Mohammed Tawfeek

Shellfish (44 samples) and their water beds areas, including 44 samples each of surface and bottom sea water collected from eleven stations located along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, were microbiologically examined during four seasonal sampling cruises, from March 2010 to February 2011. All samples were analyzed for total bacterial plate count, levels of total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci as well as the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Moreover, temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of the coastal water samples were also measured. The overall incidence of Salmonella in the entire examined samples was 18%. Shellfish presented a higher incidence (32%) than surface (14%) and bottom (9%) waters. A seasonal pattern was noted for the isolation of Salmonella spp. where the highest incidence was detected in summer. Of the eleven studied stations, 7 of the 8 stations that have levels more than 320 cfu/100 g or ml of fecal coliform in meat or water in harvesting areas (the maximum level criteria in the European Communities regulations) were positive for the presence of salmonella supporting the view that the presence of high levels of fecal coliform may indicate the presence of Salmonellae.

El-Shenawy et al, Journal of Agricultural Research and Natural Resources, 1(2): 20-31, September 2012 Available online at http://www.scienceparkjournals.org/JARNR © 2012 Science Park Journals Full Length Research Paper PROBIOTIC YOGHURT MANUFACTURED WITH TIGER-NUT EXTRACT (CYPERUS ESCULENTUS) AS A FUNCTIONAL DAIRY FOOD M. El-Shenawy*, M. Abd El-Aziz, W.I. El-kholy, M.T. Fouad Dairy Science Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt. Accepted: 23 August, 2012 Abstract Tiger-nut (cyperus esculentus) has nutritional and health benefits. A probiotic yoghurt fortified with tiger-nut extract (TNE) was manufactured using the conventional yoghurt starter together with Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic bacterial strain. Tiger-nut extract was prepared and added at a concentration of 10, 20, and 30% to Buffalo's skim milk. The chemical, rheological and sensory properties of the final product, as well as, the viability of the LAB were evaluated during 10 days of storage...

Aim:Dental implant has become increasingly important branch of dentistry. In literature, clinical researches about dental implants is in expand and this is because industrial concern regarding implant consuming more than the consumers themselves.The aim of our study is to assess the public and patient awareness regarding dental implant as an option for teeth replacement among Jeddah population, and their knowledge including resource of information and attitude towards that knowledge. In addition to determine the need to educate the publics to enhance their knowledge about dental implants as a good replacement option. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted in Jeddah city with a population of 34.14 million.The survey was conducted distributedin the three main regions: north, middle and south. A total of 450 participant; 204 male and 246 female adults above 18 year old were targeted randomly in public places included a college campus, 3 different malls and lobby of medical cent...

Food handlers play a major role in the transmission of food borne diseases which represents a global health burden. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, in general, and enterotoxigenic strains, in particular, is an important risk factor for the contamination of food. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among 200 food handlers working in 3 different food processing plants in Egypt. Sixty-one (31%) persons were found to be carriers of Staphylococcus aureus of which twenty-one (34.4%) harboured enterotoxigenic staphylococcal strains. The most frequently found enterotoxins were Types A and C (12 isolates each), followed by Type B and Type D (7 isolates, 5 isolates) respectively. A combination of two or three enterotoxins was produced by some of the isolates. The three processing plants recorded statistically significant differences amongst examined personnel in nasal carriage, however neither of the risk factors assessed including age, gender, marital status, education, duration in work, frequency and method of hand wash, incidence of chronic sinusitis and smoking were significant risk determinants of S. aureus nasal carriage. The obtained results should be of public health concern and highlights the need for primary health care and hygiene among food handlers.

To evaluate the Egyptian street-vended sandwiches of meat and meat products for
the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Enterobacteriaceae group. To evaluate the
microbiological quality of street-vended sandwiches of meat and meat products sold in
Cairo-Egypt.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Microbiology, National Research
Center, Cairo, at during the period of January 2011 to September 2012.
Methology: Seventy sandwiches of meat and meat products including ten samples each of
burger, hawawshi, kofta, liver, luncheon, sausages and shawerma sandwiches were
randomly collected from the street-vendors and food shops in Great-Cairo governorate.
Samples were investigated for their loads of Enterobacteriaceae counts as well as the
presence of L. monocytogenes. Enterobacteriaceae counts was done using the
conventional International method (FDA), however isolation and identification of L.
monocytogenes was carried out using three different microbiological examination methods
including classic selective conventional media, chromogenic media, as well as rapid
identification method “food-system kits”. 168 isolates of Listeria spp were identified following the biochemical identification tests (Bergey’s Manual) and confirmed using Hi
Listeria identification kits and latex test kits.
Results: Enterobacteriaceae group were detected in 51% of the examined samples with an
average counts of 37x102 cfu/g. Listeria spp. were detected in range between 24% and
36%, depended on the method used, with numbers ranged from 16x102 to 23x102 cfu/g. All
samples that were contaminated with Listeria spp. harboured L. monocytogenes. Listeria
spp. was not detected in all the examined Hawawshi sandwiches with an exception of one
positive sample detected using the chromogenic media. The obtained results indicated that
37 out 68 (54%) isolates, picked up from classic selective conventional media, and 62 out
of 100 (62%) isolates from chromogenic medium were confirmed as L. monocytogenes
indicating that chromogenic medium may be the superior for isolation of the pathogen from
ready-to-eat sandwiches of meat and products.
Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that these foods presented a source of
infection to the consumer. Measures to control the quality of the raw material,
environmental and hygienic conditions during preparation and serving should be taken. The
chromogenic media was the most efficient for the isolation of the pathogen during this
course of study.

The prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus was investigated among 200 participants working in three different food processing plants in Egypt. Using skin swabs, 75 (38%) of the 200 tested persons were positive for the presence of S. aureus. Of the S. aureus positive persons, 28 (14%) harboured S. aureus produced staphylococcal enterotoxins. The serotypes of these entero- toxins were enterotoxin A (68%), enterotoxin B (36%), enterotoxin C (46%) and enterotoxin D (18%). Some of these isolates produced more than one type of enterotoxins namely AB, AC, BC, BD, ABC and ACD. Analysis of risk factors implicated in skin carriage of S. aureus as age, gender, marit- al status, education, duration in employment, frequency and method of hand wash and incidence of chronic skin infection revealed insignificant association with staphylococcal skin carriage. The obtained results put forth the risk of food contracting contamination with enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus owing to skin colonization of S. aureus among food handlers.

This work has been done to assess how the street-juices, sold by the moved street-vendor, can be of a possible source for pathogenic microorganisms. Evaluation of the microbiological quality of forty-three juices samples, included in four types of juices, as well as ten washing water samples, was done using three different microbiological examination methods including classic selective media, chromogenic media, as well as rapid food-system kits. The results indicated that populations of the total bacterial count ranged from 102 to 106/ ml while the average counts of mould and yeast in positive samples were 103 / ml. Fifty-percent of the examined samples were found to be contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, 40% were positive for the presence of both Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella typhimurium however 30% of the investigated juice samples were positive for the presence of Escherichia coli 0157:H7. It seems that this contamination is mainly due to poor quality of the used water as well as poor hygienic conditions applied during preparation and serving of the drink. These results may help to clarify the epidemiology of the diseases in the country and draw the attention to issue hygienic regulations for those mobile street-vendors in order to ensure safe street-vended juices.

Food handlers play a major role in the transmission of food borne diseases which represents a global health burden. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, in general, and enterotoxigenic strains, in particular, is an important risk factor for the contamination of food. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among 200 food handlers working in 3 different food processing plants in Egypt. Sixty-one (31%) persons were found to be carriers of Staphylococcus aureus of which twenty-one (34.4%) harboured enterotoxigenic staphylococcal strains. The most frequently found enterotoxins were Types A and C (12 isolates each), followed by Type B and Type D (7 isolates, 5 isolates) respectively. A combination of two or three enterotoxins was produced by some of the isolates. The three processing plants recorded statistically significant differences amongst examined personnel in nasal carriage, however neither of the risk factors assessed including age, gender, marital status, education, duration in work, frequency and method of hand wash, incidence of chronic sinusitis and smoking were significant risk determinants of S. aureus nasal carriage. The obtained results should be of public health concern and highlights the need for primary health care and hygiene among food handlers. Keywords

Tiger-nut (cyperus esculentus) has nutritional and health benefits. A probiotic yoghurt
fortified with tiger-nut extract (TNE) was manufactured using the conventional yoghurt starter together
with Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic bacterial strain. Tiger-nut extract was prepared and added at a
concentration of 10, 20, and 30% to Buffalo's skim milk. The chemical, rheological and sensory properties of the final
product, as well as, the viability of the LAB were evaluated during 10 days of storage at refrigeration temperature.
The (LAB) strains have showed relatively higher counts in yoghurt fortified with TNE than the corresponding control.
No changes in post acidification of yoghurt treatments were observed. Yoghurt containing 10% TNE have showed the
highest apparent viscosity and the lowest whey syneresis, however the product containing 30% have showed the
lowest apparent viscosity and highest whey syneresis. No significant differences were observed in sensory properties
among yoghurt containing 10 or 20% TNE and control. The results indicated that, addition of 10 or 20% TNE could
serve as a good fortification for manufacturing of nutritional and therapeutic yoghurt since it will not influence the
chemical and sensory properties, instead it will improve the rheological properties of the final product.

Shellfish (44 samples) and their water beds areas, including 44 samples each of surface and bottom sea water
collected from eleven stations located along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt,  were microbiologically
examined during four seasonal sampling cruises, from March 2010 to February 2011. All samples were
analyzed for total bacterial plate count, levels of total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci as well
as the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Moreover, temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of the coastal
water samples were also measured.
The overall incidence of Salmonella  in the entire examined samples was 18%. Shellfish presented a higher
incidence (32%) than surface (14%) and bottom (9%) waters. A seasonal pattern was noted for the isolation
of Salmonella spp. where the highest incidence was detected in summer. Of the eleven studied stations, 7 of
the 8 stations that have levels more than 320 cfu/100 g or ml of fecal coliform in meat or water in harvesting
areas (the maximum level criteria in the European Communities regulations) were positive for the presence
of salmonella supporting the view that the presence of high levels of fecal coliform may indicate the
presence of Salmonellae.