in patient's suffering with this syndrome includes multiple impacted or unerupted teeth, supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, compound odontomes and dentigerous cyst. In this case report, a patient with Gardner's syndrome who suffered from functional and psychological problems owing to multiple impacted, unerupted teeth and hypodontia was presented. Patient was treated with…

Aims and objectives: Making of definitive/secondary impression of displaceable flabby tissues with minimum or no displacement of tissue by using window impression technique. Background: Displaceable, flabby or hyperplastic tissues or commonly seen in the anterior region of edentulous maxilla opposing mandibular anterior natural teeth or in the mandibular alveolar ridge when extensive bone resorption has occurred. Prevalence of flabby ridges can vary, occurring in up to 24% of edentulous maxilla and in 5% of edentulous mandible. Displacement of flabby tissues during impression making is always a concern. Soft tissues that are displaced during impression making tend to return to their original form, and complete dentures fabricated from such impression will not accurately fit on the recovered tissues resulting in loss of retention, stability and occlusal disharmony the dentures. Materials and Methods: This technique uses a custom tray with a window over mobile tissues and a mucostatic...

Fiber reinforced composite resin fixed partial dentures (FRCFPD) with composite resin, PFM or all ceramic pontic can be used as a short term or long term alternative to conventional fixed partial dentures or implant supported crown in young patients where conventional FPD is contraindicated (large pulp chambers) or in patient's unwilling to invasive implant placement surgical procedure and those who do not want to allow preparation of natural sound abutments for placement of retainers for FPD. FRCFPD can be successfully used for replacing missing anterior tooth (Turker and Sener, J Prosthet Dent 100:254-258, 2008), in conditions which allows minimum occlusal loading of pontic, over jet and overbite not greater than 3 mm (Ricketts, Provocations and perceptions in craniofacial orthopedics: dental science and facial art/parts 1 and 2. Rocky Mountain Orthodontics, Denver, p 7023, 1990) and structurally sound and intact abutments for the fiber reinforced matrix (Rose et al., Quintess...

To estimate fluoride concentration in drinking water, cow's milk and buffalo's milk and to correlate the concentration of fluoride in cow's milk and buffalo's milk with varying levels of fluoride concentration in drinking water. Ten households having both cows and buffalo's were selected by convenience in each of the 3 zones (below optimum fluoride <0.7 ppm (parts per million), optimum fluoride 0.7-1.2 ppm and above optimum fluoride areas > 1.2 ppm). From these selected households, 200 ml of fresh milk of both cows and buffaloes was collected along with 200 ml of drinking water for estimation of fluoride concentration by using a fluoride ion selective electrode method. The data was analysed using SPSS, version 11.5 for windows. The mean fluoride concentration of drinking water, cow's milk and buffalo's milk in three different fluoride zones was 0.89±0.39, 0.09±0.07, 0.09±0.08 respectively. Pearson's correlation found a statistically significant correlation between fluoride concentrations in cow's and buffalo's milk with varying levels of fluoride concentration in drinking water in zone B and zone C. However, this correlation was not statistically significant in zone A. With an increase in fluoride concentration in drinking water there was an increase in concentration of fluoride in cow's and buffalo's milk. We conclude that this association is seen in conjunction to not only a single factor but rather due to culmination of several other aspects. So, there is a need to elucidate the other factors that might be contributing to this increase and dental fluorosis.

The tumorigenicity of most cases of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL) is driven by the oncogenic fusion protein NPM-ALK in a STAT3-dependent manner. Since it has been shown that STAT3 can be inhibited by STAT1 in some experimental models, we hypothesized that the STAT1 signaling pathway is defective in ALK+ALCL, thereby leaving the STAT3 signaling unchecked. Compared to normal T-cells, ALK+ALCL tumors consistently expressed a low level of STAT1. Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway appreciably increased STAT1 expression in ALK+ALCL cells. Furthermore, we found evidence that NPM-ALK binds to and phosphorylates STAT1, thereby promoting its proteasomal degradation in a STAT3-dependent manner. If restored, STAT1 is functionally intact in ALK+ALCL cells, as it effectively up-regulated γ-interferon, induced apoptosis/cell-cycle arrest, potentiated the inhibitory effects of doxorubicin, and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. STAT1 interfered with the STAT3 sign...

A patient of hemimaxillectomy with restricted mouth opening, wearing a hard acrylic bulb obturator encountered difficulty in insertion and removal of the prosthesis. The prosthesis was converted into a open hollow bulb obturator with flexible walls with permanent silicone soft liner for easy insertion and removal. Patients having acquired maxillary defects due to surgical resection of the maxilla often suffer with difficulty in mastication, swallowing, nasal regurgitation, speech disturbances and poor esthetics. Different types of obturator with various bulb designs most commonly fabricated from acrylic resins together with "acrylic resin plate and/or" metal framework are used to improve the quality of life of these patients by restoring the function. But restricted mouth opening in some of these patients makes it difficult to place and remove the prosthesis with hard acrylic bulb. Fabrication of flexible open hollow bulb and relining of remaining obturator with resilient permanent silicone soft liner makes easy insertion and removal of the prosthesis and also improve the retention by intimate contact of soft liner with the tissues. Permanent silicone soft liner open hollow bulb obturator is a novel way for the functional rehabilitation of a hemimaxillectomy patient suffering with restricted mouth opening.

