Nat J Colletta

Over the past 3 decades, conventional thinking has linked village development directly to an expanding gross national product and a theory of "trickle-down" economics, with the implicit assumption that the poor would take advantage of opportunities once they were made available. Development policymakers have endeavored to alleviate poverty by manipulating economic variables and environmental conditions primarily in the modern sector, with little or no participation of those persons development efforts purport to serve. The results of these efforts have been disappointing. High technology and capital-intensive projects introduced into Third World countries have proved to be extremely difficult to graft onto the existing rural economy. Additionally, such attempts to stimulate economic growth have generally failed to take into account the complexities of behavioral change. Rather than helping the poor, these efforts have widened the gap between the rural poor and urban elites. Instead of fostering economic independence based on the mobilization of local resources and self-reliance, the introduction of inappropriate production methods and consumption standards tended to create a form of internal dependence which served to increase the poor's frustrations. In the context of current development thinking, which focuses on meeting basic human needs, reaching the absolute poor, and developing human resources, the issue becomes one of implementation. How can a community's welfare be improved and its human resources developed through education and training while avoiding dependent social welfarism and cultural denigration? The answer may lie in participatory nonformal education: those who wish to facilitate the process of development work with the poor rather than for them. If participatory nonformal education is a process whereby community members come together to identify problems, mobilize resources, and seek

... 'The primary data from which this article is written emanates from the work of a seven member, multi-racial Malaysian research team. ... by mode of ... "0Francis Hoy Kee Wong and Ee Tiang Hong, Education in Malaysia (Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., 1971). ...

Several devastating conflicts have persisted in Sub-Saharan Africa for the past 20 years or more. Some countries are still emerging from the era of cold war politics, while debilitating internal struggles continue to plague others. Ethiopia, Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, and more recently, Angola and Mozambique are examples of the former. The latter is illustrated by the situation in countries such as Liberia, Somalia and the Sudan. This study, the transition from war to peace in Sub-Saharan Africa, offers practical guidance and examples of good practice for improving the design and implementation of programs for demobilization, reinsertion, and reintegration of ex-combatants and their dependents in client countries. It also provides a list of early warning signals that indicate whether the demobilization and reintegration programs (DRPs) process is not going according to plan and suggests preventive actions. Work on the ground, as well as case analysis in countries such as Ethiopia, Namibia, Uganda, Angola, Mozambique, and Rwanda form the basis of the suggested good practice in DRPs.

This volume contains the report and papers from the international seminar on the use of indigenous social structures and traditional media in non-formal education and development, held in Berlin from 5 to 12 November 1980. The first section contains 10 papers on indigenous ...

For many children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), primary school interventions are already too late to prevent irreversible disability or to allow for the development of full adult capacity. Many of the same conditions of poverty that previously placed the under-five at risk of death later leave them at the risk of poor health, malnutrition and impaired mental, social and emotional development. This study, the condition of young children in Sub-Saharan Africa: the convergence of health, nutrition, and early education, describes the condition of young children in Africa and begins to explore strategies to address their condition. It is the first in a series of three studies: the second study is a review of Early Child Development (ECD) programs in SSA and the third will synthesize lessons drawn from the preceding second studies as well as country case studies in Kenya, South Africa, and Mauritius.

This study, review of early childhood development policy and programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, is the second in a series of three studies conducted under the World Bank's Africa regional early child development (ECD) initiative. The first described the condition of young children in Africa and pointed to the benefits of ECD in increased efficiency of primary and secondary school investments, children's enhanced economic contribution to society, and the reduction of social inequity. The third study will synthesize lessons drawn from the preceding two studies and from case studies in Kenya, South Africa, and Mauritius. The findings of this review are that weakened family and public social sector support for child development create a tremendous need for complementary and alternative forms of child care, and that there are models. The review selects eleven case studies from across the Sub-Saharan region to illustrate a range of possibilities for an integrated response to the phys...

... Making peace work: The role of the international development community. Post a Comment. CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Ball, Nicole. Author: Halevy, Tammy. PUBLISHER: Overseas Development Council (Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD). SERIES TITLE: YEAR: 1996. ...

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center,

... a limited DDR pilot initiative was launched, with UNDP supporting community recovery ... for transitional governance; at the community level where sensitisation, transitional justice and reconciliation ... and at the individual level by way of improved security, transitional employment ...

... CONTRIBUTORS: Author: Colletta, NJ. PUBLISHER: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Jakarta). SERIES TITLE: YEAR: 1975. PUB TYPE: Book. VOLUME/EDITION: PAGES (INTRO/BODY): ...

This booklet presents the outcome of a dialogue among technical experts donors and senior World Bank staff to explore the relationship between security and development in a world increasingly affected by violent conflicts. The dialogue was designed as a series of learning events to raise awareness and understanding of a matter that is drawing growing concern: the impact of small arms civil war violence and conflict on poverty reduction and sustainable development. However this dialogue was not meant to be a prescriptive or an advocacy exercise but rather an attempt to better define the problems share experiences and ideas and lay the foundation for future work with development partners in this area. It was recommended that these issues and the agenda on security reform be mainstreamed in the work of the World Bank since they are central to the fulfillment of the Banks mission of sustainable growth and poverty reduction in conflict-prone or post-conflict areas.

