Le Vison d'Europe (Mustela lutreola) est une espèce semi-aquatique très menacée. La prévalenc... more Le Vison d'Europe (Mustela lutreola) est une espèce semi-aquatique très menacée. La prévalence et la signification de la leptospirose chez les petits carnivores sauvages ainsi que le rôle épidémiologique de ces derniers sont méconnus. Pour évaluer le rôle de la maladie dans le déclin du Vison d'Europe, nous avons estimé la séroprévalence et le taux de portage rénal de leptospires pathogènes chez 6 espèces de petits carnivores sympatriques en utilisant les techniques de microagglutination et de PCR. La séroprévalence s'est révélée très élevée, surtout chez les Mustélidés vivant en milieu humides et en contact avec des rongeurs. Ils peuvent excréter des leptospires mais leur rôle comme réservoir doit être confirmé. Aucun symptôme aigu n'a été observé, mais la fragilité du Vison d'Europe associée à des lésions chroniques qui restent à démontrer pourraient avoir des conséquences démographiques. The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is a very highly endangered semi-aqu...
Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)
Exotic species have often been introduced into a new country in zoological or botanical gardens o... more Exotic species have often been introduced into a new country in zoological or botanical gardens or on game and fur farms. When accidentally or deliberately released, these alien species can become invasive and have negative impacts on native plant and animal communities and human activities. This article focuses on a selection of such invasive species: principally the American mink (Neovison vison), but also the coypu (Myocastor coypus), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus). In each of these cases, the authors describe the biological characteristics and life history of the species, in relation to its invasive capacity, the origins and establishment of non-native populations, the environmental consequences and possible control measures. The main negative impacts observed are the destruction of habitat, the introduction and/or spread of pathogens and changes in the composition o...
Demodex are very specialized hair follicle mites of mammals. Most of the time infestations are sy... more Demodex are very specialized hair follicle mites of mammals. Most of the time infestations are symptomless. Demodex phylloides is the only species described on Suidae (Sus scrofa), and while domestic pigs are considered to be relatively susceptible (Santarem et al, 2005), wild boars are considered to be healthy carriers (Fryderyk, 2000; Fryderyk & Izdebska, 2001). We describe a cluster of cases of clinical demodicosis discovered within the SAGIR network in wild boars. The SAGIR network investigates and records the causes of mortality amongst wild animals in France since 1986. When wild animals are found dead or sick by hunters, hunting federations or public technicians of the ONCFS they are collected and sent to the local veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Post‐mortem examination and subsequent laboratory analyses are then carried. All the data are summarized at a national level (Anses LRFS Nancy) for epidemiological statistics. Four wild boars were shot in November 2009 in the same ...
The SAGIR network investigates and records the causes of mortality amongst wild animals in France... more The SAGIR network investigates and records the causes of mortality amongst wild animals in France since 1986. When wild animals are found dead or sick by hunters, hunting federations or public technicians of the ONCFS they are collected and sent to the local veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Post‐mortem examination and subsequent laboratory analyses are then carried out for every wild bird and mammal collected through the SAGIR network. All the data are summarized at a national level (AFSSA Nancy) for epidemiological statistics. In 25 years, we report 7 clinical cases of cerebral coenurosis in free-ranging mountain ungulates in France. Four were diagnosed in chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 1 in ibex (Capra ibex ibex) and 2 in mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon), all located in the Alps where pastures are widely shared between domestic flocks and wild ungulates during summer. All these animals were found alive or seen alive a few moments before death: they showed neurologic symptoms (amaur...
Multiple schemes for wildlife disease surveillance have been in operation in France for decades a... more Multiple schemes for wildlife disease surveillance have been in operation in France for decades and data on wild bird carcasses presented to the national SAGIR network have been recorded since the 1980s. Over the same period, wildlife rescue centres (WRCs) have admitted thousands of birds each year. However, the reasons for casualty submission have been poorly explored to date. To assess the potential capacity of WRCs to monitor infectious and non-infectious diseases of wild birds in addition to SAGIR, we used Fringillidae and Passeridae data from January 2004 to April 2013 from SAGIR and the WRC of Nantes (CVFSE/Oniris) which is in operation in North-West France. Firstly, the Centre V,t,rinaire de la Faune Sauvage et des EcosystSmes des Pays de la Loire (CVFSE) contributed more than 30 % of all the birds submitted and was complementary to the SAGIR network in terms of species, age of the birds collected, location and date found. Secondly, the CVFSE was able to detect the emergent f...
Active surveillance of bats in France started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat specie... more Active surveillance of bats in France started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat species reported in Europe. Rabies antibodies were detected in six indigenous species, mainly in Eptesicus serotinus and Myotis myotis, suggesting previous contact with the EBLV-1 rabies virus. Nineteen of the 177 tested bats were shown serologically positive in seven sites, particularly in central and south-western France. Neither infectious viral particles nor viral genomes were detected in 173 and 308 tested oral swabs, respectively. The presence of neutralising antibodies in female bats (18.6%) was significantly higher than in males (5.6%).
Toxoplasmosis is characterized by a complex epidemiology. The risk of infection for humans depend... more Toxoplasmosis is characterized by a complex epidemiology. The risk of infection for humans depends on their contact with infective oocysts in a contaminated environment and on the amount of tissue cysts located within consumed meat. Unfortunately, the prevalence of tissue cysts is largely unknown for game species. Although herbivorous game species are a source of infection for humans, the level of infection found in wildlife can also be used to estimate environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and analyze its temporal dynamics in one population of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), one of mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon), and two of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in France, surveyed during a period of 6 to 28 years. Taking into account individual risk factors, we specifically analyzed the relationship between T. gondii prevalence and meteorological conditions that may influence oocyst survival. Serum samples from 101 chamois, 143 mouflons, and 1155 roe deer were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using the modified agglutination test (MAT), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, or both. Using MAT with a threshold of 1:6, seroprevalence was 14.7% in mouflon, 16.8% in chamois, and 43.7% in roe deer. In mouflon and roe deer, seroprevalence was positively correlated with age and/or body mass, in accordance with the hypothesis that antibodies have long-term persistence. In roe deer, seropositivity differed between the two populations and changed linearly over time between 1983 and 2010, increasing by a factor 1.75 every 10 years. Moreover, in this species, the highest prevalences were found during dry and cold years or during warm and moist years, depending on the population. Our results suggest that the risk for people to acquire infection through game meat increases over time, but with high variability according to the population of origin and meteorological conditions of the year.
Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) was found in Myotis nattereri for the first time in northeastern Fr... more Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) was found in Myotis nattereri for the first time in northeastern France in July 2012. The complete genome sequence of the virus from the infected Natterer's bat was determined by whole-genome sequencing and compared to that of the first BBLV strain isolated in 2010 in Germany and with those of all currently identified lyssaviruses. The French isolate [KC169985] showed 98.7 % nucleotide sequence identity to the German BBLV strain [JF311903]. Several organs of the infected French bat were examined by classical rabies diagnostic methods: fluorescent antibody test, cell culture inoculation test and RT-qPCR. Antigen, infectious virus and high viral RNA levels were found in both the brain and salivary glands. Traces of genomic RNA were detected in the bladder, kidney and lung tissue. The results of an investigation of the distribution of lyssaviruses with the detection of infectious virus in the salivary glands suggest a possible mode of transmission of the virus.
Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica is historically enzootic in continental... more Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica is historically enzootic in continental Europe. In France, the surveillance of tularemia in wildlife is carried out almost exclusively within the SAGIR Network. Dead or dying animals found by hunters are transported to the local veterinary laboratory where necropsies and analyses are carried out to investigate the cause of death/morbidity. In some departments a culture of F. tularensis is systematically undertaken on European brown hares (Lepus europaeus), in others, tularemia is investigated only in the presence of evocative lesions, by culture and/or PCR. The national reference laboratory for tularemia receives samples for either first or second intention diagnosis. There were on average 69 cases diagnosed and suspected per year, ranging from 40 in 2006 to 108/107 cases in 2007 and 2008. Evolution of the temporal and spatial distribution of cases suggests various epidemiological situations across the country. Comparison wit...
Le Vison d'Europe (Mustela lutreola) est une espèce semi-aquatique très menacée. La prévalenc... more Le Vison d'Europe (Mustela lutreola) est une espèce semi-aquatique très menacée. La prévalence et la signification de la leptospirose chez les petits carnivores sauvages ainsi que le rôle épidémiologique de ces derniers sont méconnus. Pour évaluer le rôle de la maladie dans le déclin du Vison d'Europe, nous avons estimé la séroprévalence et le taux de portage rénal de leptospires pathogènes chez 6 espèces de petits carnivores sympatriques en utilisant les techniques de microagglutination et de PCR. La séroprévalence s'est révélée très élevée, surtout chez les Mustélidés vivant en milieu humides et en contact avec des rongeurs. Ils peuvent excréter des leptospires mais leur rôle comme réservoir doit être confirmé. Aucun symptôme aigu n'a été observé, mais la fragilité du Vison d'Europe associée à des lésions chroniques qui restent à démontrer pourraient avoir des conséquences démographiques. The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is a very highly endangered semi-aqu...
Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)
Exotic species have often been introduced into a new country in zoological or botanical gardens o... more Exotic species have often been introduced into a new country in zoological or botanical gardens or on game and fur farms. When accidentally or deliberately released, these alien species can become invasive and have negative impacts on native plant and animal communities and human activities. This article focuses on a selection of such invasive species: principally the American mink (Neovison vison), but also the coypu (Myocastor coypus), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus). In each of these cases, the authors describe the biological characteristics and life history of the species, in relation to its invasive capacity, the origins and establishment of non-native populations, the environmental consequences and possible control measures. The main negative impacts observed are the destruction of habitat, the introduction and/or spread of pathogens and changes in the composition o...
Demodex are very specialized hair follicle mites of mammals. Most of the time infestations are sy... more Demodex are very specialized hair follicle mites of mammals. Most of the time infestations are symptomless. Demodex phylloides is the only species described on Suidae (Sus scrofa), and while domestic pigs are considered to be relatively susceptible (Santarem et al, 2005), wild boars are considered to be healthy carriers (Fryderyk, 2000; Fryderyk & Izdebska, 2001). We describe a cluster of cases of clinical demodicosis discovered within the SAGIR network in wild boars. The SAGIR network investigates and records the causes of mortality amongst wild animals in France since 1986. When wild animals are found dead or sick by hunters, hunting federations or public technicians of the ONCFS they are collected and sent to the local veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Post‐mortem examination and subsequent laboratory analyses are then carried. All the data are summarized at a national level (Anses LRFS Nancy) for epidemiological statistics. Four wild boars were shot in November 2009 in the same ...
The SAGIR network investigates and records the causes of mortality amongst wild animals in France... more The SAGIR network investigates and records the causes of mortality amongst wild animals in France since 1986. When wild animals are found dead or sick by hunters, hunting federations or public technicians of the ONCFS they are collected and sent to the local veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Post‐mortem examination and subsequent laboratory analyses are then carried out for every wild bird and mammal collected through the SAGIR network. All the data are summarized at a national level (AFSSA Nancy) for epidemiological statistics. In 25 years, we report 7 clinical cases of cerebral coenurosis in free-ranging mountain ungulates in France. Four were diagnosed in chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 1 in ibex (Capra ibex ibex) and 2 in mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon), all located in the Alps where pastures are widely shared between domestic flocks and wild ungulates during summer. All these animals were found alive or seen alive a few moments before death: they showed neurologic symptoms (amaur...
Multiple schemes for wildlife disease surveillance have been in operation in France for decades a... more Multiple schemes for wildlife disease surveillance have been in operation in France for decades and data on wild bird carcasses presented to the national SAGIR network have been recorded since the 1980s. Over the same period, wildlife rescue centres (WRCs) have admitted thousands of birds each year. However, the reasons for casualty submission have been poorly explored to date. To assess the potential capacity of WRCs to monitor infectious and non-infectious diseases of wild birds in addition to SAGIR, we used Fringillidae and Passeridae data from January 2004 to April 2013 from SAGIR and the WRC of Nantes (CVFSE/Oniris) which is in operation in North-West France. Firstly, the Centre V,t,rinaire de la Faune Sauvage et des EcosystSmes des Pays de la Loire (CVFSE) contributed more than 30 % of all the birds submitted and was complementary to the SAGIR network in terms of species, age of the birds collected, location and date found. Secondly, the CVFSE was able to detect the emergent f...