Dental caries and deviations from normal weight are two conditions which share several broadly predisposing factors. So it's important to understand any relationship between dental state and body weight if either is to be managed appropriately. The study was done to find out the correlation between body mass index (BMI), diet, and dental caries among 12-15-year-old schoolgoing children in Panchkula District. A multistage sample of 12-15-year-old school children (n = 810) in Panchkula district, Haryana was considered. Child demographic details and diet history for 5 days was recorded. Data regarding dental caries status was collected using World Health Organization (1997) format. BMI was calculated and categorized according to the World Health Organization classification system for BMI. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using chi-square test and binomial regression developed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0. The mean Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) score was found to be 1.72 with decayed, missing, and filled teeth to be 1.22, 0.04, and 0.44, respectively. When the sample was assessed based on type of diet, it was found that vegetarians had higher mean DMFT (1.72) as compared to children having mixed diet. Overweight children had highest DMFT (3.21) which was followed by underweight (2.31) and obese children (2.23). Binomial regression revealed that females were 1.293 times at risk of developing caries as compared to males. Fair and poor Simplified-Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) showed 3.920 and 4.297 times risk of developing caries as compared to good oral hygiene, respectively. Upper high socioeconomic status (SES) is at most risk of developing caries. Underweight, overweight, and obese are at 2.7, 2.5, and 3 times risk of developing caries as compared to children with normal BMI, respectively. Dental caries and deviations from normal weight are two conditions which share several broadly predisposing factors such as diet, SES, lifestyle and other environmental factors.

We have recently described a novel phenotypic dichotomy within estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells; the cell subset responsive to a Sox2 regulatory region (SRR2) reporter (RR cells) are significantly more tumorigenic than the reporter unresponsive (RU) cells. Here, we report that a similar phenomenon also exists in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), with RR cells more tumorigenic than RU cells. First, examination of all 3 TNBC cell lines stably infected with the SRR2 reporter revealed the presence of a cell subset exhibiting reporter activity. Second, RU and RR cells purified by flow cytometry showed that RR cells expressed higher levels of CD44, generated more spheres in a limiting dilution mammosphere formation assay, and formed larger and more complex structures in Matrigel. Third, within the CD44High/CD24- tumor-initiating cell population derived from MDA-MB-231, RR cells were significantly more tumorigenic than RU cells in an in vivo SCID/Beige xenograft mouse mod...

Citrate capped gold nanoseeds of uniform size and shape were prepared and used for CTAB-assisted growth of gold nanorods. Further, shape and size dependent hydrodynamic sedimentation behavior of nanostructure is exploited for separation of gold nanorods from mixture containing particles of different shape and size. The surface functionalization of gold nanorods with amino acids allows its efficient interaction with the enzyme and makes it a promising platform for applications including medical diagnostics and sensing devices. Further, the biosensing efficiency of the glucose biosensor fabricated by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) onto gold nanorods was investigated. Under optimum conditions, the fabricated biosensor showed low detection limit, excellent storage stability and high sensitivity. The biosensor has a wide linear range for the detection of glucose from 5mM to 40mM with 6 s response time. The retained activity of glucose oxidase ensures the biocompatibility of amino coa...

Orthodontics is always the first choice treatment for aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of malaligned teeth but in some exceptionally rare cases, the unwillingness of the patient for orthodontic correction poses a tough challenge to the dentist. In such cases, the only other option for aesthetic restoration is the change in angulation with custom cast post and core followed by the placement of an aesthetic crown.

In spite of the vast amount of research and the advances, oral squamous cell carcinoma implies quite significant mortality and morbidity rates. This has motivated the search of factors with prognostic relevance. A web based search was initiated for all published articles by using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar with key words such as prognosis, survival rate, risk factors associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma, prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The search was restricted to articles published in English language with no restriction to date of publication. This review was focused on clinical, pathological and molecular factors associated with survival and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Most articles had described one or two parameters related to prognosis. Considering the biological behavior and nature of cancer, all the parameters were interrelated and so could not predict the prognosis independently. Consideration of all the parameters was required...

To assess the antimicrobial efficacy of six plant extracts of Indian origin often used as traditional medicine against standard strains of Streptococcus mutans. The antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the crude (raw), Organic solvent based, aqueous extracts was determined by the agar well diffusion method. Out of all the six extracts evaluated, organic solvent based and aqueous extracts of all the extracts were found to have variable antimicrobial activities against the oral pathogen. The crude extract of Garlic was the most effective against Streptococcus mutans with the highest zone of inhibition (24.62 mm) followed by the aqueous extract of Amla (19.47mm) and organic solvent based extract of Ginger (18.76 mm). Despite of the fact that the extracts were not pure compounds and antimicrobial results were obtained. This recommends the potency of these extracts. The figment of the derivation of antimicrobial compounds from plants seems lucrative as it will lead to the development of a phytomedicine to act against microbes.

Conventional fixed partial dentures, implant supported Fixed Partial Dentures (FDPs) and removable partial dentures are the most common treatment modalities for the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients. Although implants and FDP have certain advantages over removable partial dentures, in some cases, removable partial dentures may be the only choice which is available. Removable cast partial dentures are used as definitive removable prostheses when indicated, but location of clasps may affect aesthetics. So, when patient is concerned about aesthetics, flexible partial dentures which is aesthetically superior to flipper and cast partial dentures, may be considered. But for the success of flexible removable partial denture, proper diagnosis, treatment planning and insertion technique of this prosthesis is very important, which have been thoroughly described in this article.

Yoga is assuming importance in improving mental health and quality of life in the treatment of a number of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders. The present study was a prospective controlled study to explore the short-term impact of a comprehensive but brief lifestyle intervention, based on yoga, on subjective well being levels in normal and diseased subjects. Normal healthy individuals and subjects having hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus or a variety of other illnesses were included in the study. The outcome measures were 'subjective well being inventory' (SUBI) scores, taken on the first and last day of the course. The inventory consists of questions related to one's feelings and attitude about various areas of life, such as happiness, achievement and interpersonal relationship. There was significant improvement in the subjective well being scores of the 77 subjects within a period of 10 days as compared to controls. These observations sugge...

Paraoxonases (PONs) i.e. PON1, PON2, PON3 are basically lactonases. Of these, PON1 in addition has an efficient esterase activity and can hydrolyze organophosphates. The PONs prevent low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from peroxidation, thereby preventing atherosclerosis. The PON1 is exclusively associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its antioxidant activity is largely attributed to PON1 located on it. At present, PON1 status i.e. its activity and concentration, is considered to be more important than polymorphism alone, in prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD). Its activity has been found to be affected by a number of pharmacological agents, diet and other factors, thereby becoming a promising target for pharmacological intervention. The PON2 prevents cell mediated lipid peroxidation. However, little is known about the role of PON3. This review describes the structure, gene polymorphism, and factors affecting the activity of PONs, and their ...

Microtopography of the eggshell of eight phthirapteran species infesting different avian hosts was studied by SEM. Nature of the markings present on the egg chorion of species studied was compared to the eggshells of already described species. It was found that the markings ...

The two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles are formed due to the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. There is an urgent need to develop a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of AD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is surrounding the brain and reflects the major neuropathological features in the AD brain. Diagnosis, disease progression and drug actions rely on the AD biomarkers. Mainly CSF tau and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) have been observed to serve the purpose for early AD. Keeping in view the early appearance of p-Tau in CSF, we analyzed p-Tau levels in 23 AD, 23 Non AD type dementia (NAD), 23 Neurological control (NC) and 23 Healthy control (HC) North Indian patients. The levels of p-Tau were found to be increased in AD patients (67.87±18.05 pg/ml, SEM 3.76) compared with NAD (47.55±7.85 pg/ml, SEM 1.64), NC (34.42±4.51 pg/ml, SEM 0.94) and HC (27.09±7.18 pg/ml, SEM 1.50). The resulting sensitivity for AD...

To simulate the effects of acute psychological stress, the effects of stressful computer game in young adult subjects were assessed by various physiological, psychological and biochemical parameters. The results showed a significant increase in the physiological and psychological markers of stress. It is concluded from these results that computer game can be used as an acute laboratory psychological stressor for

Oximes such as pralidoxime chloride reactivate acetylcholinesterase. However their role in management of organophosphate poisoning is controversial. The study was carried out to find effectiveness of pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) in regenerating red cell acetyl cholinesterase in first 24 h following administration of it in dose recommended by WHO. Eight patients with OPP [chlorpyriphos (3), phorate (3), dichlorvos (1) and monocrotophos (1) who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion were investigated. In addition to decontamination and atropine, all these patients were administered 30 mg/kg body wt of 2-PAM as bolus dose followed by 7.5 mg/kg body wt/h with maximum dose being 500 mg/h as continuous infusion till first 24 h. Red cell AChE activity was estimated every 15 min for first 4 h, one hourly for next 4 h and then 2 hourly till 24 h and subsequently without 2-PAM every 12 h till 7 days or discharge or death which ever earlier. In all the patients maximum increase in activity was o...