The Horn of Africa (HOA) is currently engulfed in entangling and shifting cross border conflict, resulting in at least four major forced displacement situations. These conflicts emanate mainly from the Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia and Eritrea and involve large numbers of refugees as well as internally displaced persons (IDPs). Globally, there are an estimated 54.7 million displaced persons. More than a quarter (27%) of the globally displaced, are in Sub-Saharan Africa, with about 8.7 million or over half (58%) of those in the HOA. On the one hand, forced displacement in the Horn places additional stresses on already weak local and national institutions and marginalized, underserved host communities. Services are often perceived to only benefit the displaced as opposed to receptor communities leading to envy and local conflict. On the other hand, displaced persons also have skills and assets that could be harnessed and utilized to benefit the local economy in pursuit of durable soluti...

Operations in the education sector can be greatly improved by increasing the participation of government officials, education professionals, local communities, and the private sector. Such participation can increase the relevance and quality of education, improve ownership and build consensus, help to reach remote and disadvantage groups, mobilize additional resources, and build institutional capacity. Participatory operations involve risks and costs, however, and certain preconditions are necessary for success. These are: (a) early stakeholder analysis and involvement; (b) information sharing and dialogue among stakeholders; (c) flexibility in the funding, timing, and scale of projects; (d) institutional strengthening; and (e) appropriate systems of monitoring and evaluation, and mechanisms for ensuring accountability.

A critique is offered of social capital and its supposed ‘role in development’, on the basis of the World Bank’s latest volume promoting that notion. It is argued that Robert Putnam’s call, in his Foreword, for a ‘lean and mean’ definition has signally failed. Attention is focused upon social capital’s fungibility, in five different, if connected, senses: its breadth of application across the social sciences, its ease of application from one context to another, its general transferability from one practice to another, its power to be selective in what it does and does not include, and its exclusion of meaning and context in its analytical categories. In all of these respects it remains plump and benevolent. This is illustrated by consideration of the contributions to the volume. It is argued that tautology is never far from the contributions’ conclusions, and that there is a marked neglect of how social capital is created. The idea that analysis based on social capital marks a more ...

For many children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), primary school interventions are already too late to prevent irreversible disability or to allow for the development of full adult capacity. Many of the same conditions of poverty that previously placed the under-5 at risk of death later leave them at the risk of poor health, malnutrition and impaired mental, social and emotional development. The following statistics present a grim picture.

This study, review of early childhood development policy and programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, is the second in a series of three studies conducted under the World Bank's Africa regional early child development (ECD) initiative. The first described the condition of young children in Africa and pointed to the benefits of ECD in increased efficiency of primary and secondary school investments, children's enhanced economic contribution to society, and the reduction of social inequity. The third study will synthesize lessons drawn from the preceding two studies and from case studies in Kenya, South Africa, and Mauritius. The findings of this review are that weakened family and public social sector support for child development create a tremendous need for complementary and alternative forms of child care, and that there are models. The review selects eleven case studies from across the Sub-Saharan region to illustrate a range of possibilities for an integrated response to the phys...

This paper draws on data concerning children in the families of Malay, Chinese, and Indian laborers on a rubber estate in West Malaysia to describe three major factors affecting development: socioeconomic condi tions, childrearing practices, and nutritional I health factors. The data emanates from participant observations, estate demographic data, and interviews with parents of young children in the three ethnic groups. This report suggests that although differentials in cultural interaction expressed in childrearing patterns exist, similarities in sociocconotnic and nutritional I health conditions make an overriding environmental homogeneity for the children.

EDRS PRICE MF-4.76 HC-$1.58 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; Agricultural Education; *Bibliographies; *Comparative Education; Educational Development; *Educational Programs; Elementary Secondary Education; *Foreign Countries; Manpower Utilization; *Nonformai Education; Rural Development; Youth IDENTIFIERS Africa; Asia; Australia; Canada; Europe; Latin America; Middle East; New Zealand; USSR

Acknowledgments v Preface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 - The Changing Face of Armed Conflict Chapter 2 -Redefining Partnership: Toward a Unified Field Approach Chapter 3 - The Private Sector: Problem or Panacea? Chapter 4 Investing in War-Torn Societies: Not Business as Usual Chapter 5 -The Management of Political Risk Chapter 6 - The United Nations: Global Leadership and the Agenda for Peace Chapter 7 - Privatizing Security: A Double-Edged Sword Chapter 8 - Humanitarian Assistance: Saving Lives and Distorting Markets Chapter 9 Bridging Relief and Development: The Changing Role of NGOs and the Emergence of the Global Civil Society Movement Chapter 10 - Public-Private-Civil Society Partnerships: The New Peacebuilding Trilogy Chapter 11 - Revisiting "Nation-Building" Chapter 12 - The New Corporate Social Responsibility: Peacebuilding Chapter 13 - The Peace Transitions Council: Steps Toward a New Global Architecture of Peace Conclusion Annexes Index

© 2000 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 2000 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed ...