Research Interests:
The power utility industry is making great strides in adopting the IEC61850 protocol for peer to peer communications within the substation environment. Most relay manufacturers are producing products now that have the IEC 61850... more
The power utility industry is making great strides in adopting the IEC61850 protocol for peer to peer communications within the substation environment. Most relay manufacturers are producing products now that have the IEC 61850 capability. The IEC standards do not currently include pilot communication equipment (or objects) such as Power-line Carrier. The purpose of this paper is to present the requirements for pilot communication equipment, specifically Power-line Carrier. The analog and digital data items would be discussed and their use within the IEC61850 network. One of the goals of the protocol is to eliminate the copper wiring within the substation by providing all the interconnection between devices via Ethernet cables. A method for analyzing the network activity is also presented. This paper will address the benefits as it relates to the timing improvements in the response of the protection scheme, i.e. channel speed in addition to the time it takes to receive the information via Ethernet in comparison to the copper wiring.
Research Interests:
Since its first notable appearance in the Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning, the phrase productive struggle has garnered support from a few, yet very influential, educational researchers. However, since the... more
Since its first notable appearance in the Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning, the phrase productive struggle has garnered support from a few, yet very influential, educational researchers. However, since the phrase was popularized by Hiroko Warshauer in 2011, examinations of the productive struggle have grown substantially within mathematics education. In this article, we present a systematic review of the literature on the productive struggle to quantify the breadth and depth of existing work in the area. Our analysis indicates that many studies: (1) provide a direct implementation of the productive struggle; (2) primarily involve teachers and not students; (3) present primarily qualitative or non-empirical research approaches; and (4) specify the NCTM content area focus less often across studies. Thus, we conclude that there are opportunities for rigorous research designs reporting on observable trends in the implementation of the productive struggle...