Active surveillance of bats in France started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat specie... more Active surveillance of bats in France started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat species reported in Europe. Rabies antibodies were detected in six indigenous species, mainly in Eptesicus serotinus and Myotis myotis, suggesting previous contact with the EBLV-1 rabies virus. Nineteen of the 177 tested bats were shown serologically positive in seven sites, particularly in central and south-western France. Neither infectious viral particles nor viral genomes were detected in 173 and 308 tested oral swabs, respectively. The presence of neutralising antibodies in female bats (18.6%) was significantly higher than in males (5.6%).
Toxoplasmosis is characterized by a complex epidemiology. The risk of infection for humans depend... more Toxoplasmosis is characterized by a complex epidemiology. The risk of infection for humans depends on their contact with infective oocysts in a contaminated environment and on the amount of tissue cysts located within consumed meat. Unfortunately, the prevalence of tissue cysts is largely unknown for game species. Although herbivorous game species are a source of infection for humans, the level of infection found in wildlife can also be used to estimate environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and analyze its temporal dynamics in one population of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), one of mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon), and two of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in France, surveyed during a period of 6 to 28 years. Taking into account individual risk factors, we specifically analyzed the relationship between T. gondii prevalence and meteorological conditions that may influence oocyst survival. Serum samples from 101 chamois, 143 mouflons, and 1155 roe deer were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using the modified agglutination test (MAT), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, or both. Using MAT with a threshold of 1:6, seroprevalence was 14.7% in mouflon, 16.8% in chamois, and 43.7% in roe deer. In mouflon and roe deer, seroprevalence was positively correlated with age and/or body mass, in accordance with the hypothesis that antibodies have long-term persistence. In roe deer, seropositivity differed between the two populations and changed linearly over time between 1983 and 2010, increasing by a factor 1.75 every 10 years. Moreover, in this species, the highest prevalences were found during dry and cold years or during warm and moist years, depending on the population. Our results suggest that the risk for people to acquire infection through game meat increases over time, but with high variability according to the population of origin and meteorological conditions of the year.
Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) was found in Myotis nattereri for the first time in northeastern Fr... more Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) was found in Myotis nattereri for the first time in northeastern France in July 2012. The complete genome sequence of the virus from the infected Natterer's bat was determined by whole-genome sequencing and compared to that of the first BBLV strain isolated in 2010 in Germany and with those of all currently identified lyssaviruses. The French isolate [KC169985] showed 98.7 % nucleotide sequence identity to the German BBLV strain [JF311903]. Several organs of the infected French bat were examined by classical rabies diagnostic methods: fluorescent antibody test, cell culture inoculation test and RT-qPCR. Antigen, infectious virus and high viral RNA levels were found in both the brain and salivary glands. Traces of genomic RNA were detected in the bladder, kidney and lung tissue. The results of an investigation of the distribution of lyssaviruses with the detection of infectious virus in the salivary glands suggest a possible mode of transmission of the virus.
Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica is historically enzootic in continental... more Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica is historically enzootic in continental Europe. In France, the surveillance of tularemia in wildlife is carried out almost exclusively within the SAGIR Network. Dead or dying animals found by hunters are transported to the local veterinary laboratory where necropsies and analyses are carried out to investigate the cause of death/morbidity. In some departments a culture of F. tularensis is systematically undertaken on European brown hares (Lepus europaeus), in others, tularemia is investigated only in the presence of evocative lesions, by culture and/or PCR. The national reference laboratory for tularemia receives samples for either first or second intention diagnosis. There were on average 69 cases diagnosed and suspected per year, ranging from 40 in 2006 to 108/107 cases in 2007 and 2008. Evolution of the temporal and spatial distribution of cases suggests various epidemiological situations across the country. Comparison wit...
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