Pressures on the ocean's natural assets inevitably will increase in the coming years as world... more Pressures on the ocean's natural assets inevitably will increase in the coming years as world population growth, economic growth, and increased international trade generate increasing demands for marine sources of food, energy, minerals, and leisure pursuits. This article explores the consequences for coastal and marine tourism resulting both from its own growth and from the growth in the other established and emerging ocean industries. It estimates the present and future economic value of the world's ocean industries and the contribution of the tourism industry in particular, identifying the drivers of growth in ocean industries including tourism. Several types of challenges to the sustainable development of coastal and marine tourism, shared in common with other ocean industries, are identified. The article concludes with a discussion of strategies to minimize the adverse impacts of growth so that tourism and other ocean industries can develop in more sustainable ways.
How we use, or do not use our natural resources is a question that has been debated for millennia... more How we use, or do not use our natural resources is a question that has been debated for millennia. Still an answer remains out of reach. It is a complex issue that often involves a social dilemma known as “the tragedy of the commons”. Many common pool resources, from fish stocks, to forests, to natural tourism destinations have an associated marketing system that may place pressure on the resource. If poorly managed, the resources sustainable future is questionable. This paper explains how commons and strategic action field theory can enhance a macromarketing analysis of marketing systems that involve a common pool resource (CPR) pointing to potential responses and solutions. The unique challenges faced are discussed, particularly in the interdependent areas of: property rights, power and equitable distribution. The findings from an empirical application confirm that CPRs destabilise a marketing system. Solutions may be found in the way the issue is negotiated, how the rules are str...
This article aims to examine the conjecture that geographic dispersal of visitors follows the pow... more This article aims to examine the conjecture that geographic dispersal of visitors follows the power law using data on international visitors’ spatial distribution in Australia. Our finding suggests that as tourism market matures, the pattern of tourist dispersal tends to converge toward a specific power law distribution. The article provides estimates of this unique power exponent for each country and tracks its temporal evolution using a novel method. One of the key implications for sustainable destination management is that for continued tourism growth, large destinations need a large number of small peripheral destinations. Our findings also shed light on the rich research literature that is fundamental in developing a power law–based theory to guide our understanding of the mechanics underpinning the spatial evolution of tourism.
Debates about competitiveness and productivity are practically unexplored with respect to tourism... more Debates about competitiveness and productivity are practically unexplored with respect to tourism. This article posits a productivity-related measure—total tourism contribution to GDP per employee in tourism—in order to examine destination competiveness. Comprehensive results based on a destination competitiveness model are obtained by analyzing tourism-specific and wider economy-based competitiveness factors. These are represented by six destination competitiveness factors measured by 55 indicators for 139 destinations over the period 2007–2011. Study findings demonstrate that tourism-specific factors, such as Tourism Infrastructure and Destination Management, are the major competitiveness drivers in developing countries, while destination competitiveness in developed countries depends on the tourism-specific factor of Destination Management as well as on wider economic conditions such as General Infrastructure, Macro-Environment, and Business Environment. The study offers a novel ...
Cities, regions, and countries are making increasing use of special sport events in their economi... more Cities, regions, and countries are making increasing use of special sport events in their economic and social development mix. Governments and event organizers often justify special sport events on the grounds that such events can build social capital, attract visitors, foster trade, enhance the host destination’s brand, and serve as catalysts for the development of new infrastructure. As a result of the proliferation of special sport events, there is an increasing need to determine the means via which events do (and do not) contribute to their stated social and economic development objectives. Consequently, it is vital to understand the unique challenges of managing and marketing special sport events.
CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity, 2014
Many countries, including Australia, are imposing Air Passenger duties (APDs). This paper sets ou... more Many countries, including Australia, are imposing Air Passenger duties (APDs). This paper sets out the basic issues, theoretical and empirical, associated with them. There is a sharp difference between theoretical expectations and empirical results. Most theoretical analyses argue that it is in a country's interest to impose them- they are a way of exporting their taxes. In spite of this, most empirical discussions argue that the country which imposes them loses. This empirical work is examined, and most studies use a framework which is unreliable and which guarantees a negative outcome. There are some rigorous studies- these appear to differ, but the reasons for the differences can be explained. The upshot is that the theoretical view- that countries normally gain from imposing APDs - is the more plausible.
The book incorporates a selection of illustrative key case studies to ensure that it is highly ac... more The book incorporates a selection of illustrative key case studies to ensure that it is highly accessible and readable to a range of audiences, whilst ensuring academic rigour
This study explores the underlying dimensions of destination competitiveness, analyzing the contr... more This study explores the underlying dimensions of destination competitiveness, analyzing the contributions of government and industry stakeholders in enhancing the competitive position of Serbia on the international tourism market. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to explore latent dimensionality of “destination competitiveness” among 48 competitiveness attributes evaluated by experts from the public and private sectors of Serbia’s tourism industry. Results show that Serbian competitiveness structure comprises five dimensions: risk management and adaptive environmental strategies, innovation and product development, planning for sustainable development, networking and community concern, and education for sustainability. The research identifies challenges and suggests areas where private and public linkages should be strengthened in order to enhance the competitiveness of Serbia’s tourism industry. Generically, the study advances our understanding of destination competitiveness, its multidimensional nature, and the implications for policy making.
Pressures on the ocean's natural assets inevitably will increase in the coming years as world... more Pressures on the ocean's natural assets inevitably will increase in the coming years as world population growth, economic growth, and increased international trade generate increasing demands for marine sources of food, energy, minerals, and leisure pursuits. This article explores the consequences for coastal and marine tourism resulting both from its own growth and from the growth in the other established and emerging ocean industries. It estimates the present and future economic value of the world's ocean industries and the contribution of the tourism industry in particular, identifying the drivers of growth in ocean industries including tourism. Several types of challenges to the sustainable development of coastal and marine tourism, shared in common with other ocean industries, are identified. The article concludes with a discussion of strategies to minimize the adverse impacts of growth so that tourism and other ocean industries can develop in more sustainable ways.
How we use, or do not use our natural resources is a question that has been debated for millennia... more How we use, or do not use our natural resources is a question that has been debated for millennia. Still an answer remains out of reach. It is a complex issue that often involves a social dilemma known as “the tragedy of the commons”. Many common pool resources, from fish stocks, to forests, to natural tourism destinations have an associated marketing system that may place pressure on the resource. If poorly managed, the resources sustainable future is questionable. This paper explains how commons and strategic action field theory can enhance a macromarketing analysis of marketing systems that involve a common pool resource (CPR) pointing to potential responses and solutions. The unique challenges faced are discussed, particularly in the interdependent areas of: property rights, power and equitable distribution. The findings from an empirical application confirm that CPRs destabilise a marketing system. Solutions may be found in the way the issue is negotiated, how the rules are str...
This article aims to examine the conjecture that geographic dispersal of visitors follows the pow... more This article aims to examine the conjecture that geographic dispersal of visitors follows the power law using data on international visitors’ spatial distribution in Australia. Our finding suggests that as tourism market matures, the pattern of tourist dispersal tends to converge toward a specific power law distribution. The article provides estimates of this unique power exponent for each country and tracks its temporal evolution using a novel method. One of the key implications for sustainable destination management is that for continued tourism growth, large destinations need a large number of small peripheral destinations. Our findings also shed light on the rich research literature that is fundamental in developing a power law–based theory to guide our understanding of the mechanics underpinning the spatial evolution of tourism.
Debates about competitiveness and productivity are practically unexplored with respect to tourism... more Debates about competitiveness and productivity are practically unexplored with respect to tourism. This article posits a productivity-related measure—total tourism contribution to GDP per employee in tourism—in order to examine destination competiveness. Comprehensive results based on a destination competitiveness model are obtained by analyzing tourism-specific and wider economy-based competitiveness factors. These are represented by six destination competitiveness factors measured by 55 indicators for 139 destinations over the period 2007–2011. Study findings demonstrate that tourism-specific factors, such as Tourism Infrastructure and Destination Management, are the major competitiveness drivers in developing countries, while destination competitiveness in developed countries depends on the tourism-specific factor of Destination Management as well as on wider economic conditions such as General Infrastructure, Macro-Environment, and Business Environment. The study offers a novel ...
Cities, regions, and countries are making increasing use of special sport events in their economi... more Cities, regions, and countries are making increasing use of special sport events in their economic and social development mix. Governments and event organizers often justify special sport events on the grounds that such events can build social capital, attract visitors, foster trade, enhance the host destination’s brand, and serve as catalysts for the development of new infrastructure. As a result of the proliferation of special sport events, there is an increasing need to determine the means via which events do (and do not) contribute to their stated social and economic development objectives. Consequently, it is vital to understand the unique challenges of managing and marketing special sport events.
CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity, 2014
Many countries, including Australia, are imposing Air Passenger duties (APDs). This paper sets ou... more Many countries, including Australia, are imposing Air Passenger duties (APDs). This paper sets out the basic issues, theoretical and empirical, associated with them. There is a sharp difference between theoretical expectations and empirical results. Most theoretical analyses argue that it is in a country's interest to impose them- they are a way of exporting their taxes. In spite of this, most empirical discussions argue that the country which imposes them loses. This empirical work is examined, and most studies use a framework which is unreliable and which guarantees a negative outcome. There are some rigorous studies- these appear to differ, but the reasons for the differences can be explained. The upshot is that the theoretical view- that countries normally gain from imposing APDs - is the more plausible.
The book incorporates a selection of illustrative key case studies to ensure that it is highly ac... more The book incorporates a selection of illustrative key case studies to ensure that it is highly accessible and readable to a range of audiences, whilst ensuring academic rigour
This study explores the underlying dimensions of destination competitiveness, analyzing the contr... more This study explores the underlying dimensions of destination competitiveness, analyzing the contributions of government and industry stakeholders in enhancing the competitive position of Serbia on the international tourism market. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to explore latent dimensionality of “destination competitiveness” among 48 competitiveness attributes evaluated by experts from the public and private sectors of Serbia’s tourism industry. Results show that Serbian competitiveness structure comprises five dimensions: risk management and adaptive environmental strategies, innovation and product development, planning for sustainable development, networking and community concern, and education for sustainability. The research identifies challenges and suggests areas where private and public linkages should be strengthened in order to enhance the competitiveness of Serbia’s tourism industry. Generically, the study advances our understanding of destination competitiveness, its multidimensional nature, and the implications for policy making.
Abstract This paper reports on a research project conducted in Sydney, Australia, to evaluate and... more Abstract This paper reports on a research project conducted in Sydney, Australia, to evaluate and assess urban tourism environments, including urban national parks, in the context of universal design principles. This research project incorporated all sectors of the tourism industry present within designated precincts that facilitate the'essence of experience'. Key findings are discussed under two major areas:(1) economic contribution of the accessible tourism market; and (2) accessible destination experience. Major benefits ...
This paper contributes to the literature on the linkages between
tourism and migration. Though it... more This paper contributes to the literature on the linkages between tourism and migration. Though it is widely recognised that the two phenomena are closely linked, and that migration may induce visiting friends and relatives) tourism (VFR), there has been little econometric evaluation of the relationship. The present analysis draws upon Australian data to identify a strong quantitative link between migration and VFR tourism. It also demonstrates a strong link between migration and other forms of tourism. Indeed the latter are almost equally as strong as the links between migration and VFR tourism. This unexpected finding has implications for policymakers and for conceptualising the migration-tourism relationship.
This paper examines the prevalence of unethical practices within the business sector operating in... more This paper examines the prevalence of unethical practices within the business sector operating in the China to Australia tourism market. The range and nature of the practices is outlined in the context of the structure of outbound operations in China and inbound operations in Australia, taking account of the roles of the respective governments. The prospective impact of the practices on the growth of the market is evaluated. An estimation is provided of the potentially negative impacts of word-of-mouth recommendations on future China to Australia tourism flows.
Keywords: China outbound, unethical practices, Australia inbound
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Papers by Larry Dwyer
tourism and migration. Though it is widely recognised that the
two phenomena are closely linked, and that migration may induce visiting friends and relatives) tourism (VFR), there has been little econometric evaluation of the relationship. The present analysis draws upon Australian data to identify a strong quantitative link between migration and VFR tourism. It also demonstrates a strong link between migration and other forms of tourism. Indeed the latter are almost equally as strong as the links between migration and VFR tourism. This unexpected finding has implications for policymakers and for conceptualising the migration-tourism relationship.
Keywords: China outbound, unethical practices, Australia inbound